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The use of maternal caffeine has an important effect on the development of the fetus. We investigated the mechanism of oxidative damage induced by caffeine and the efficacy of vitamin E. Pregnant rats of Wistar-albino genus were used. Following groups of animals were defined: control, sham, caffeine (50 mg/kg), caffeine + vitamin E, vitamin E (60 mg/kg) all invasive applications were repeated daily for 20 days. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β(IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured in tissue homogenates by using Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Thiobarbituric acid reactive acid substances (TBARS), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione disulfide (GSSG), Total oxidant status (TOS), Total anti-oxidant status (TAS), Oxidative stress index (OSI), Calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (Vit D) parameters were measured by spectrophotometric assay. According to these data, caffeine used in pregnancy delayed ossification; It has been found that vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant, counteracts this effect.

In the current work, the effects of curcumin on testicular tissues in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) model developed in Balb/C mice. EAT cells (1x106) received from stock of animals were injected intraperitoneally to animals. 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg of curcumin was administered intraperitoneally. Testicular tissues obtained after all the experiment were evaluated for histopathological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological results showed that 50 mg/kg curcumin group had less EAT cells around testicular tissues than tumor control group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH), oxide glutathione (GSSG), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α) levels were measured in testis tissues. Oxidative stress index (OSI) and GSH/GSSG ratio were calculated. Findings clearly suggested that antioxidant parameters (except CAT and GPx) had higher value in animal models treated with 25 and 50 mg curcumin groups associated to tumor control group. There was a statistically noteworthy variance between the groups in all parameters. Antitumor effect of curcumin on ascites tumor cells produced by EAT cells evidenced with histopathological while antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biochemical parameters evidenced with biochemical parameters.

Nicotine plays an important role in oxidative stress formation. For this purpose, to reveal the antioxidant effect of cornelian cherry plant, the effects of nicotine-induced oxidative stress.28 adult Wistar Albino (180-220 g) male rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into four groups as control group (n = 6), cornelian cherry group (n = 7), nicotine group (n = 7) and nicotine + cornelian cherry group (n = 8). While nicotine extract was applied to the experimental group, cornelian cherry extract was applied to the treatment group as well as nicotine. TBARS, SOD, GSH, GSSG, TOS, TAS, Redox potential values were measured by spectrophotometric analysis in lung, brain, kidney, heart and liver tissues. OSI and GSH / GSSG values were calculated as TOS / TAS and GSH / GSSG rates, respectively.When the experimental groups are examined, it is seen that there is a significant difference between the nicotine-treated group and the other groups (p

ÖZETGiriş: Humerus; scapula, radius ve ulna arasında bulunan üst ekstremitenin en uzun ve kalın kemiğidir. Humarusüzerindeki anatomik yapılar morfoloji ve antropolojide cinsiyet ayrımını tespitte kullanılır.Gereç ve yöntem: Bu çalışma 80 adet (56 sol, 24 sağ) humerus kuru kemik numunesinde 0,01 milimetre(mm) hassasiyetli dijital kumpas kullanılarak yapıldı. Kemik örneklerinde yaş ve cinsiyet ayrımı belli değildi.Humerus üzerinde 21 anatomik yapı ölçüldü.Bulgular: Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre humerusun maksimum uzunluğu solda ortalama 31.16±2.44 mm,sağda 29.85±3.08 mm’dir. Humerusun minimum gövde çapı solda 17.62 ±2.18 mm, sağda 17.84 ±1.82 mm,maksimum çapı solda 21.41 ±1.95mm ve sağda 21.29 ±1.77mmdir.Sonuç: Humerus kemiğinin normal anatomik yapısını bilmek ve bu bölgedeki cerrahi prosedürleri ve protezuygulamalarını yönlendirmek için bu kemikteki anatomik yapıların ortalama değerlerini hesaplamak çokönemlidir.

