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Peptides are one of the leading groups of compounds that have been the subject of a great deal of biological research and still continue to attract researchers\" attention. In this study, a series of tripeptides based on tyrosine amino acids were synthesized by the triazine method. The cytotoxicity properties of all compounds against human cancer cell lines (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), and colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2) were determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay method, and % cell viability and logIC50 values of the compounds were calculated. Significant decreases in cell viability were observed in all cells (p < 0.05). The comet assay method was used to understand that the compounds that showed a significant decrease in cell viability had this effect through DNA damage. Most of the compounds exhibited cytotoxicity by DNA damage mechanism. Besides, their interactions between investigated molecule groups with PDB ID: 3VHE, 3C0R, 2ZCL, and 2HQ6 target proteins corresponding to cancer cell lines, respectively, were investigated by docking studies. Finally, molecules with high biological activity against biological receptors were determined by ADME analysis.

Environment-friendly textile processing is the demand of the current global scenario, where the application of sustainable technologies such as microwave radiation has been gaining fame in all global fields due to their green and human-friendly nature. This study has been conducted to employ sustainable technology such as microwave (MW) rays for dyeing polyamide-based proteinous fabric using Acid Blue 07 dye. The fabric before and after MW treatment for up to 10 min has been dyed using an acid dye solution. Spectrophotometric analysis of the dye solution was performed before and after irradiation at a specific selected level. Using selected dyes and irradiation conditions, a series of 32 experiments using a central composite design has been employed. The shades made at selected conditions of irradiation and dyeing were assessed for colorfastness as per ISO standards. It was observed that for dyeing silk, 55 mL of Acid Blue 07 dye solution containing 1 g/100 mL salt solution at 65 °C for 55 min should be employed after MW treatment for 10 min. In comparison, for dyeing wool, 55 mL of Acid Blue 07 dye solution containing 2 g/100 mL salt solution at 65 °C for 55 min should be employed after MW treatment for 10 min. Physiochemical analysis shows that sustainable tool has not altered the chemical nature of fabric but has modified the fabric surface physically to enhance uptake ability. Colorfastness shows that the shades made have offered good resistance to fade and have given good to excellent ratings on the gray scale.

IntroductionThe aim of this study is to investigate the perception, information and experiences of healthcare professionals working in public and university hospitals who will respond to the CBRN incidents in order to raise an awareness for requirements of knowledge, training and practice about this topic.MethodologyOur study was a survey study. Data acquisition were carried out between the dates 10.05.2021-10.11.2021. The questionnaire was applied to health care professionals working in public and university hospitals. There were 26 questions in our questionnaire. Questions were prepared to be short, clear and understandable. Each question was provided with 3 options as “Yes/No/Partially”. ResultsA total of 103 people participated to the study. 65 (63.1%) of the participants were male, 38 (36.9%) were female. The ages of the participants were categorically evaluated and 44 (42.7%) were in age group 26-35, 38 (36.9%) were in 18-25, 17 (16.5%) were in 36-45, and 4 (3.9%) were above 46. When the answers were evaluated according to education status, people with bachelor’s degree answered “Yes” to the question “Injured people with possible exposure to an CBRN agent are accepted to the emergency service after decontamination process in the health care facility I work in” significantly higher than the other groups (p:0.04). The question of “I have come across with hospitalized injured in the region I work” were answered as “No” by 17 doctors, 41 nurses, and “Yes” by 1 doctor and 1 nurse, while the majority of people answering “Yes” to this question were emergency medical technician and paramedics. The difference was statistically significant (p, Giriş: Bu çalışmanın amacı KBRN olaylarına müdahale edecek kamu ve üniversite hastanesinde görev alan sağlık çalışanlarının KBRN konusundaki algıları, bilgi ve deneyimlerini araştırarak bu konudaki bilgi, eğitim ve tatbikat ihtiyaçları konusunda farkındalık oluşturmaktır. MetodolojiÇalışmamız bir anket çalışmasıdır. Veri toplama 10.05.2021-10.11.2021 tarihleri ​​arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket kamu ve üniversite hastanelerinde çalışan sağlık profesyonellerine uygulanmıştır. Anketimizde 26 soru vardır. Sorular kısa, açık ve anlaşılır olacak şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Her soruya “Evet/Hayır/Kısmen” şeklinde 3 seçenek sunulmuştur.BulgularÇalışmaya toplam 103 kişi katıldı. Katılımcıların 65 (%63,1) kadın, 38 (%36,9) ise erkekti. Ankete katılanların yaş verileri kategorik olarak değerlendirilmiş olup 44 (%42,7) kişi 26-35 yaş arasında 38(%36,9) kişi 18-25 yaş arasında, 17(%16,5) 36-45 yaş arasında, 4 (%3,9) kişi de 46 ve üzeri yaş grubundaydı. Sorulara verilen yanıtlar eğitim durumu ile karşılaştırılarak değerlendirildiğinde Çalıştığım sağlık kuruluşunda olası bir KBRN ajanına maruz kalan yaralı/yaralılar dekontaminasyon işlemi gerçekleştirildikten sonra acil servise kabul edilmektedir ifadesine lisans mezunu olanların diğer gruplara kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede daha çok evet cevabı verdiği belirlendi (p:0,04). Görev yaptığım bölgede KBRN ajanına maruziyet nedeniyle hastaneye başvuran yaralılar ile karşılaştım sorusuna 17 doktor hayır 1 doktor evet, 41 hemşire hayır, 1 hemşire evet cevabını verirken evet cevabını verenlerin çoğunluğunun ATT ve paramedik olduğu belirlendi. Bu farklılık istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değerlendirildi (p

