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3. Thermal Shock Resistances of High Thermal Conductivity C/C-Composite as Plasma Facing Materials for Fusion Reactor Devices

Author

Sato, S., Toida, T., Teruyama, K., and Suzuki, T.

Subjects
thermal shock resistance, thermal shock fracture toughness, plasma facing material, anisotropy, 1D C/C-composite
Abstract

The thermal shock resistances, mechanical and fracture mechanics properties of one directionally oriented carbon fiber reinforced carbon composite HUD-1S, which was recently developed as a plasma facing material for fusion reactor devices, are presented. These results are compared with the cases of a fine grain isotropic graphite PD-600S. HUD-1S has extremely high anisotropies, such as the thermal conductivity in the direction along the fiber orientation is extremely high in excess of the conductivity of copper or silver. But the conductivitics of normal directions are below a half of the case of graphite. The characteristic isotropies on the thermal shock resistances and fracture toughnesses of this composite are given quantitatively.

Published
1997

4. Evaluation of Immunological and Moisturizing Activities of β-glucan Isolated from Molasses Yeast Waste.

Author

KRISDAPHONG, T., TOIDA, T., POPP, M., SICHAEM, J., and NATKANKTKUL, S.

Subjects
*BETA-glucans, *NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, *YEAST, *MOLASSES, *WASTE products, *SOLVENT extraction
Abstract

Systematic extraction and purification of β-glucan was attempted from molasses yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) waste available from ethanol industry. The aim was to create value for the waste material by making it suitable for topical use in beauty industry. The process involved cell autolysis fractioning, solvent extraction and drying. The optimal extraction method of β-glucan gave a yield of 12.0 % (w/w) from molasses yeast waste. The β-glucan obtained was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. The effect of β-glucan on TNF-α and IL-6 levels was studied in vitro in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cell line. The results indicated that β-glucan suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 production at 6 and 24 h compared to the LPS control. Clinical evaluation of moisturizing potential of β-glucan was conducted on 22 volunteers over a period of 14 days. The results demonstrated an increase in hydration rate of 9 %. The 48 h occlusive single patch test indicated that the β-glucan sample was non-irritating with mean cumulative irritation index value of 0. This study demonstrated that it is possible to create value from molasses yeast waste material, which could be industrially exploited to benefit the personal care industry in a sustainable economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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5. NMR solution conformation of heparin-derived tetrasaccharide

Author

Mikhailov, D, Mayo, K H, Vlahov, I R, Toida, T, Pervin, A, and Linhardt, R J

Subjects
Glucosamine, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Molecular Structure, Heparin, Iduronic Acid, Sulfates, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligosaccharides, Glucuronates, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Carbohydrate Sequence, Glucuronic Acid, Models, Chemical, Carbohydrate Conformation, Molecular Biology, Research Article
Abstract

The solution conformation of the homogeneous, heparin-derived tetrasaccharide delta UA2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpS6S(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S (1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpS6S (residues A, B, C and D respectively, where IdoA is iduronic acid) has been investigated by using 1H- and 13C-NMR. Ring conformations have been defined by J-coupling constants and inter-proton nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), and the orientation of one ring with respect to the other has been defined by inter-ring NOEs. NOE-based conformational modelling has been done by using the iterative relaxation matrix approach (IRMA), restrained molecular dynamics simulations and energy minimization to refine structures and to distinguish between minor structural differences and equilibria between various ring forms. Both glucosamine residues B and D are in the 4C1 chair conformation. The 6-O-sulphate group is oriented in the gauche-trans configuration in the D ring, whereas in the B ring the gauche-gauche rotomer predominates. Uronate (A) and iduronate (C) residues are mostly represented by 1H2 and 2S0 twisted boat forms, respectively, with small deviations in expected coupling constants and NOEs suggesting minor contributions from other A and C ring conformations.

