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This article uses a comparative approach to discuss women's access to property using evidence collected from field research conducted on two distinct communities of Istanbul: one secular and one Islamic. The two groups of women possess distinctly different views of the world and how it is organized. This is particularly the case concerning gender where secular women put forth a view rooted in the sameness of the genders where the Islamic women were clear in their commitment to the idea of difference. These attitudes toward the equality and difference of the genders structures the relations of these women to property and the process of inheritance.

This study investigates the migration ofthe Jews from the Ottoman Empire from the 1860s onward and from modern Turkeyto the American continent and provides a picture of the process of Jewishmigration to and Jewish integration in the destination countries in the continent.Country-by-country analyses of the integration processes and the profile ofimmigrants reveal parallels and differences of the integration of Jewish peoplein different countries in the American continent. The article finds that Jewishimmigrants established communities around religious, educational, andphilanthropic organizations that facilitated the preservation of their distinctculture and their integration in the host nations., Bu çalışma, Yahudilerin Osmanlıİmparatorluğu’ndan ve Türkiye’den Amerika kıtasına göçünü inceleyerekyerleşilen ülkelerdeki göç ve uyum süreçlerinin genel bir değerlendirmesiniyapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Genel olarak Yahudi göçmenlerin profilleri ve sergilediğiuyum, Güney ve Kuzey Amerika’da yer alan birçok varış ülkesinin kendikarakteristik özelliklerine göre farklılık arz etmektedir. Dil benzerliği,ekonomik esneklik, vize ve göçmen kabul yasaları gibi bazı yönlerdenbirbirleriyle benzerlik gösteren göç süreçleri, ulus devlet normları,toplumların göçmen kabul etme tolerans sınırları ve göç kotaları gibi çeşitlidiğer faktörler ışığında farklılık arz etmektedir.. Bu makale, Yahudi göçündeönemli bir damar olan Amerika kıtasına göçünü, entegrasyon süreci ve göçmenprofillerinin ülke bazında analizi yolu ile aydınlatmaktadır. Ayrıca, Yahudigöçmenlerin yerleştikleri ülkelerde kurdukları dini, eğitim ve yardımkuruluşları aracılığıyla kültürlerini nasıl koruduklarına değinilmektedir.

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Celal Bayar, a prominent figure in Turkish politics who had hold various offices and positionslast one being Republic Presidency, contributed to the Turkish nation-building process and took part inits various proceedings and institutions. This article discusses the views of Celal Bayar on nationalism,more specifically on Turkish nationalism. The discussion reflects on Bayar’s conception of ‘Turkishnation’, ‘national state’, ‘the Eastern question’, ‘Democrat Party nationalism’ and ‘the non-Muslimminorities’. The public speeches of him clearly point out that Celal Bayar understood and evenpromoted a type of Turkish nationalism which is very much close to civic nationalism.Keywords: Celal Bayar, Turkish nationalism, nation, state, civic.

The issue of refugees and asylum seekers has been an important aspect of international migration both for the academic researchers on the field as well as for the policy makers at national and international levels. After the ‘crisis’ in the management of refugees during WWII, international bodies, primarily United Nations, have allocated significant proportions of its attention plus its resources to build up and develop norms of refugee protection as part of the international system of governance. The primary goal of these collective attempts was to lay down the basics for refugee protection in cases of political turmoil, civil or national wars and ethnic conflicts. These attempts were not only the result of the dramatic events experienced in WII but also accompanied the development of human rights regime at the global level since the late years of the 1940s.

This article employs Turkey as a case study to explore the relationship between property ownership, inheritance, and women’s empowerment. In Turkey, as in much of the world, men dominate ownership of property. This is despite the fact that women have had equal rights to own and inherit property since 1926. With the establishment of the Republic in 1923 came a series of reforms, one of which replaced Islamic Sharia law with a secular civil law that was based on the Swiss Civil Code. The new law, among other things, guaranteed equal rights of property and inheritance regardless of gender. In an attempt to understand the tangled relationship between property and women’s empowerment, we conducted interviews regarding inheritance practices among ideologically secular, wealthy women in Istanbul. For these women and their families, the logic of wealth distribution is deeply informed by a commitment to equality between children with little regard for gender. Even in those cases where strict equality in terms of sameness was not employed, the goal was for an overall balance and fairness between recipients. Despite the fact that inheritance law provides for equality, most of the families employed intervivos transfer, gifts among the living, to distribute their family wealth. Perhaps most interesting, and in contrast to the literature, is the fact that these women do not express any sense of empowerment derived from their status as property owners. Rather education and career proved more important.