Purpose To assess morphological changes and visual results in eyes with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) that underwent different intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. Materials and methods This is a retrospective, observational, comparative study that included 76 PNV eyes in 76 patients that were allocated to three groups according to the monotherapy injection procedure, as follows: the intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) group, intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) group, and intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) group. Central macular thickness (CMT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were measured at baseline, after treatment 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month, and 12th month, and at the final post-treatment examination. Results Mean age of the patients was 57.31 +/- 5.91 years (range: 34-67 years). The mean duration of follow-up was 31.50 +/- 12.91 months (range: 13-60 months). The IVB group included 30 eyes, the IVR group included 22 eyes, and the IVA group included 24 eyes. There weren\"t any significant differences in BCVA changes between the groups at any post-baseline measurement time point. Although CMT did not change significantly in the IVB group from baseline to the final follow-up visit (baseline: 376.33 +/- 86.31 mu m; final visit: 340.80 +/- 122.70 mu m) (p = 0.172), CMT did change significantly in the IVA group (baseline: 383.41 +/- 131.83 mu m; final visit: 297.33 +/- 103.81 mu m) (p = 0.029) and IVR group (baseline: 379.18 +/- 97.93 mu m; final visit: 335.72 +/- 111.45 mu m) (p = 0.041). SFCT decreased significantly in the IVR and IVA groups (p = 0.015 and p < 0.001, respectively). The mean number of injections was 12.06 +/- 4.72 (range: 6-20) in the IVB group, 11.81 +/- 3.31(range: 7-17) in the IVR group, and 7.16 +/- 3.15 (range: 4-13) in the IVA group (p = 0.004). Conclusion All three anti-VEGFs were effective in terms of visual results in patients with PNV. Patients treated with IVA required fewer injections than those treated with IVB or IVR. Furthermore, IVR and IVA treatment significantly decreased SFCT, whereas IVB did not.

With the development and approval of new proteasome inhibitors, proteasome inhibition is increasingly recognized in cancer therapy. Besides successful anti-cancer effects in hematological cancers, side effects such as cardiotoxicity are limiting effective treatment. In this study, we used a cardiomyocyte model to investigate the molecular cardiotoxic mechanisms of carfilzomib (CFZ) and ixazomib (IXZ) alone or in combination with the immunomodulatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) which is frequently used in combination therapies in the clinic. According to our findings, CFZ showed a higher cytotoxic effect at lower concentrations than IXZ. DEX combination attenuated the cytotoxicity for both proteasome inhibitors. All drug treatments caused a marked increase in K48 ubiquitination. Both CFZ and IXZ caused an upregulation in cellular and endoplasmic reticulum stress protein (HSP90, HSP70, GRP94, and GRP78) levels and DEX combination attenuated the increased stress protein levels. Importantly, IXZ and IXZ-DEX treatments caused upregulation of mitochondria fission and fusion gene expression levels higher than caused by CFZ and CFZ-DEX combination. The IXZ-DEX combination reduced the levels of OXPHOS proteins (Complex II–V) more than the CFZ-DEX combination. Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production were detected with all drug treatments in cardiomyocytes. Our findings suggest that the cardiotoxic effect of proteasome inhibitors may be due to their class effect and stress response and mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in the cardiotoxicity process.

Cancer is one of the most important health problem in the world. Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug that is widely used in many cancer types such as lung, cervical, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, testicular, ovarian, breast cancer. However, the clinical use of cisplatin is limited due to serious side effects and drug-induced resistance. Acute kidney injury (AKI) develops in 20-35% of patients after cisplatin administration. Long-term use of cisplatin results in tubular kidney damage, acute kidney failure, and chronic kidney disease in patients. Mechanisms of kidney injury induced by cisplatin use include proximal tubular damage, oxidative stress, ER stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the kidneys. There is no completely effective drug or method for kidney damage due to cisplatin use. In vitro and in vivo studies have proven that many natural products and chemicals are effective against cisplatin-induced kidney damage in recent years. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity due to the use of cisplatin are described and the findings on current treatment approaches against cisplatin-induced kidney injury are summarized.

Giriş: Bu çalışmanın amacı, akrep sokmalarının farklı klinik evrelerinde frontal QRS-T açısındaki değişimi araştırmaktır.Gereç-Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışmada akrep sokması ile başvuran hastaların laboratuvar verileri ile T açısı, QRS süresi (ms), QT süresi (ms), QTc süresi (ms) hesaplanarak veri dosyasına kaydedilmiştir. Sonuçlar analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmamıza akrep sokması şikayeti ile acil servise başvuran 80 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların 44'ü Evre I, 26'sı Evre II ve 10'u Evre III olarak değerlendirildi. Hasta grupları arasında yaş (p=0.605) ve cinsiyet (p=0.432) açısından fark yoktu. Hastaların başvuru anındaki laboratuvar bulguları arasında anlamlı fark izlenmedi. Elektrokardiyografi (EKG) bulguları, akrep sokması evreleri arasında frontal QRS-T açılarında anlamlı farklılık gösterdi (p < 0.001). Evremelerin post-hoc analiz ile ikili olarak karşılaştırılması, Evre I ve II (p = 0.143) arasında anlamlı bir fark olmazken ve Evre I ve III (p 0.001) ile Evre II ve III (p = 0.003) arasında anlamlı bir fark ortaya koymuştur. Korelasyon analizi sonuçları, frontal QRS-T açısının yaş ile negatif (r = −0.281, p = 0.016) ve klinik evre ile pozitif korelasyon (r = 0.384, p = 0.001) olduğunu gösterdi. Frontal QRS-T açısının bağımsız belirleyicilerini belirlemek için çok değişkenli doğrusal regresyon analizi yapıldı ve akrep sokmasının evresi bağımsız bir belirleyici olarak belirlendi (p = 0.001).Sonuç: Akrep sokmalarında frontal QRS-T açısındaki artış hem kardiyak tutulumun erken saptanmasına hem de klinik evrelemeye yardımcı olabilecek bir parametre olarak kullanılabilir., Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the change in frontal QRS-T angle in different clinical stages of scorpion stings.Materials-Method: In this retrospective study, laboratory data of patients and T angle, QRS duration (ms), QT duration (ms), and QTc duration (ms) of the patients who presented with scorpion sting were calculated and recorded in the data file. The results were analyzed.Findings: Eighty patients who applied to the emergency department with the complaint of scorpion sting were included in our study. Forty-four patients were evaluated as Stage I, 26 as Stage II, and 10 as Stage III. The patient groups did not differ in age (p = 0.605) and sex (p = 0.432). No significant difference was observed between the laboratory findings of the patients at the time of admission. ECG findings showed a considerable difference in frontal QRS-T angles between scorpion sting stages (p < 0.001). Pairwise comparison of the stages with post-hoc analysis revealed a non-significant difference between Stages I and II (p = 0.143), and a significant difference between Stages I and III (p < 0.001) and Stages II and III (p = 0.003). Correlation analysis results showed that the frontal QRS-T angle was negatively correlated with age (r = −0.281, p = 0.016) and positively correlated with the clinical stage (r = 0.384, p = 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of frontal QRS-T angle, and the stage of the scorpion sting was identified as an independent predictor (p = 0.001).Conclusion: The increase in frontal QRS-T angle in scorpion stings may be used as a parameter that can help both early detections of cardiac involvement and clinical staging