Published
1996

6. DIALYSIS ANAEMIA

Author

Locatelli, F., primary, Choukroun, G., additional, Fliser, D., additional, Moecks, J., additional, Wiggenhauser, A., additional, Gupta, A., additional, Swinkels, D. W., additional, Lin, V., additional, Guss, C., additional, Pratt, R., additional, Carrilho, P., additional, Martins, A. R., additional, Alves, M., additional, Mateus, A., additional, Gusmao, L., additional, Parreira, L., additional, Assuncao, J., additional, Rodrigues, I., additional, Stamopoulos, D., additional, Mpakirtzi, N., additional, Afentakis, N., additional, Grapsa, E., additional, Zitt, E., additional, Sturm, G., additional, Kronenberg, F., additional, Neyer, U., additional, Knoll, F., additional, Lhotta, K., additional, Weiss, G., additional, Robinson, B. M., additional, Larkina, M., additional, Bieber, B., additional, Kleophas, W., additional, Li, Y., additional, Locatelli, F., additional, McCullough, K., additional, Nolen, J. G., additional, Port, F. K., additional, Pisoni, R. L., additional, Kalicki, R. M., additional, Uehlinger, D. E., additional, Ogawa, C., additional, Kanda, F., additional, Tomosugi, N., additional, Maeda, T., additional, Kuji, T., additional, Fujikawa, T., additional, Shino, M., additional, Shibata, K., additional, Kaneda, T., additional, Nishihara, M., additional, Satta, H., additional, Kawata, S.-I., additional, Koguchi, N., additional, Tamura, K., additional, Hirawa, N., additional, Toya, Y., additional, Umemura, S., additional, Chanliau, J., additional, Martin, H., additional, Stamatelou, K., additional, Gonzalez-Tabares, L., additional, Manamley, N., additional, Farouk, M., additional, Addison, J., additional, Donck, J., additional, Schneider, A., additional, Gutjahr-Lengsfeld, L., additional, Ritz, E., additional, Scharnagl, H., additional, Gelbrich, G., additional, Pilz, S., additional, Macdougall, I. C., additional, Wanner, C., additional, Drechsler, C., additional, Kuntsevich, V., additional, Charen, E., additional, Kobena, D., additional, Sheth, N., additional, Siktel, H., additional, Levin, N. W., additional, Winchester, J. F., additional, Kotanko, P., additional, Kaysen, G., additional, Kuragano, T., additional, Kida, A., additional, Yahiro, M., additional, Nanami, M., additional, Nagasawa, Y., additional, Hasuike, Y., additional, Nakanishi, T., additional, Dimitratou, V., additional, Griveas, I., additional, Lianos, E., additional, Sasaki, Y., additional, Yamazaki, S., additional, Fujita, K., additional, Kurasawa, M., additional, Yorozu, K., additional, Shimonaka, Y., additional, Suzuki, N., additional, Yamamoto, M., additional, Zwiech, R., additional, Szczepa ska, J., additional, Bruzda-Zwiech, A., additional, Rao, A., additional, Gilg, J., additional, Caskey, F., additional, Kirkpantur, A., additional, Balci, M. M., additional, Turkvatan, A., additional, Afsar, B., additional, Alkis, M., additional, Mandiroglu, F., additional, Kim, Y. O., additional, Yoon, S. A., additional, Kim, Y. S., additional, Choi, S. J., additional, Min, J. W., additional, Cheong, M. A., additional, Oue, M., additional, Yamamoto, K., additional, Kimura, T., additional, Fukao, W., additional, Kaibe, S., additional, Djuric, P. S., additional, Ikonomovski, J., additional, Tosic, J., additional, Jankovic, A., additional, Majster, Z., additional, Stankovic Popovic, V., additional, Dimkovic, N., additional, Aicardi Spalloni, V., additional, Del Vecchio, L., additional, Longhi, S., additional, Violo, L., additional, La Milia, V., additional, Pontoriero, G., additional, Macdougall, I., additional, Rumjon, A., additional, Mangahis, E., additional, Goldstein, L., additional, Ryzlewicz, T., additional, Becker, F., additional, Kilgallon, W., additional, Fukasawa, M., additional, Otake, Y., additional, Yamagishi, T., additional, Kamiyama, M., additional, Kobayashi, H., additional, Takeda, M., additional, Toida, T., additional, Sato, Y., additional, and Fujimoto, S., additional

Published
2014
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7. Chondroitin 6-sulphate synthesis is up-regulated in injured CNS, induced by injury-related cytokines and enhanced in axon-growth inhibitory glia.

