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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2160 I. THE QUEST FOR A STANDARD 2166 II. AN ALTERNATIVE PATH 2177 A. The Right of Expressive Association 2177 B. Voting as Association 2183 III. [...]

INTRODUCTION: THE CONSTRUCTIVE CONTRARIAN Daniel Lowenstein is a contrarian. I mean this in the most complimentary and affectionate sense. He loves to challenge the conventional wisdom, particularly that which prevails [...]

Bruce E. Cain, Todd Donovan, and Caroline J. Tolbert (eds.), Democracy in the States: Experiments in Election Reform. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, 238 pp., $62.95 (hardcover); $26.95 (softcover). [...]

The article focuses on proposed modifications to election law, most of which are designed to help we the people distinguish truth from falsity. It mentions how existing doctrine falls short of the First Amendment's aspirations of promoting truth and democracy with free speech. It also mentions established rules that have generally served American democracy and libertarian approach to free speech does not necessarily promote truth or democracy.

This Article examines the Supreme Court's voting, speech, and religion decisions in the 2017-18 Term, arguing that their unifying feature is the denial of systemic equality. In a series of end-of-Term constitutional rights decisions, the Court resolutely insisted on viewing equality in atomistic terms. In so doing, the Court ignored and even exacerbated systemic inequalities in each of these realms. In his last Term on the Court, Justice Kennedy was part of the majority in all of these decisions. The Court decided three important redistricting cases in the 2017-18 Term. Partisan gerrymandering is the classic systemic harm, yet the Court insisted on an individualized showing of injury in holding that Wisconsin plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate standing in their statewide challenge to a state districting plan (Gill v. Whitford). The Court also denied relief for an alleged gerrymander in Maryland (Benisek v. Lamone). In another redistricting case (Abbott v. Perez), the Court upheld Texas's congressional and state legislative districts, eliding the evidence of systemic injury to Latino voters. In two critical free speech decisions, the Court struck down a California law imposing certain notification requirements on pregnancy-related clinics (National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra), and a state agency fee law for public sector labor unions (Janus v. AFSCME). Both decisions focus myopically on individual speakers, while ignoring the systemic viewpoint discrimination that arises from the Court's First Amendment decisions. The Court's disregard for systemic equality is also evident in two highprofile decisions involving claims of religious discrimination. The majority squinted hard to find evidence that the civil rights commissioners discriminated against a Christian baker who refused to make a cake for a same-sex wedding (Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission), while upholding an entry ban on people from six Muslim-majority countries despite overwhelming evidence of discriminatory animus against Muslims (Trump v. Hawaii). This Article describes and criticizes the last-Term Kennedy Court's inattention to-- and in some cases hostility toward--systemic equality. It argues that the Court's relentlessly atomistic approach to discrimination has obscured and intensified systemic inequalities in the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NO EQUAL JUSTICE: RACE AND CLASS IN THE AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. By David Cole. New York: The New Press. 1999. Pp. ix, 218. $25. That justice is a blind [...]