Klinik numunelerde yapılan kalitatif ve kantitatif tayinlerin hastaların sağlığı açısından kritik bir öneme sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Klinik analizlerin gerçekleştirildiği cihazların performans ve kaliteleri, sonuçların doğruluğunu etkilemektedir. Hastalığın tanısının konması ve tedavide doz ayarının yapılabilmesi gibi çok önemli kararların alınabilmesi, cihazların performansına bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada klinik uygulamalar arasından toksikolojik analiz, steroid hormon ölçümü, tam kanda takrolimus seviyesi ve idrarda bisfenol A analizleri için ELİSA (enzim bağlı immunosorbent analizi) ve LC-MS (sıvı kromatografi-tandem kütle spektrometresi) tekniği karşılaştırılmış ve analiz seçimini nasıl etkilediği araştırılmıştır.

In this study, we examined the effects of different doses (100, 500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the total hemocyte count and hemocyte-mediated immune responses of the Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The results showed that NPs caused a decrease in hemocyte count at 1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm doses. To investigate the effects of ZnO NPs on the encapsulation and melanization response of G. mellonella, the pre-dyed Sephadex chromatography beads were injected into the hemolymph of each last-instar larva. Larvae were dissected in the 4th and 24th hours after the injection. The level of the encapsulation response and melanization status around the beads were determined under microscopy. The analyses of the beads injected into the insects as encapsulation targets revealed that the number of weakly encapsulated beads increased significantly at 100, 1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm doses when compared to the control group after a short (4-h) post-injection. The number of melanized beads increased significantly at 100, 1000, and 3000 ppm doses in comparison to the control group after the short (4-h) post-injec- tion. Finally, the number of melanized beads decreased significantly at 1000 and 5000 ppm doses when compared to the control group after the long-term (24-h) post-injection. Marmara University Scientific Research Project Coordination Unit (BAPKO), Project No. FEN-C-DRP-100713-0334.

Objective: Apigenin is a plant flavone proven with biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. This study, it was aimed to examine the possible anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of apigenin in the setting of the mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. Methods: Wistar albino male rats were randomly assigned to groups: control (n = 9), TBI (n = 9), TBI + vehicle (n = 8), and TBI + apigenin (20 and 40 mg/kg, immediately after trauma; n = 6 and n = 7). TBI was performed by dropping a 300 g weight from a height of 1 m onto the skull under anesthesia. Neurological examination and tail suspension tests were applied before and 24 h after trauma, as well as Y-maze and object recognition tests, after that rats were decapitated. In brain tissue, luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence levels and cytokine ELISA levels were measured. Histological damage was scored. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. Results: After TBI, luminol (p

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical dexamethasone (DEX) eye drops in combination with a single perioperative subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (sTA) injection versus conventional topical DEX eye drops in the prevention of ocular inflammation and cystoid macular edema following cataract surgery. Materials and methods Medical records of 245 eyes of 245 patients who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery were analyzed in this retrospective controlled clinical study. Topical DEX eye drops were administered to 128 eyes routinely postoperatively, and 117 eyes were given a single dose of sTA (40 mg/ml) together with topical DEX eye drops for postoperative care. Postoperative topical antibiotic prophylaxis was applied to all eyes. The primary outcomes were anterior chamber (AC) cells and flare, central macular thickness (CMT), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements on day 7, day 30, day 90, and day 180 following surgery. Results Although CMT increased in the DEX group, no increment was observed in the DEX + sTA treated group for all follow-up periods (on day 7 (+1.3 +/- 18.6 and -8.7 +/- 21.9 mu m, p = 0.038), on day 30 (+20.5 +/- 58.4 and -4.1 +/- 25.2 mu m, p = 0.009), on day 90 (+7.2 +/- 19.9 and -5.7 +/- 30.6 mu m, p = 0.029), and on day 180 (+8.2 +/- 22.6 and -6.4 +/- 32.9 mu m, p = 0.032)). There was no significant difference in terms of AC cells and flare between the two groups during the entire follow-up period (p > 0.05). Significant improvement in BCVA was observed in the DEX + sTA group at day 30 (p = 0.008). IOP differences were comparable, and both groups had high ocular tolerance. There were no severe adverse effects recorded. Conclusions Topical DEX eye drops in combination with single dose perioperative injection of sTA have robust efficacy in preventing ocular inflammation and the development of cystoid macular edema following uncomplicated cataract surgery.