Author

Properzi, F., Carulli, D., Asher, R.A., Muir, E., Camargo, L.M., Kuppevelt, A.H.M.S.M. van, Dam, G.B. ten, Furukawa, Y., Mikami, T., Sugahara, K., Toida, T., Geller, H.M., Fawcett, J.W., Properzi, F., Carulli, D., Asher, R.A., Muir, E., Camargo, L.M., Kuppevelt, A.H.M.S.M. van, Dam, G.B. ten, Furukawa, Y., Mikami, T., Sugahara, K., Toida, T., Geller, H.M., and Fawcett, J.W.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 47495.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are up-regulated in the CNS after injury and inhibit axon regeneration mainly through their glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) chains. We have analysed the mRNA levels of the CS-GAG synthesizing enzymes and measured the CS-GAG disaccharide composition by chromatography and immunocytochemistry. Chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase 1 (C6ST1) is up-regulated in most glial types around cortical injuries, and its sulphated product CS-C is also selectively up-regulated. Treatment with TGFalpha and TGFbeta, which are released after brain injury, promotes the expression of C6ST1 and the synthesis of 6-sulphated CS-GAGs in primary astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and meningeal cells are all inhibitory to axon regeneration, and all express high levels of CS-GAG, including high levels of 6-sulphated GAG. In axon growth-inhibitory Neu7 astrocytes C6ST1 and 6-sulphated GAGs are expressed at high levels, whereas in permissive A7 astrocytes they are not detectable. These results suggest that the up-regulation of CSPG after CNS injury is associated with a specific sulphation pattern on CS-GAGs, mediating the inhibitory properties of proteoglycans on axonal regeneration.

Published
2005

8. Nucleolin: acharan sulfate-binding protein on the surface of cancer cells.

Author

Joo, E.J., Dam, G.B. ten, Kuppevelt, A.H.M.S.M. van, Toida, T., Linhardt, R.J., Kim, Y., Joo, E.J., Dam, G.B. ten, Kuppevelt, A.H.M.S.M. van, Toida, T., Linhardt, R.J., and Kim, Y.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 49000.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides that participate in the regulation of physiological processes through the interactions with a wide variety of proteins. Acharan sulfate (AS), isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica, primarily consists of the repeating disaccharide structure alpha-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl (1-->4) 2-sulfoiduronic acid. Exogenous AS was injected subcutaneously near the tumor tissue in C57BL/6 mice that had been implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLCs). The location of AS in the tumor was assessed by staining of sectioned tissues with alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent. In vitro assays indicated binding of cells to 50 microg/ml AS (or heparin) after a 5-h incubation. Immunofluorescence assays, using anti-AS antibody, detected AS at the cell surface. The outer-surface of LLCs were next biotinylated to identify the AS-binding proteins. Biotinylated cells were lysed, and the lysates were fractionated on the AS affinity column using a stepwise salt gradient (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 M). The fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining and western blotting. We focused on the proteins with high affinity for AS (eluting at 1 M NaCl) and detected only two bands by western blotting. ESI Q-TOF MS analysis of one of these bands, molecular weight approximately 110 kDa, showed it to be nucleolin. A phosphorylated form of nucleolin on the surface of cells acts as a cell surface receptor for a variety of ligands, including growth factors (i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor) and chemokines (i.e., midkine). These results show that nucleolin is one of several AS-binding proteins and suggest that AS might demonstrate its tumor growth inhibitory activity by binding the nucleolin receptor protein on the surface of cancer cells.