SUMMARY: Dextrocardia with situs inversus is an uncommon anomaly affecting about 1 to 2 per 10,000 in the general population. This report describes an adult male patient with dextrocardia and in a Turkish subject. The photographic illustrations revealed transposition of some of the visceral organs such as the spleen was located right and the liver and gall bladder on the left. The heart was flattened and flipped to the right. Many people with situs inversus totalis are unaware of their unusual anatomy until they seek medical attention for an unrelated condition. So, early detection may lead to a successful surgical management and consequently offer a safer chance of survival. This report showed that dextrocardia and situs inversus can be seen amongst Turkish subjects. RESUMEN: La dextrocardia con situs inversus es una anomalía poco frecuente que afecta aproximadamente de 1 a 2 personas por 10.000 en la población general. Este informe describe un paciente masculino adulto con dextrocardia. Las figuras revelaron que la transposición de algunos de los órganos viscerales, como el bazo, se ubicada a la derecha y el hígado y la vesícula biliar a la izquierda. El corazón fue aplastado y girado hacia la derecha. Muchas personas con situs inversus totalis desconocen su anatomía inusual hasta que buscan atención médica por una afección no relacionada. Por lo tanto, la detección temprana puede llevar a un manejo quirúrgico exitoso y, en consecuencia, ofrecer una posibilidad más segura de supervivencia. Este informe mostró que la dextrocardia y el situs inversus se pueden encontrar entre los sujetos turcos.

ÖZETOs sacrum sakral, lumbosakral ve sakroiliak şekil bozuklukları veya yaralanmalarının tedavisinde fu¨zyonve stabilizasyon alanına dahil edilen o¨nemli bir kemiktir. Bu çalışmada kuru os sacrum o¨rnekleri u¨zerindedetaylı morfometrik o¨lçu¨mler yapılması amaçlandı. Çalışma Erciyes Üniversitesi Anatomi Anabilim dalındabulunan 47 sacrum ve Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Anatomi Anabilim dalından gelen 5 adet os sacrumo¨rnekleri u¨zerinde 0.01 milimetre (mm) duyarlılıgˆındaki dijital kumpas kullanılarak yapıldı. Kuru kemiko¨rneklerinde yaş ve cinsiyet ayırımı yapılmadı. Os sacrum kemiği üzerinde hiatus sacralis uzunluğu, cornusacraleler arası mesafe gibi 10 adet parametrede ölçümler yapıldı. Os sacrum’un normal anatomik yapısınınve morfometrik degˆerlerinin iyi bilinmesi, bu bo¨lgeye uygulanan operasyonlar sırasında muhtemel komplikasyonlarıo¨nleyebilir. Bu çalışmanın os sacrum’a yo¨nelik cerrahi yaklaşımlarda cerrahlar ve klinisyenlere yararlıolacagˆını düşünmekteyiz. Ayrıca epidural kaudal anestezinin inguinal, ürogenital, rektal bölgeye yapılanoperasyonlarda uygulamasından ve komplikasyonların azaltılmasında kullanılan yöntem olmasından dolayıbu çalışmanın anatomik rehber olacağı kanaatindeyiz.Anahtar Sözcu¨kler: Sakrum; Morfometri; Hiatus sacralis; Cornu sacraleABSTRACTOs sacrum sacral is an important bone included in the fusion and stabilization area in the treatment of thelumbosacral and sacroiliac shape disorders. In this study, the purpose was to make detailed morphometricmeasurements on os sacrum samples.The study was conducted on the 5 os sacrum samples brought from Sivas Cumhuriyet University, AnatomyDepartment, and on 47 sacrum samples that were brought from Erciyes University Anatomy Departmentby using a digital compass with 0.01-millimeter (mm) sensitivity. Age and gender discriminations were notmade on the dry bone samples. Ten different measurements were performed on the os sacrum like thelength of the hiatus sacralis and the distance between cornu sacrales. The length of the hiatus sacralis wasmeasured as 19,84±9,32 mm in average. The minimum measurement value was determined as 6,85 andthe maximum measurement value was determined as 48,80 mm. The distance between cornu sacrales wasdetermined to be 12,63±3,02 mm in average. The distance between the foramina sacralia posteriora (S2)height and the apex of the hiatus sacralis was found to be 21,69±6,86 mm. The width of the canalis sacraliswas measured as 20,85±3,62 mm in average.Knowing the normal anatomic structure and morphometric values of the os sacrum well may avoid possiblecomplications that may occur during surgeries in this area. We believe that this study will be useful forsurgeons in surgical approaches to os sacrum. In addition, we also believe that the present study will be ananatomic guide for surgeons because the caudal anesthesia is applied in operations in inguinal, urogenitaland rectal areas, and it is the method used to reduce the complications.Keywords: Sacrum; Morphometri; Hiatus sacralis; Cornu sacrale