Objectives: The aim of the study, to investigate the effect of Chlorella vulgaris on the liver, kidney and heart MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), lipid peroxidation antioxidant enzyme activity with ethyl alcohol toxification.Materials and Methods: 10-12 monthly, weighing 200-250 gr, 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used. Rats were divided into 3 (n=8) groups which 2 experiments and a control. 5mg/kg of isocaloric maltose was given to the control group by gavage. 15 g/kg ethyl alcohol diluted with 50% water was given to the alcohol group and 300 mg/kg C. vulgaris and then 15 g/kg ethyl alcohol diluted with 50% water were given to C. vulgaris group. At the end of the experiment tissue samples were taken. Blood samples were collected into EDTA tubes and the tissues were kept at -20°C. The blood and tissue samples were used to investigate the GSH/GSH-Px, MAPK activity and MDA levels.Results: MAPK activities in liver and lung tissue were increased with C. vulgaris which decrease with ethyl alcohol while MAPK activities in kidney and heart tissue decreased with C. vulgaris. The reduction in tissue GSH-Px levels with alcohol was increased significantly with C. vulgaris application (p, Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, etil alkol toksikasyonunda Chlorella vulgaris'in karaciğer, kalp ve böbrek MAPK (Mitojen ile aktive olan protein kinaz) aktivasyonu ile lipid peroksidasyon ve antioksidan enzim düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntem: 10-12 aylık, 200-250 gr ağırlığında 24 adet erişkin erkek Sprague Dawley ratlar 3 gruba ayrılarak her grupta 8 hayvan bulunacak şekilde 2 deney ve 1 kontrol grubundan oluşturuldu. Kontrol grubuna 5 mg/kg izoklorik maltoz gavajla 12 saatte bir verildi. Alkol grubu (n=8)’nda bulunan ratlara 15g/kg olacak şekilde ve %50 su ile dilüe edilerek Etil alkol, Chlorella grubu (n=8)’nda bulunan ratlara önce 300 mg/kg Chlorella ve daha sonra %50 su ile dilüe edilerek 15g/kg verildi. Deney sonunda, punksiyonla kan örnekleri alındı. İntrakardiyal yolla EDTA’lı tüplere alınan kan numuneleri, +4° C, 3000 rpm’de, 5 dakika santrifüj edilerek plazmalar ve metotlara uygun olarak hazırlanan homojenatlar polietilen tüplere konularak laboratuvar işlemlerine kadar -20° C’de saklandı. Alınan kan numuneleri, MAPK, GSH ve GSH-Px değerlerine bakılmak üzere kullanıldı.Bulgular: Etil alkol toksikasyonu sonucunda MAPK aktivitelerinin karaciğer dokusunda Chlorella vulgaris ile azaldığı, böbrek ve kalp dokularında ise alkol etkisi ile azalan MAPK aktivitelerinin Chlorella vulgaris ile yükseldiği tespit edilmiştir. Grupların alkol etkisi ile doku GSH-Px düzeylerinde meydana gelen azalmanın Chlorella vulgaris uygulaması ile belirgin şekilde yükseldiği belirlenmiştir (p

© 2022 The AuthorsThe present study used a free radical co-polymerization approach to synthesize a smart hydrogel of itaconic acid grafted poly(acrylic acid-co-aniline) (ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi)). ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye was removed from an aqueous medium using ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel. To determine the maximum adsorption, the effect of parameters such as initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, and adsorbent dose were examined. The ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel had a high swelling percentage of 1755.3%. The high water penetration of ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel with a high swelling rate exposed the internal adsorption sites for RhB dye adsorption. The adsorption performance of ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel was explained by the pseudo-first-order and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Moreover, after four adsorption-desorption cycles, the ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel maintained an adsorption efficiency of 85.2%. The high water retention ability of ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel improved the moisture maintenance limit of soil for irrigation up to 23 days. As a result, ItA-g-poly(AA-co-ANi) hydrogel can be used in the elimination of toxic dyes as well as in irrigation systems.

Datura Stramonium (DS) is a in our country; it grows wild in rural areas without the need for agriculture. DS can also be used as herbal medicine in respiratory system diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, in hemorrhoids and dermatological diseases such as eczema. It may lead to anticholinergic symptoms such as mydriasis, tachycardia, dry skin, flushing and urinary retention in humans due to its atropine content, and when it affects the central nervous system, it may cause symptoms ranging from restlessness, agitation, hallucination, convulsion to coma and death. We aimed to describe the case of the patient who was taken to the emergency department with the pre-diagnosis of altered consciousness, agitation, and psychiatric disorder, progressed with the signs of delirium and anticholinergic toxicity, was diagnosed with Datura Stramonium intoxication, was admitted to the intensive care unit after the first treatment, and was discharged with recovery., Datura Stramonium (DS), ülkemizde kırsal alanlarda herhangi bir tarıma ihtiyaç duymadan yabani olarak yetişir. DS astım- bronşit gibi solunum sistemi hastalıklarında, hemoroidde ve egzema vb. dermatolojik hastalıklarda bitkisel ilaç olarak da kullanılabilmektedir. İçerdiği atropin nedeniyle insanlarda midriazis, taşikardi, kuru cilt, flushing, üriner retansiyon, gibi antikolinerjik semptomlara yol açabilmekte; santral sinir sistemini etkilediğinde ise huzursuzluk,ajitasyon,halusinasyon, konvülziyon dan koma ve ölüme kadar semptomlara neden olabilmektedir. Bizde acil servise bilinç değişikliği, ajitasyon, psikiyatrik rahatsızlık ön tanısı ile getirilen hastanın, deliryum ve antikolinerjik zehirlenme bulguları ile seyretmesi, sonra Datura Stramonium intoksikasyonu tanısı alması, ilk tedavisinin yapıldıktan sonra yoğun bakıma yatırılmasını ve şifa ile taburculuğu içeren olguyu anlatmayı amaçladık.