In this article, the relationship of health and development within the context of globalization is targeted for an understanding of the current trends in macroeconomic and social policies. When doing this, special emphasis is given to the characteristic of the “right to health” has been one of the essential points within the policy development of the states. In relation to the widening of the citizenship right inclusive of the right to health, the structural policies that cannot escape cooperation with health due to consequences of environmental hazards are also explanatory of the changes in the current development projects. International organizational, specifically UN, regarded the inevitability of this cooperation. The global statistics show that women and childern are the most vulnerable group in the societies. The collaboration of health and development has invested its success in the emprovement of the figures related to this group.

The armed forces have always occupied a central place in Turkeys political agenda. The EU reform process is contributing to a more democratic framework of civil-military relations. Nevertheless, although Turkey follows Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DECAF), the military still influences civilian governments through various and innovative means. There seems a Turkish version of DECAF that grants a privileged position to the military in the making of security policy. The presidential elections had been a medium for both the militarys involvement in politics and the civilian reaction against this involvement. Civil society organizations, the media, and business circles alike gave significant support to the ruling AKP in its standoff with the military. It is only recently that resistance to the regime guardianship role of the military has emerged

Bu çalışmada dünyanın bilimsel olarak en gelişmiş bölgelerinden birisi olan Avrupa’da biyoetiğin gelişmesi Avrupa Birliği ve Avrupa Konseyi’nde yapılan çalışmalar ışığında tartışılmaktadır. Tıp alanında etiksel ve yöntemsel düzenlemeler Avrupa’da bir süredir ele alınmaktadır. Özellikle Avrupa Konseyi’nin İnsan Hakları ve Biyoetik Sözleşmesi ve Avrupa Birliği’nin ilgili yönetmelikleri alandaki önemli belgelerdir. Bu makalede biyoetiğin uluslararasılaşması ele alınmakta fakat bununla birlikte bu uluslararası düzlemin alt yapısını oluşturan ulusal mekanizmalara ve karar verme yöntemlerine de değinilmektedir. Ulusal düzlemde kural koyuculuğun siyasal partileri ve kamusal alandaki tartışmaları kapsayan incelemesinde mercek altına alınan kuralların ve düzenlemelerin evrimsel gelişimidir. Biyoetik kurallarının evrimi Avrupa’daki klasik devlet anlayışının değişimi ve dönüşümüne dair önemli ipuçları da sunmaktadır. Makale Avrupa Birliği ve Avrupa Konseyi’ndeki ortak biyoetik kuralları arayışlarını dört alt başlık halinde analiz etmektedir. Birinci kısımda Avrupa Konseyi tek başına ele alınmakta ve İnsan Hakları ve Biyoetik Sözleşmesi özelinde ortaya çıkan temel biyoetik prensipler değerlendirilmektedir. İkinci kısım, tartışmayı Avrupa Birliği’ne taşımakta ve Avrupa Konseyi’nin belirlediği biyoetiğin yöntemsel sınırlandırmalarının üzerine inşa edilmeye çalışılan mevzuatı tartışmaktadır. Üçüncü kısım genetik ve biyoteknoloji alanlarında genel eğilimleri ortaya koymakta ve geleceğe dair öngörüleri değerlendirmektedir. Dördüncü ve son kısımda makalenin içeriği özetlenmekte ve değinilen ana noktalar kısaca hatırlatılmaktadır., In this article, the development of bioethics in one of the most scientifically developed regions of the world - Europe- is discussed with reference to the enactments in the Council of Europe and the European Union. An international effort for the creation of ethical and methodological regulations in the medical arena has started in Europe. These efforts were primarily that of the Council of Europe with the Convention of Human Rights and Biomedicine and regulations by the European Union. This study examines the internationalization of bioethics and the national aspects of norm building and decision-making in Europe that covers the political parties, the different stances taken in public debates, evolution of norms and regulations involved in the process and the policies. The questions of the transformation of classical understanding of the state in Europe and the evolution of bioethical norms are also addressed in this study. The article dwells upon the task of analyzing the attempts for common norms of bioethics in the EU and the Council of Europe in four parts. The first part discusses the formal aspects laying down the principles of bioethics in the domain of the Council of Europe and mainly focuses the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. The second part moves the discussion to the European Union and generally outlines the attempts by the EU regarding bioethics and the rules of conduct upon the layer initiated by the Council of Europe. The third part draws out the future prospects in genetics and biotechnology and makes an assessment of the general trends. The fourth part makes a conclusion with a summary of the main points which were discussed through out the article

