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To address the severe uplink (UL) overlapping transmission problem caused by multi-timing advance (multi-TA) in multiple transmission reception point (multi-TRP) scenario with non-ideal feedback, where existing protocols were difficult to handle effectively, a novel UL overlapping transmission handling mechanism was proposed by jointly improving physical layer multiplexing technology and medium access control (MAC) layer token bucket technology. The novel mechanism enhanced the identification process of overlapping channels at the physical layer, revised the multiplexing requirements and rules, and fed the multiplexing and overlapping information from the physical layer back to the MAC layer. Simultaneously, it optimized the token bucket technique in the MAC layer. Comparative simulations between the proposed mechanism and the processing mechanisms in existing protocols show that, in non-overlapping and overlapping logical slot scenarios, the actual number of the reused physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) performance has improved by an average of 57.58% and 49.40%, the actual available resource quantity performance of the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) has improved by an average of 12.09% and 26.03%, the actual occupied resource quantity of the highest priority logical channel has improved by an average of 33.33% and 45.48%.

A wireless sensor system is an essential aspect in many fields. It consists of a great deal of sensor nodes. These sensor networks carry out a number of tasks, including interaction, distribution, recognition, and power supply. Data is transmitted from source to destination and plays an important role. Congestion may occur during data transmission from one node to another and also at cluster head locations. Congestion will arise as a result of either traffic division or resource allocation. Energy will be wasted due to traffic division congestion, which causes packet loss and retransmission of removed packets. As a result, it must be simplified; hence there are a few Wireless sensor networks with various protocols that will handle Congestion Control. The Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering (DEC) protocol, which is fully based on residual energy and the token bucket method, is being investigated as a way to increase the energy efficiency. In the event of congestion, our proposal provides a way to cope with it and solves it using this method to improve lifespan of the sensor networks. Experiments in simulation show that the proposed strategy can significantly enhance lifetime, energy, throughput, and packet loss.

This article considers a setting where embedded devices are used to acquire and classify images. Because of limited computing capacity, embedded devices rely on a parsimonious classification model with uneven accuracy. When local classification is deemed inaccurate, devices can decide to offload the image to an edge server with a more accurate but resource-intensive model. Resource constraints, e.g., network bandwidth, however, require regulating such transmissions to avoid congestion and high latency. This article investigates this offloading problem when transmissions regulation is through a token bucket, a mechanism commonly used for such purposes. The goal is to devise a lightweight, online offloading policy that optimizes an application-specific metric (e.g., classification accuracy) under the constraints of the token bucket. This article develops a policy based on a deep $Q$ -network (DQN), and demonstrates both its efficacy and the feasibility of its deployment on embedded devices. Of note is the fact that the policy can handle complex input patterns, including correlation in image arrivals and classification accuracy. The evaluation is carried out by performing image classification over a local testbed using synthetic traces generated from the ImageNet image classification benchmark. Implementation of this work is available at https://github.com/qiujiaming315/edgeml-dqn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now is the age of information technology. World is advancing day by day. At present in this progressing world communication from one place to another has become so easy, less costly, and faster. This modern life is almost impossible with the help of these communication technologies. People need to talk, need to share data, need to express their emotion from long distance. So they need to use technologies to communicate with one another. Nowadays the fields of MANET have yielded more and more popularity and thus MANET have become a subject of great interest for the researchers to enforce research activities. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is the cooperative engagement of a collection of mobile nodes without the required intervention of any centralized access point or existing infrastructure. There is an increasing trend to adopt mobile ad hoc networking for commercial uses. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an emerging area of research to provide various communication services to the end users. But these communication services of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) use high capacity of bandwidth and a big amount of internet speed. Bandwidth optimization is indispensable in various communications for successful acceptance and deployment of such a technology. Thinking of this, I propose a New Bandwidth Optimization Technique that Enhance the Performance of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). The new Bandwidth optimization technique which is more efficient in terms of time delay in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) can redirect a new way towards optimization development in network communication and device junction technology.