Bitkisel ürün adı altında satılan birçok gıda takviyesi ürünün günümüzde kullanım sıklığı artmıştır.Televizyon, radyo ve özellikle internetgibi araçlar ile tüm topluma rahat erişim sağlanması sonucunda denetimsiz ve hekim kontrolü dışında satılan bu tarz birçok ürün ciddi sağlık problemlerine neden olabilmektedir. Olgumuz baş ağrısı ve sol kolda uyuşukluk şikayeti ile acil servise başvuran 65 yaşında erkek hastayı bildirmektedir. Alınan ayrıntılı anamnezde cinsel gücü artırmak amacıyla hekim önerisi ve kontrolü olmadan bitkisel bir ürün alıp kullandığı öğrenildi. Bilinen herhangi bir hastalığının, operasyonunun ve hekim kontrolünde kullandığı bir ilacının olmadığı öğrenildi. Bu tarz bitkisel ürünlerin ciddi nörolojik hadiselere neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Özellikle akut nörolojik şikayetler ile acil servise başvuran ve özgeçmişinde belirgin hastalık olmayan hastalarda bu ürünlerin kullanımı mutlaka sorgulanmalıdır., The frequency of use of many food supplements sold under the name of herbal products has increased today. As a result of easy access to the whole society with tools such as television, radio and especially the internet, many such products sold uncontrolled and outside the control of physicians can cause serious health problems. Our case reports a 65-year-old male patient who was admitted to the emergency service with a headache and left arm numbness. In the detailed history taken, it was learned that he used a herbal product without the recommendation and control of the physician in order to increase sexual power. It was learned that he did not have any known disease, operation, and medicine used under the control of a physician. It is known that such herbal products cause serious neurological events. The use of these products should be questioned, especially in patients who are admitted to the emergency department with acute neurological complaints and have no apparent medical history.

Amitraz is a drug which is used against the external parasites of domestic animals such as lice, fleas, tick species, and scabies agents. There are no indications for use in humans. In this case report, we presented the findings related to intoxication due to the intake of amitraz via dermal and inhalation route. We tried to explain the possible complications and treatment options. Oral ingestion intoxication cases due to the amitraz use have been reported in humans. In addition, several animal experiments have been conducted, but there exists very few publications in the literature related to the amitraz intake via dermal or inhalation routein humans. Here we present a case of a second-degree AV block in an adolescent with an acute dermal and inhalational amitraz intoxication.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the importance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-beta marker in the endometritis model created by E. coli. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into control and endometritis groups with 7 rats in each group in the study. All animals were fed as ad libitum. No application was made to rats in the control group. Progesterone (P4) was administered subcutaneously to rats in the experimental group at a daily dose of 16 mg/kg between the 0th and 4th days of the study. E. coli was administered intrauterinely at 25 μl and 1 × 105 CFU/rat on the 3rd day. Blood samples were taken at the end of the study after the lives of all animals were terminated in accordance with ethical rules. Hemogram analysis was performed for white blood cell (WBC) levels from the blood samples taken. The TNF-beta analysis was performed with a commercial kit by separating serum from blood samples. Results: WBC (p=0.0004) and TNF-beta (p=0.027) were statistically higher in the endometritis group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Consequently, increased TNF-beta in endometritis may be a diagnostic marker for inflammations in the genital tract. However, its effectiveness may be better demonstrated by conducting comprehensive studies with the relevant marker., Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, E. coli ile oluşturulan endometritis modelinde tümör nekroz faktör (TNF) -beta markırının öneminin araştırılması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada ratlar her grupta 7’şer rat olacak şekilde kontrol ve endometritis grubuna ayrıldı. Tüm hayvanlar ad libitum olarak beslendi. Kontrol gruplarına herhangi bir uygulama yapılmamıştır. Deneysel gruba ise Çalışmanın 0 ve 4. günleri arasında ratlara günlük subkutan 16 mg/kg dozunda progesteron (P4) uygulandı. 3. gün 25 μl, 1 × 105 cfu/rat dozunda E. coli intrauterin olarak uygulandı. Çalışma sonunda tüm hayvanların yaşamına etik kurallara uygun bir şekilde son verildikten sonra kan örnekleri alındı. Alınan kan örneklerinden akyuvar (WBC) düzeyi için hemogram analizi yapıldı. Kan örneklerinden serum ayrıştırılarak ticari kit ile TNF-beta analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: WBC (p=0.0004) ve TNF-beta (p=0.027) kontrol grubuna göre endometritis grubunda istatistiksel olarak daha yüksekti. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, endometritiste TNF-beta’nın artış göstermesi genital sistemdeki inflamasyonlar için tanı markırı olabilir. Fakat ilgili markır ile kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılarak etkinliği daha iyi ortaya konulabilir.