ÖZET VATANDAŞLIK, AZINLIKLARVE GÖÇMENLER: TÜRKİYE'DEKİ YAHUDİ AZINLIK VE İSRAİL'DEKİ TÜRK-YAHUDİ GÖÇMENLER ÜZERİNE BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMA Toktaş, Şule Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ahmet İçduygu Temmuz 2004 Bu çalışma vatandaşlığın yasal statü, kimlik ve erdem boyutlarını ve aralarındaki etkileşimi uluslararası göç ve azınlık katmanlarında incelemiştir. Türkiye'deki Yahudi azınlığın ve İsrail'deki Türk-Yahudi göçmenlerin vatandaşlığı nasıl algıladığı ve tecrübe ettiği üzerine bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Türkiye ve İsrail'de gerçekleştirilen alan araştırması çerçeve mülakatları, cemaat kurumlarında katılımcı gözlem ve örneklem grubundan 65 kişiyle yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlardan oluşmuştur. Sonuçlar niteliksel veri analizi tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Azınlık katmanında, araştırma sonuçlan çoğunluğun Müslüman olduğu bir ülkede gayri-Müslim azınlık olmanın a) yasal statü boyutunda tekçi ve evrensel bir vatandaşlık anlayışının sahiplenilmesinde; b) kimlik boyutunda entegrasyon ve asimilasyonun kaçınılmaz sonuçlarına rağmen Yahudi kimliğinin korunmaya çalışılmasında;' ve c) sivil erdem boyutunda değerlerle uygulama arasındaki uyumsuzlukta etken olduğuna işaret etmiştir. Uluslararası göç katmanında ise araştırma birinci nesil göçmenlerin uzun yıllardır İsrail'de yaşamalarına rağmen Türkiye'de edinilen politik kültürü koruduklarını göstermiştir. Fakat, uluslararası göç deneyimi bir süreç olarak vatandaşlığı doğrudan etkiliyor görünmektedir. Nitekim yapılan araştırma, göç sürecinin a) yasal statü açısından çoğunluğun tanımı esasmda gelişen demokratik normların benimsenmesinde; b) kimlik boyutunda kozmopolit Yahudi-İsrail toplumunda Türk kimliğinin korunmaya çalışılmasında; ve c) sivil erdem boyutunda ise Yahudi-İsrail toplumunun genel kurallarına uyum sağlama ve aktif erdemli vatandaşlığa mesafeli kalmada etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Vatandaşlık, Azınlık, Göçmen, Yahudi, Türkiye, İsrail iv ABSTRACT CITIZENSHIP, MINORITIES AND IMMIGRANTS: A COMPARISON OF TURKEY'S JEWISH MINORITY AND TURKISH-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN ISRAEL Toktaş, Şule Ph.D., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assoc. Professor Ahmet İçduygu July 2004 This study investigated the legal status, identity and civic virtue aspects of citizenship and the interaction between them on the layers of international migration and minority issues with use of a comparative case. A research on the perceptions and experiences of Turkey's Jewish minority and Turkish- Jewish immigrants in Israel regarding citizenship was conducted. The field research which %as carried out in both countries - Turkey and Israel - consisted of key informant interviews, participant observation in community institutions and in- depth interviews with a total of 65 respondents from the sample group. The results were analyzed using qualitative data analysis technique. On the layer of minority, research results illustrated that in a society where the population is overwhelmingly Muslim, being a non-Muslim minority played roles in: a) the appropriation of the monist and universal conceptualization of citizenship in the legal status aspect; b) the endeavor to maintain Jewish identity despite the inevitable consequences of integration and assimilation in the identity aspect; and c) the discrepancy between values and actions in the civic virtue aspect. On the layer of international migration, the research pointed out that despite long years of residence in Israel, first generation of Turkish- Jewish immigrants in Israel preserved their political culture that they cultivated when they were in Turkey. However, experience of international migration as a process seemed to impact on citizenship and played roles in: a) the appropriation of democratic norms defined by majoritarian terms in the legal status aspect; b) efforts to maintain their Turkish identity in the identity aspect; and c) the preference for complying with the general norms of Jewish-Israeli society and conversely excluding a proactive understanding of virtuous citizenship. Keywords: Citizenship, Minority, Immigrant, Jew, Turkey, Israel 111 399