Published
2005

9. Cellular binding of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 requires cell surface heparan sulfate.

Author

Barth, H., Schafer, C., Adah, M.I., Zhang, F., Linhardt, R.J., Toyoda, H., Kinoshita-Toyoda, A., Toida, T., Kuppevelt, A.H.M.S.M. van, Depla, E., Weizsacker, F. Von, Blum, H.E., Baumert, T.F., Barth, H., Schafer, C., Adah, M.I., Zhang, F., Linhardt, R.J., Toyoda, H., Kinoshita-Toyoda, A., Toida, T., Kuppevelt, A.H.M.S.M. van, Depla, E., Weizsacker, F. Von, Blum, H.E., and Baumert, T.F.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 122990.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), The conservation of positively charged residues in the N terminus of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E2 suggests an interaction of the viral envelope with cell surface glycosaminoglycans. Using recombinant envelope glycoprotein E2 and virus-like particles as ligands for cellular binding, we demonstrate that cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) play an important role in mediating HCV envelope-target cell interaction. Heparin and liver-derived highly sulfated heparan sulfate but not other soluble glycosaminoglycans inhibited cellular binding and entry of virus-like particles in a dose-dependent manner. Degradation of cell surface heparan sulfate by pretreatment with heparinases resulted in a marked reduction of viral envelope protein binding. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated a high affinity interaction (KD 5.2 x 10-9 m) of E2 with heparin, a structural homologue of highly sulfated heparan sulfate. Deletion of E2 hypervariable region-1 reduced E2-heparin interaction suggesting that positively charged residues in the N-terminal E2 region play an important role in mediating E2-HSPG binding. In conclusion, our results demonstrate for the first time that cellular binding of HCV envelope requires E2-HSPG interaction. Docking of E2 to cellular HSPG may be the initial step in the interaction between HCV and the cell surface resulting in receptor-mediated entry and initiation of infection.

Published
2003

26. Isolation and characterization of major urinary amino acid O-glycosides and a dipeptide O-glycoside from a new lysosomal storage disorder (Kanzaki disease). Excessive excretion of serine- and threonine-linked glycan in the patient urine.

Author

Hirabayashi, Y, primary, Matsumoto, Y, additional, Matsumoto, M, additional, Toida, T, additional, Iida, N, additional, Matsubara, T, additional, Kanzaki, T, additional, Yokota, M, additional, and Ishizuka, I, additional

Published
1990
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27. Functional fragments of ingested lactoferrin are resistant to proteolytic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract of adult rats.

Author

Kuwata, Hidefumi, Yamauchi, Koji, Teraguchi, Susumu, Ushida, Yoshihiko, Shimokawa, Yukiko, Toida, Tomohiro, Hayasawa, Hirotoshi, Kuwata, H, Yamauchi, K, Teraguchi, S, Ushida, Y, Shimokawa, Y, Toida, T, and Hayasawa, H

Subjects
LACTOFERRIN, INTESTINAL absorption, RATS, DIGESTIVE organs, PHYSIOLOGY
Abstract

Pharmaceutical and food-related applications of lactoferrin, an 80-kDa iron-binding glycoprotein found predominantly in milk, have attracted interest lately, but the process of digestion of lactoferrin has been poorly characterized. The digestive fate of bovine lactoferrin in adult rats after oral administration of a single dose and after dietary supplementation was studied by (125)I-labeling and by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) affinity mass spectrometry. The latter method was designed to detect multiple forms of degraded lactoferrin as simple molecular ion peaks corresponding to one of the core regions of lactoferrin, namely, the lactoferricin region (Phe17-Ala42). Radioactive fragments with molecular masses of 42, 36, 33 and 29 kDa were observed at 20, 60 and 180 min postingestion in the contents of the lower small intestine. Rats were given free access to milk enriched with lactoferrin at 482 micromol/L (40 mg/mL). The concentrations of lactoferrin fragments in the contents of the stomach, small intestine and lower small intestine as determined by SELDI affinity mass spectrometry were approximately 200, 20 and 1 micromol/L, respectively. These data indicate that functional fragments of LF such as fragments containing glycosaminoglycan-binding site(s), as well as large fragments with a mass >20 kDa, indeed survive proteolytic degradation in the small intestine of adult rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001
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28. Role of Glycosaminoglycans in Cellular Communication

Author

Linhardt, R. J. and Toida, T.