Omurga (columna vertebralis) omurların üst üste sıralanmasıyla oluşan ve içinde medulla spinalis bulunan bir sütundur. Baş, boyun ve gövdenin hareketlerinde görev yapar. Omurga düz bir sütun şeklinde olmayıp, erişkinlerde boyun ve bel bölgesinde öne doğru konveksite (lordoz), göğüs ve sakral bölgede ise arkaya doğru konveksite (kifoz) oluşturur. Bu çalışmada 1 ile 16 yaş arasındaki 731 çocuğun lateral radyografileri incelenerek her yaş grubu için servikal lordoz, torakal kifoz ve lumbal lordoz açıları ImageJ programından faydalanılarak Cobb metodu ile ölçüldü. Hesaplanan 1 ve 16 yaşındaki çocuklarda ortalama servikal lordoz açısı 20.51º±6.11 (en küçük 17.96º±6.29, en büyük 23.50º±4.14) olarak bulundu. Çocuklarda yaşla birlikte servikal açı değerinin azaldığı görüldü. Torakal kifoz açı ölçümünde çocuklarda ortalama açı değeri 28.71º±6.99 (en küçük 24.55º±5.65, en büyük açı değeri 30.44º±4.68) olarak hesaplandı. Lumbal lordoz açısının ise ortalama 28.08º±7.39 (en küçük 20.36º±6.59, en büyük 32.68º±6.03) olduğu görüldü. Torakal kifoz ve lumbal lordoz açı değerlerinin yaşla birlikte arttığı görüldü. Çalışmamızda servikal lordoz açı değerinde 1 yaş grubu ile 16 yaş grubu arasında azalan, torakal kifoz açı değerinde ise 1 yaş grubu ile 14-16 yaş grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak artan bir anlamlılık bulundu. Çalışmamızın sonucu literatür değerleri ile karşılaştırıldığında servikal lordoz değerlerinde uyumluluk, torakal kifoz ve lumbal lordoz değerlerinde ise daha düşük değerler elde edildiği anlaşıldı. Sonuç olarak çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde gelişen omurgadaki sagittal plan eğriliklerinin bilinmesi, patolojik eğriliklerin erken tespiti ve tedaviye erken başlamak suretiyle kliniğe ve bu konuda yapılan diğer çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağı kanaatindeyiz. Spine is a column that consists of consecutively lined up vertebras. It includes medulla spinalis. It contributes the motions of head, neck and body. Spine is not a straight column. It figures a convexity towards the front of the spine (lordosis) at cervical and lumbal areas in adults. It also figures a convexity towards the back of the spine (kyfosis) at thoracic and sacral spine area. In this study, lateral radioghraphs of 731 children between 1-16 years old were examined and their cervical lordosis, thoracic kyfosis and lumbal lordosis angles were measured with Cobb method using ImageJ program for every age group. The mean calculated cervical lordosis angles in 1-16 years old children were found 20.51º±6.11 (minimum 17.96º±6.29, maximum 23.50º±4.14). It has been observed that cervical angle value decrease with age. The mean thoracic kyfosis angle measurement was found 28.71º±6.99 (minimum 24.55º±5.65, maximum 30.44º±4.68). Lumbal lordosis angle was measured 28.08º±7.39 (minimum 20.36º±6.59, maximum 32.68º±6.03). Thoracic kyfosis and lumbal lordosis angle values increase with age. In our study, a statistical difference was found in increasing thoracic kyfosis angle between 1 year old group and 14 years old group. Statistically difference was also found in decreasing cervical lordosis angle value between 1 year old group and 16 years old group. When we compare our study results with literature values, cervical lordosis values were similar but lumbal lordosis values were lower. In a result, we think that knowing sagittal plane inclinations developing in childhood and adolescence stages will contribute determination of pathologies earlier. We also hope that it will contribute clinical stages and other studies in this field. 70