The theoryon patnarchy conceptualizes the position of women by oppressionand regards women as objects of some exclusive form ofhegemonic system. Accordingly women are manipulatèd and controlled. Sucha paradigm that places women in the margins of economic, social and politicallife is questionable, for the experiences of women in patriarchyare not only constitutive of oppression but of reproduction, resistanceand negotiation as well. In this sense, a paradigmatic shift on thetheory of patriarchy is necessary by which women are subjectified withplacement at the center. Subjectification refers to the treatment of womenin patriarchy as active agents who are not totally powerless but have their ownresources and spheres of power. How women manipulate themanipulation of them selves is central to this subjectification and so theparadigmatic shift

oz TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET BİLİNCİ: KIZ ENSTİTÜLERİNDEN 1960-4970 YILLARI ARASINDA MEZUN OLAN Ö?RETMEN VE AKADEMİSYEN KADINLAR ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA Toktaş, Şule Yüksek Lisans, Kadın Çalışmaları Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Feride Acar Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Dilek Cindoğlu Temmuz 1997, 182 sayfa Bu çalışma, 1960 ve 1970 yılan arasında Kız Enstitülerinden mezun olan öğretmen ve akademisyen kadınların toplumsal cinsiyet bilinçlerini dört seviyede incelemiştir. Bunlar kamusal ve özel alanda annelik; çocuk cinsiyeti özelinde cinsiyet rolü değerlendirmeleri; güç ve direniş; ve hayat akışı içerisinde pişmanlıklardır. Bu doğrultuda üç odak group toplantısı ve ondört hayat hikayesi görüşmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda Kız Enstitülerinin tarihsel gelişimi incelenmiş; bu okulların eğitim programı ile mezunlarının özellikleri arasındaki paradoksal ilişki tartışılmıştır. Toplumsal cinsiyet bilinci kavramı, kadınların toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkilerindeki konumlanışları çerçevesinde analiz edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kadın, Eğitim, Kız Enstitüleri, Öğretmen, Akademisyen IV ABSTRACT GENDER AWARENESS: A STUDY OF WOMEN TEACHERS AND ACADEMICIANS WHO ARE GRADUATES OF 'GIRLS' INSTITUTES' 1960-1970 Toktaş, Şule M.S., Graduate Program of Gender and Women's Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Feride Acar Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Dilek Cindoğlu July 1997, 182 pages This thesis analyzes the gender awareness of women who graduated from the Girls' Institutes in the period of 1960-1970 on four levels: motherhood in the public and the private spheres; gender role attributions with respect to the gender of the child; power and resistance; and regrets in the course of life. Three focus groups and fourteen life history interviews were conducted with the subject group. In the light of the findings, the history of the Girls' Institutes was outlined and the paradoxical relationship between the educational program of these institutions and the characteristics of their graduates was discussed. Gender awareness traced through the specified four levels were analyzed in relation to the women's positioning in gender relations. Keywords: Womer^ Education, Girls' Institutes^ Teacher, Academician m 191

Bu çalışma, özellikle yerel faktörlere ve bunların hem Almanya hem de Türkiye'deki hükümetler üzerindeki olası etkilerine odaklanarak, iki seviyeli oyun yardımı ile Avrupa Birliği-Almanya/ Türkiye müzakerelerini ele alacaktır. Bu yerel faktörler Merkel'in açık kapı politikası ve Türkiye'deki koalisyon hükümet olarak sıralanabilir. Müzakereler açıısndan bakıldığında mülteci krizi önemli dış politika enstrumanlarından biri olan diplomasiyi içermektedir. Anlaşmayı ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklamak için, AB/Almanya ile Türkiye arasındaki mülteci krizi diplomasisi hakkında daha geniş bir perspektif sağlayan ikili görüşmeler ve müzakerelerin açıklanması gerekmektedir. Buna ek olarak tezin amacını desteklemek için Avrupa Birliği/Almanya-Türkiye ilişkilerinin arka planı ele alınmıştır. Bu doğrultuda amacım, uluslararasıcılık teorisi ve iki seviyeli oyun bağlamında AB/Almanya-Türkiye; çoğunlukla Merkel ve Erdoğan arasındaki müzakerelerin nasıl irdelenmesi gerektiğini açıklamaktır. Bu analizi yapmak için kitaplar, makaleler, gazete haberleri, diyaloglar ve istatistiksel data kullanılmıştır.Anahtar sözcükler: Suriyeli mülteci krizi, mülteci anlaşması, diplomasi, ilişki, göç, iki seviyeli oyun, müzakere This study will address the EU-Turkey negotiations with the help of two level game by focusing particularly on domestic factors and their possible influences on governments in both Germany and Turkey. These domestic factors can be seen as a open-door policy of Merkel and the hung parliament in Turkey. From this perspective, the refugee deal and negotiations involves one of the fundamental foreign policy instruments: diplomacy. In order to clarify the deal in detail, bilateral talks and negotiations must be explained to have a broader perspective about the diplomacy of the refugee crisis between the EU/Germany and Turkey. To support the aim of the thesis, historical background of the EU/Germany- Turkey relations was also addressed. In this direction, my aim is to explain how to address negotiations between the EU/Germany and Turkey, mostly between Merkel and Erdogan on the refugee crisis in terms of inter-governmentalism and two level game. In order to make this analysis, this study uses books, articles, newspapers, speeches and statistical data.Keywords: Syrian refugee crisis, the refugee deal, diplomacy, relationship, migration, two-level games, negotiation 79