This paper proposes a live broadcast traffic model for an internet protocol (IP)-based terrestrial digital broadcasting system to transmit dynamic adaptive streaming over hypertext transfer protocol (DASH) media. The IP-based terrestrial digital broadcasting systems such as Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 transmit media content (e.g., full high definition and ultra-high definition) in units of DASH segment files. Although the DASH segment file has the same quality and playback time, the size of each DASH segment file can vary according to the media composition. The transmission resource of the terrestrial broadcasting system has increased the transmission capacity of broadcasting with new technologies. However, the transmission capacity is still limited and fixed compared to wired broadcasting networks. Therefore, a problem occurs with the efficiency of broadcasting resources and transmission delay when transmitting a variable segment file to a terrestrial digital broadcasting network. In this paper, the resource efficiency and transmission delay results that occur when transmitting the actual DASH segment file are simulated through the live broadcast traffic model, and the maximum delay time that a viewer accessing the terrestrial broadcast can experience is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the problem that network congestion which caused by the uneven distribution in large traffic data,a priority-aware dynamic network traffic scheduling mechanism was proposed.By using the token bucket algorithm,different buckets of different rates were assigned to different services according to the service priorities.The priorities of the service and the remaining buffer space of the user nodes was taken into account to deal with different services.At the same time,the traffic arrival factor,service factor and node cache were regarded as target to define a network traffic scheduling mechanism performance indicator:packet loss rate.The numerical results show that the proposed mechanism can rationally divide the service priorities in the network,effectively utilize the network resources,prevent the network congestion,enhance the network performance,and provide the users with more stable and reliable network service.

Summary: The Mars relay communication services have played an important role on the scientific data transmission for several Mars surface exploration missions. However, such technologies based on CCSDS Proximity‐1 protocols only support one single user's access to orbiter at one relay communication session. In future deep space missions, there would be more rovers and facilities on the Mars surface, which requires a multiple access method with high efficiency and low resource occupation. In this article, we propose a distributed serial scheduling structure as "multiple leaky buckets + token bucket" and a scheduling algorithm as "queue equilibrium based proportional fair," in order to improve the multiple access performance on the comprehensive merits of fair access, data transfer throughput, and queue equilibrium. The mathematical model is constructed to validate our new scheduling structure and algorithm, and the multiple attribute decision‐making (MADM) method is used to compare our algorithm with the other three most frequently used algorithms as maximum rate, time polling, and proportional fair. Simulation results show that our scheduling structure and the new scheduling algorithm could find balance with fairness, throughput and queue equilibrium, which gets the best performance in all the four scheduling algorithms in the Mars relay communications case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next-generation edge nodes interfacing innovative IT clusters, 5G fronthaul, and internet of things (IoT) gateways to the optical metro/core network will require advanced and dynamic online quality of service (QoS) per-flow traffic treatment, assuring ultra-low latency requirements. However, current software-defined networking (SDN) implementations (e.g., OpenFlow) do not support forwarding procedures based on the network state, profile variations, and the history of flow statistics at the node level. Currently, such procedures require intervention by the SDN controller, leading to scalability issues and additional latency in data plane forwarding. Moreover, severe security challenges are expected to affect such nodes and threaten IT resources. Thus, increasing bandwidths will require direct deep packet inspection to avoid involvement of the SDN controller, as performed currently, or dedicated and costly security systems. This paper leverages on the potential of the programming protocol-independent packet processors (P4) open source language, recently introduced by the inventors of OpenFlow, to program the data plane structure and behavior of an SDN switch. P4 is able to instantiate custom pipelines and stateful objects, enabling complex workflows, user-defined protocols/headers, and finite state machines enforcement. Moreover, P4 allows portable implementations over different hardware targets, thus opening the way to open source fully programmable devices. Special effort is dedicated to motivate and apply P4 within a multilayer edge scenario, proposing the architecture and the applicability of an SDN P4-enabled packet-over-optical node. Moreover, three specific multilayer use cases covering dynamic traffic engineering (TE) (e.g., traffic offload and optical bypass) and cybersecurity (e.g., distributed denial of service port scan) are discussed and addressed through P4-based solutions. Experimental evaluations have been conducted over a multilayer SDN network exploiting reference P4 software switches (i.e., the behavioral model version 2, or BMV2) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) at 10 gigabit Ethernet optical interfaces. Extensive results report effective dynamic TE and cybersecurity mitigation enforcement at P4 switches without any controller intervention, showing excellent scalability performance and overall latencies practically in line with current commercial OpenFlow switches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a live broadcast traffic model for an internet protocol (IP)-based terrestrial digital broadcasting system to transmit dynamic adaptive streaming over hypertext transfer protocol (DASH) media. The IP-based terrestrial digital broadcasting systems such as Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 transmit media content (e.g., full high definition and ultra-high definition) in units of DASH segment files. Although the DASH segment file has the same quality and playback time, the size of each DASH segment file can vary according to the media composition. The transmission resource of the terrestrial broadcasting system has increased the transmission capacity of broadcasting with new technologies. However, the transmission capacity is still limited and fixed compared to wired broadcasting networks. Therefore, a problem occurs with the efficiency of broadcasting resources and transmission delay when transmitting a variable segment file to a terrestrial digital broadcasting network. In this paper, the resource efficiency and transmission delay results that occur when transmitting the actual DASH segment file are simulated through the live broadcast traffic model, and the maximum delay time that a viewer accessing the terrestrial broadcast can experience is presented.