Introduction: Illicit drug use is an ever-increasing problem all over the world also reflected in emergency services as drug-induced toxicities. There is limited data about illicit drugs that pose pediatric emergency cases in our country which of most are based on immunochemical screening test results that are prone to false positivity and negativity or insufficient for some drugs. Materials and methods: We established validated LC-MS/MS methods for 39 illicit drug analytes and used them to evaluate blood and urine samples of pediatric emergency patients (n=50, mean age: 15.9 y, 72% male; %28 female) along with an easy and short sample preparation step.Results: Acceptable method validation results by means of linearity, repeatability, accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity were achieved. Illicit drugs were detected in 60% of patients, of these 71.4% were male, and 40% of patients showed mixed drugs. Amphetamine-type drugs and synthetic cathinones were the most found illegal drugs in samples. Conclusion: This study was the first to use LC-MS/MS for the determination of 39 illicit drug analytes in pediatric emergency patients in our country. LC-MS/MS is a reliable, sensitive tool for the evaluation of drug-suspected emergency patients. In particular, drug use profiles that cause urgent health problems should be kept up-to-date and shared through a national network so that physicians and toxicologists, as well as officials who make regulations on illicit drug policy, should be informed., Giriş: Yasa dışı madde kullanımı, tüm dünyada giderek artan bir sorun olup, uyuşturucu kaynaklı toksisiteler olarak acil servislere de yansımaktadır. Ülkemizde yasa dışı uyuşturuculara bağlı çocuk acil vaka verileri sınırlı sayıda olup bunların çoğu da yanlış pozitif ve negatif sonuç verme ihtimali olan veya bazı ilaçlar için yetersiz olan immünokimyasal tarama testlerine dayalı verilerdir.Gereç ve yöntemler: Otuz dokuz yasa dışı uyuşturucu analiti için valide edilmiş LC-MS/MS yöntemleri oluşturduk ve kolay ve kısa bir numune hazırlama aşamasından sonra çocuk acil hastalarının (n=50, ortalama yaş: 15,9 y, %72 erkek; %28 kadın) kan ve idrar örneklerini değerlendirmek için kullandık.Bulgular: Doğrusallık, tekrarlanabilirlik, doğruluk, duyarlılık ve seçicilik paramenlerinde kabul edilebilir yöntem doğrulama sonuçları elde edildi. Hastaların %60'ında yasa dışı uyuşturucu madde tespit edildi, bunların %71,4'ü erkekti ve hastaların %40'ında çoklu uyuşturucu madde görüldü. Amfetamin türü uyuşturucular ve sentetik katinonlar, örneklerde en fazla bulunan yasa dışı uyuşturuculardı.Sonuç: Bu çalışma, ülkemizde, çocuk acil hastalarında 39 yasa dışı uyuşturucu madde analitinin araştırılması için LC-MS/MS kullanılan ilk çalışmadır. LC-MS/MS, uyuşturucudan şüphelenilen acil hastaların değerlendirilmesi için güvenilir, hassas bir araçtır. Özellikle acil sağlık sorunlarına neden olan ilaç kullanım profilleri güncel tutulmalı ve ulusal bir ağ üzerinden paylaşılarak hekim ve toksikologların yanı sıra yasa dışı ilaç politikası ile ilgili düzenlemeleri yapan yetkililerin bilgilendirilmesi sağlanmalıdır.

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) causes neuroinflammation in rats, which leads to the development of Alzheimer's disease. The current study focused on the anti-Alzheimer and antioxidant potential of hydromethanolic extracts of Pluchea lanceolata (PL), a well-known Rasna source. Phytoconstituents such as pluchine and moretenol acetate are selected for the PASS online and molecular docking (in silico) experimental model. A total of 36 Wistar rats were divided into VI groups, each with six rats. Group I: normal control, Group II: disease control, Group III: Rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg, p.o), Group IV and V: Hydromethanolic extract of PL (HMEPL, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, p.o), and Group VI: Ayurvedic Formulation of Rasna (AFR) (1ml/kg, p.o). Except for group I, all of the animals were given Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) (300 mg/kg, p.o). AlCl3 and plant extracts were given for 20day treatment. On the 0th, 7th, 14th, and 20th days, the behavioural study and changes in body weight were evaluated. Rats were sacrificed on the 21st day, their brains were separated, and antioxidant enzyme levels, protein levels, and neurotransmitter levels were measured. Histopathologies of the cortex and hippocampus parts of the brain were studied. The number of entries, as well as time spent in the closed arm and time taken to ascend the pole, were all increased in Group II animals, but this was reversed in groups treated with 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and1 ml/kg dosages of HMEPL and AFR. In the disease control group, AlCl3 (300 mg/kg, p.o.) caused a 1.5 fold increase in protein content and 1.7 fold increase in malondialdehyde, similarly, 1.3 fold reduction in body weight, 2.2 fold superoxide dismutase, 3.3 fold catalase, and 3.1 fold glutathione level were observed and were corrected and restored in groups treated with HMEPL and AFR. Furthermore, the histopathology findings revealed that HMEPL and AFR provided the cellular-level protection. The active components of HMEPL were found to have anti-Alzheimer and antioxidant potential and were confirmed in an in silico investigation. HMEPL > AFR was the order of anti-Alzheimer and antioxidant effectiveness.

Hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) vasküler hücrelerinde sinyal yolaklarını kontrol eden önemli bir sinyal molekülüdür, ancak yüksek konsantrasyonu hücrede patolojik oksidatif strese neden olabilir. Uygun araçların yetersizliği nedeniyle, faydalı ve zararlı oksidatif stresin hücre altı lokallerde araştırılmasında deneysel zorluklarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, zor transfekte edilebilir endotel hücrelerinde H2O2'yi indüklemek, görselleştirmek ve sitotoksisitesini test etmek için bir kemogenetik araç olan maya türevli D-amino asit oksidaz (mDAAO) enzimi kullanıldı. Endotel hücrelerinin transfeksiyon yüzdesinin düşük olması nedeniyle, lentiviral vektörler kullanılarak mDAAO enzimini ifade eden sabit hücre hatları oluşturuldu. Substrat bazlı kemogenetik araç olan mDAAO enzimi, D-amino asitleri çevirerek yan ürün olarak H2O2’yi üretmektedir; ve H2O2 HyPer7 olarak adlandırılan ultra-duyarlı ve orantı-bazlı H2O2 biyosensörü ile görüntülenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, D-alanin ve D-metionin olmak üzere iki farklı D-amino asidin endotel hücrelerinde oksidatif stresi indükleme kapasiteleri test edildi. Canlı hücre görüntüleme deneyleri, 10 mM D-metionin’in D-alanin'den önemli ölçüde daha yüksek ve daha hızlı H2O2 sinyali ürettiğini ortaya çıkardı. Ancak, yapılankolorimetrik hücre metabolik aktivite testi (MTT) ile, her iki amino asidin benzer sitotoksik etkiye sahip olduğu gösterildi. Bu çalışma, endotel hücrelerinde H2O2’nin kontrolü ve sitotoksik etkisinin takibinde başvurulabilecek bir kılavuz niteliğindedir., Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a critical signaling molecule in vascular cells, which controls signaling events, yet it can cause pathological oxidative stress in excess. The lack of suitable tools undermined experimental approaches to study the role of oxidative eu- and distress in cellular ultra-locales. This study exploits a yeast-derived D-amino acid oxidase (mDAAO) as a chemogenetic tool to induce, visualize and test the cytotoxicity of H2O2 in hardly transfectable endothelial cells. Due to the poor transfectability of endothelial cells, lentiviral vectors have been used to generate cell lines stably expressing mDAAOs. mDAAOs are substrate-based chemogenetic enzymes that convert D-amino acids to their corresponding alpha-keto acids and generate H2O2 as a byproduct, which can be visualized with a novel ultrasensitive, and ratiometric H2O2 biosensor termed HyPer7. This study tested the suitability of two different D-amino acids, including D-alanine and D-methionine, to induce oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Live-cell imaging experiments unveiled that 10 mM D-methionine generated significantly higher and faster H2O2 signals than D-alanine. However, both D-amino acids induced comparable levels of cell death documented by a colorimetric cell metabolic activity assay (MTT). This study provides a guide for manipulating and monitoring the cytotoxic effect of H2O2 in endothelial cells.