Aile göçünün önemli bir olgu haline gelmesi ve aile göçünü inceleyen çalışmaların artması göz önünde bulundurularak, bu çalışma Türkiye'den Almanya'ya olan aile göçünü analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Almanya'da yaşayan Türk kökenli topluluklar (birinci, ikinci, üçüncü ve sonraki kuşaklar), hacmi ve kapsamı sebebiyle çok özel bir gruptur ve Türkiye'den Almanya'ya olan göç akışı, her iki ülkenin toplulukları üzerinde önemli etkiler yaratmıştır. Bu çalışmanın önemi, bu özel göç grubuna aile göçü bağlamında odaklanılmasıdır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'den Almanya'ya olan aile göçünü üç temel dinamik altında incelemektedir. Birinci dinamik, aile birleşimi ve evlilik yoluyla göç konularına ilişkin Alman yasalarıdır. İkinci dinamik, vatandaşlıktır. Üçüncü dinamik ise, etnik köken, kültür, din, ebeveynlerin tercihleri, kuşak farkı, cinsiyet dengesizliği, ve bireysel tercihler gibi faktörlerin Almanya'da yaşayan Türk topluluklarının grup içi/grup dışı evlilik modellerine yönelik tutumlarına ve eş tercihlerine olan etkisini anlayabilmek için, aile ve evliliğe toplumsal bir ilişki olarak odaklanmaktır. Böyle bir analiz yapmak için, bu çalışma kitaplar, kitap bölümleri, makaleler, gazeteler, raporlar, kanunlar, araştırma projeleri ve resmi istatistikleri içeren ikincil kaynaklardan faydalanmaktadır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Aile göçü, aile birleşimi, aile oluşumu, Euro-Türkler, grup içi/dışı evlilikler, eş seçimi, yasal düzenlemeler, göç politikaları, vatandaşlık. Considering that family migration has become an important phenomenon and studies about family migration has increased in number, this study aims to analyze family migration from Turkey to Germany. Turkish communities in Germany (including first, second, third and subsequent generations) is a very special group due to its volume and scope, and the migration flows from Turkey to Germany have had significant impacts upon the communities of both countries. The importance of this study comes from its focus on this unique migration group in the context of family migration. This study examines family migration from Turkey to Germany under three main dynamics. First dynamic is the legal framework pertaining to family reunification and family formation in the German context. Second dynamic is citizenship. Third dynamic is focusing on family and marriage as a communal affair in order to understand the impact of factors such as ethnicity, culture, religion, the preferences of parents, generational differences, sex imbalances, and individual preferences upon the Turkish communities' attitudes towards inter/intragroup marriage patterns and upon their mate selection decisions. In order to make this analysis, this study make use of secondary sources which include books, book chapters, journals, newspapers, reports, statutes, research projects, and official statistics. Keywords: Family migration, family reunification, family formation, Euro-Turks, inter/intragroup marriages, mate selection, legislative regulations, migration policies, citizenship. 107

Terörizmin siyasal amaçlara ulaşmada etkili bir yöntem olup olmadığı sorusu terörizm çalışmalarında devam eden ve ihtilaflı bir tartışmadır. Öncü bilim adamları bu tartışmayı daha önce incelendiyse de 11 Eylül Saldırıları tartışmaları yeniden canlandırdı ve `terörizm etkili bir yöntem midir?` sorusu tartışmaların merkezine geldi. 11 Eylül sonrası artan terörle mücadele stratejileri, terörizmin ne zaman, nasıl ve hangi koşullarda etkili olduğunu anlamayı her zamankinden daha fazla ihtiyaç duyuyor. Bu çalışma, terörizmin siyasal etkinliği teorik tartışmasını Hizbullah üzerinden analiz etmeyi ve terörizmin siyasi hedeflere hangi koşullarda, ne zaman ve nasıl ulaştığı sorularını yanıtlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Hizbullah'ın, Güney Lübnan'daki İsrail İşgalini ve Çok Uluslu Güç (ABD ve Fransa) varlığını nasıl sona erdirdiğini ve organizasyonel devamlılığını nasıl sağladığı tarihsel evrimi ve organizasyonel dinamikleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu nedenle Hizbullah'ın incelenmesi 1982-2000 ve 2000-sonrası olarak iki periyoda ayrılmıştır. İdeoloji, amaçlarının türü, hedef devletin rejim türü, hedef seçimi, organizasyonel yapısı, rekabet unsuru, devlet sponsorluğu ve toplumsal destek bağımsız değişkenler olarak incelenmiştir. İlk periyotta, Hizbullah'ın enstrümantal hareket ettiği ve devlet sponsorluğunun en önemli faktör olduğu bulunmuştur. İkinci periyotta ise organizasyonel hareket ettiği ve toplumsal desteğin en önemli faktör olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. The question of whether terrorism is politically effective instrument is an ongoing and controversial debate in terrorism studies. Although pioneer scholars have examined this debate before, the September 11 Attacks have revived these discussions and the question `whether terrorism does work` has become central. Following the 9/11 Attacks, counterterrorism strategies more than ever need to understand when, how, and why terrorism does work. This thesis aims to analyze the political effectiveness of terrorism debate through the Hezbollah in Lebanon as a case study. The thesis examines how Hezbollah compelled to the withdrawal of Israel from South Lebanon and the MNF (the USA and France) military presence in Beirut, and how it survives through the examination of its historical evolution and organizational dynamics. For this reason, the examination of Hezbollah has been divided into two periods: 1982-2000 and 2000-onwards. Ideology, type of objectives, regime type of the target country, target selection, organizational structure, competition, state sponsorship and popular support have been analyzed as independent variables. The results show that Hezbollah was instrumental in the first period of 1982-2000 with state sponsorship as a key factor. In the second period of 2000-onwards, Hezbollah has shifted from instrumental to organizational perspective, and popular support was found to be a key factor. 136

The Sarp land border gate between Turkey and Georgia has become Turkey's gateway to the East in recent years. With a large number of individuals crossing every day it is also a labour gate where irregular Georgian immigrants cross the border for work in Turkey. In general border policies are constructed and reconstructed in a dynamic process in which economic security ethnopolitical geopolitical and cultural paradigms interact. The aim of this paper is to observe the complementary and conflicting relationship and negotiation process between economic and security paradigms in particular with a focus on the perceptions of the officers of the border administration and state bureaucracy at the local level. To this end field research was carried out consisting of interviews with Turkish state officials responsible for immigration and border crossing in the Sarp gate region. The article sheds light on the interaction between various agencies actors and stakeholders in border policymaking at the regional level. It also elaborates on the profiles both of incoming immigrants employed as irregular workers and of deportees. The results of the qualitative study show that the dominance of the economic paradigm that underlies the main framework of Georgia-Turkey relations overrides security concerns between the two countries thus necessitating a more flexible implementation of laws. The field research illustrates that implementation of laws and regulations at the local level varies and while some groups of irregular immigrants are allowed to work others are not and what is more are deported.

Since the 1990s, there has been a global proliferation of transnational organized crime (TOC). Turkey, as a transit site between the East and the West, has been one of the routes through which organized crime groups transport illicit goods in collaboration with other networks of crime. This paper investigates TOC in Turkey and maps out Turkey's role as a transit country in smuggling and trafficking. The paper also deals with Turkey's contribution to international efforts in combating TOC in light of its EU membership process. The European Commission's annual reports on Turkey's progress towards EU membership that highlight the achievements as well as the shortcomings of Turkey in combating TOC are presented. The paper argues that Turkey has introduced successful reforms and expanded its institutional capacities due to the progress it has achieved in the specific area of combating TOC, as evidenced by the EU progress reports.

Women's movements in the West have followed a historical sequence from the suffragette movement in the late 19th century to contemporary emphases on differences and identity politics. Although ther...