© 2021 Elsevier LtdRemoval of hazardous herbicides from the aqueous solution is critical for overcoming health-related issues across the wider population. In the current work, we have prepared sodium alginate (SAlg), dextrin, and acrylic acid (AA) based cross-linked hydrogels, composed of bentonite incorporated in the biocompatible hydrogel matrix. This hydrogel composite can remove highly toxic herbicide paraquat (PQ). As-synthesised hydrogel (SAlg/dextrin-cl-PAA) and hydrogel composite (SAlg/dextrin-cl-PAA/bentonite) were further analysed by infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC). For the first time, PQ adsorption onto sodium and dextrin-based hydrogel was also evaluated. The measured highest removal capacities were 76.923 and 90.909 mg g−1 for the SAlg/dextrin-cl-PAA and SAlg/dextrin-cl-PAA/bentonite, respectively. Pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Langmuir isotherm models have shown to be best suited for accurately describing the adsorption mechanism. A thermodynamics study verified that the adsorption of PQ on adsorbents is spontaneous, favourable and exothermic. Moreover, reusability analysis shows that the adsorbents possess good reproducibility even after six successive cycles. The adsorption results demonstrate that the synthesised adsorbents are very efficient for removing herbicides (PQ) from wastewater.

The present study evaluated the adverse effects of three widely used insecticides in the Egyptian environment on mitochondrial bioenergetic and oxidative stress biomarkers in the rat kidney. Chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and imidacloprid were orally administrated to male albino rats at 1/50 of the LD50 for 28 days by 5 doses /week. The insecticides caused a significant in vivo decrease in the activities of mitochondrial bioenergetic biomarkers; NADH dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and mitochondrial oxidative stress biomarkers; superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S- transferase (GST) while the malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl contents (PCC) were significantly increased. Further, chromatography analysis demonstrated that 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-2DG) increased considerably in rat urine as a DNA damage biomarker. The kidney deficiency was confirmed by histological examination and in silico simulation analysis (Molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET)). The alterations in the tested parameters were confirmed by the symptoms of histological deformation in kidney tissues, demonstrating the hazardous effects. The laboratory results showed the impact of the tested insecticides in conformity with the in silico simulation analysis (molecular docking and ADMET).

Omeprazole is the most commonly used proton pump inhibitor (PPI), a prospective cohort study reported that chronic use of PPI’s cause dementia. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Pluchea lanceolata (HAEPL) on dementia induced by omeprazole in experimental rats. Total 42 trained rats were divided into 7 groups, each group with six rats. First group received normal food and water for 21 days. Three groups of animals treated with 20mg/kg of omeprazole for 7, 14 and 21 days respectively. Another three groups of animals received 400mg/kg of HAEPL + 20mg/kg of omeprazole for 7, 14 and 21 days respectively. Behavioural studies were conducted on 0th, 7th, 14th and 21st days of treatment by using actophotometer, elevated plus maze (EPM) and cook’s pole climbing apparatus. The next day of behaviour study respective group animals were sacrificed, brain was isolated for estimation of antioxidant, neurotransmitters and histopathological studies. Locomotor activity, number of entry into open arms and time taken to climb the poles were significantly reduced in 20 mg/kg of omeprazole treated rats whereas activity, learning, memory were restored in 400mg/kg of HAEPL treated rats with respect to duration of exposure. Alteration of antioxidant enzyme, neurotransmitter level and histopathological events were found with disease control rats which also corrected by the administration of 400mg/kg of HAEPL. Co-administration of P, lanceolata extract diminishes the progress of dementia caused by omeprazole and may be a potential corner stone in the treatment strategies for researchers and clinicians.

© 2023 by the authors.Pharmaceutical residues in water and wastewater have become a worldwide problem with environmental and public health consequences. Antibiotics are of special importance because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant genes. This study evaluates the adsorptive removal of four common fluoroquinolone antibiotics by using natural colemanite as an alternative adsorbent for the first time. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted for the mixture of fluoroquinolones as well as for individual compounds during the isotherm studies. Adsorption kinetic results indicated that the process followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, while the Langmuir model described the sorption isotherms. The effects of pH and temperature on adsorption performance were determined, and the results indicated that the adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous, with increasing randomness at the solid–liquid interface. The effects of real water and wastewater matrices were tested by using tap water, surface water, and wastewater samples. Reusability experiments based on five adsorption–desorption cycles indicated that the adsorption performance was mostly retained after five cycles. The adsorption mechanism was elucidated based the material characterization before and after adsorption. The results indicate that colemanite can be used as an effective and reusable adsorbent for fluoroquinolone antibiotics as well as for other pollutants with similar physicochemical properties.

Obesogens affect lipid metabolism, and genetic or epigenetic factors may also contribute to the progression of obesity. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are the most striking among obesogens. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic EDC used in food containers, adhesives, dye powders, and dental fillers. We aimed to elucidate molecular mechanisms of BPA’s obesogenic effects focusing on obesogenic pathways in the liver including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Dnmt3a which is its epigenetic regulator, oxidant-antioxidant status, and inflammatory cytokines. Zebrafish were divided into three groups as control, low-dose BPA (1 μm BPA), and high-dose BPA groups (10 μm BPA). At the end of 30 days, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed, fasting blood glucose levels were measured, and hepatopancreas tissues were taken. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and nitric oxide (NO) activities were examined in the hepatopancreas. Inflammatory cytokines, lepa, fgf21, and dnmt3a expressions were determined by RT-PCR. BPA exposure increased the body weights, il1ß, tnfα, il6, lepa, fgf21, and dnmt3a expressions, impaired glucose tolerance, and oxidant–antioxidant status in a dose-dependent manner. Hepatocyte degeneration, lipid vacuolization, and vasocongestion were observed in both BPA-exposed groups. Our study suggests impaired glucose tolerance, oxidant–antioxidant balance, increased inflammatory response, fgf21 expression, and dnmt3a expressions as the possible mechanisms for the BPA-induced obesity model in zebrafish.

Parasetamol toksisitesi için Rumack-Matthew nomogramı tedavi edilmeyen hastaların asetaminofen düzeyleri kullanılarak hazırlanmış ve 1975 yılında yayınlamıştır. risk belirlemek için yazarlar aminotransferase seviyesini 1,000 IU/L ve üzeri değerlere yükselmesine neden olan parasetamol düzeylerini tespit etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Böylelikle 200 üzerindeki değerleri temsil eden cizgi oluşturuldu. Rumack ve arkadaşlarının 1981 yılında yayınladıkları çalışmada ise 150 üzerindeki değerleri temsil eden cizgi daha güvenli bir değer olarak önerildi. Öte yandan nomogram tek doz, hızlı cözünen preparatların bilinen alım süreleri üzerine dizayn edildi. Bu klinik uygulamada önemli limitasyonlara neden olmaktadır., The Rumack-Matthew nomogram for acetaminophen toxicity was prepared using the acetaminophen levels of untreated patients and published in 1975. In order to determine the risk, the authors aimed to determine the acetaminophen levels that cause the aminotransferase level to increase to 1,000 IU/L and above (1). Thus, the line presenting the values above 200 was created. In the study published by Rumack et al. in 1981, the line representing values above 150 was suggested as a safer value (2). On the other hand, the nomogram was designed on the known intake times of single dose, immediate-release acetaminophen preparations. This causes significant limitations in clinical practice.

The newly synthesized gold nanoparticles have been getting extraordinary medical and social interests because of their potential physico-synthetic properties as higher affinity, low molecular weight, and larger surface area. In this work, a drug capped gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were synthesized to check the effects of these nanoparticles (50μg/mL) on SKBR3 breast cancer and CRL-4010 non cancer cells. The biological properties of these AuNPs were excellent in the SKBR3 human breast cancer cells. In brief, we conclude that these gold nanoparticles have anticancer potentiality and can be an alternative for the treatment of SKBR3 breast cancer cells; further studies are mandatory to confirm our preliminary findings.

© 2022Schizophrenia is a chronic disabling disease affecting 1 % of the population. Current antipsychotics have limited efficacy in mitigating the severity of the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, searching for new therapeutic targets is essential. Previous studies have shown that α2C-adrenoceptor antagonists may have antipsychotic and pro-cognitive effects. Therefore, the current study evaluates the behavioral and neurochemical effects of JP-1302, a selective α2C-adrenoceptor antagonist, in a model of schizophrenia-like deficits induced by sub-chronic ketamine (KET) administration. Here, we administered ketamine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) to male and female Wistar rats for eight consecutive days. On the last two days of ketamine administration, rats were pretreated with either JP-1302 (1-3-10 μmol/kg, i.p.), chlorpromazine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), or saline, and the behavioral tests were performed. Behaviors related to positive (locomotor activity), negative (social interaction), and cognitive (novel object recognition) symptoms of schizophrenia were assessed. Glutamate, glutamine, GABA levels, and α2C-adrenoceptor expression were measured in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemical reactivity was also shown in the midbrain regions. Sub-chronic ketamine administration increased locomotor activity and produced robust social interaction and object recognition deficits, and JP-1302 significantly ameliorated ketamine-induced cognitive deficits. Ketamine induced a hyperdopaminergic activity in the striatum, which was reversed by the treatment with JP-1302. Also, the α2C-adrenoceptor expression was higher in the frontal cortex and hippocampus in the ketamine-treated rats. Our findings confirm that α2C-adrenoceptor antagonism may be a potential drug target for treating cognitive disorders related to schizophrenia.

© 2022 Elsevier B.V.The consumption of the widely used flame retardant Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is increasing. It is now frequently detected in the environment and also domestically. Although the possibility of dermal exposure to TPP is quite high, little is known about its potential molecular toxicity mechanisms. In this study, we found that TPP caused cytotoxicity on human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) and significantly inhibited the proliferation and cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, HaCaT cells were sensitive to TPP-induced apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species production was induced with TPP, which increased the protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation levels. Moreover, TPP inhibited proteasome activity and increased the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Exposure to TPP significantly increased the HSP90, HSP70, GRP94 and GRP78 protein levels. Overall, our findings indicate that TPP may pose a risk to human health and contribute to the current understanding of the risks of TPP at the molecular level.