Abstract

Glycosaminoglycans are of critical importance in intercellular communication in organisms. This ubiquitous class of linear polyanions interacts with a wide variety of proteins, including growth factors and chemokines, which regulate important physiological processes. The presence of glycosaminoglycans on cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix also has resulted in their exploitation by infectious pathogens to gain access and entry into animal cells. This Account examines the structural and physical characteristics of these molecules responsible for their interaction with proteins important in cell−cell communication.

Published
2004

32. Determination of lipid-bound sulfate by ion chromatography and its application to quantification of sulfolipids from kidneys of various mammalian species.

Author

Tadano-Aritomi, K, Hikita, T, Suzuki, A, Toyoda, H, Toida, T, Imanari, T, and Ishizuka, I

Abstract

A variety of procedures have been developed for determining the sulfate ester content of various biomolecules. Ion chromatography (IC), that is, quantitation of ionic substances by ion conductimetry after separation by anion-exchange chromatography, has been increasingly utilized for the determination of inorganic sulfate in clinical and environmental samples. We adopted suppressed-mode IC to the determination of lipid- or glycolipid-bound sulfate released by acid hydrolysis and found that it has the advantage of increased precision for wide concentration ranges (30 pmol to approximately micromol) and lack of interference from other lipids. To minimize deterioration of the separation column, the lipophilic constituents in the acid hydrolysate were removed by a two-phase partition system of chloroform-methanol-water. The inorganic sulfate was quantitatively extracted into the aqueous phase by replacing water with an alkaline buffer. By this method, the concentration of sulfolipids was determined in the kidney of mammals with various body mass. Sulfolipids were more concentrated in the kidney of smaller animals, which have higher maximum urine concentrating activity per gram of body mass, supporting the hypothesis of the function of sulfolipids as an ion barrier on the luminal surface of renal tubules.

Published
2001

33. Probing the Interaction of Dengue Virus Envelope Protein with Heparin:  Assessment of Glycosaminoglycan-Derived Inhibitors

Author

Marks, R. M., Lu, H., Sundaresan, R., Toida, T., Suzuki, A., Imanari, T., Hernaiz, M. J., and Linhardt, R. J.

Abstract

A structure−activity relationship study was carried out to facilitate development of inhibitors of dengue virus infectivity. Previous studies demonstrated that a highly charged heparan sulfate, a heparin-like glycosaminoglycan found on the cell surface, serves as a receptor for dengue virus by binding to its envelope protein. Interventions that disrupt this binding effectively inhibit infectivity. A competitive binding assay was developed to screen polyanionic compounds for activity in preventing binding of dengue virus envelope protein to immobilized heparin; compounds tested included drugs, excipients, and larger glycosaminoglycans and their semisynthetic derivatives. Results of this competitive binding assay were used to select agents for detailed evaluation of interactions by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, which afforded binding on-rates, off-rates, and dissociation constants. From these data, an understanding of the structural requirements for polyanion binding to dengue virus envelope protein has been established.

Published
2001

47. Elevated adjuvanticity of non-acid-fast mycobacteria

Author

Kondo, Y and Toida, T

Abstract

Administration to guinea pigs of non-acid-fast (NAF) Mycobacterium avium resulted in a sevenfold greater circulating antibody response than that for the animals receiving ovalbumin in Freund incomplete adjuvant alone. The ability of NAF M. avium on induction of delayed hypersensitivity was comparable or somewhat stronger than that of normal M. avium. The in vivo enhancement of circulating antibody response by NAF M. avium associated with a marked stimulating effect of it on proliferation of B cells in regional sites. Induction of local granuloma at the injection site of NAF M. avium was less than that induced by injection of normal M. avium. Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in mice was also greatly increased by administration of NAF M. avium.

Published
1979
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48. Enzymatic preparation of heparin oligosaccharides containing antithrombin III binding sites.

Author

Toida, T, Hileman, R E, Smith, A E, Vlahova, P I, and Linhardt, R J

Abstract

Two new oligosaccharides were prepared from heparin by its partial depolymerization using heparin lyase I (EC 4.2.2.7) in an attempt to prepare oligosaccharides having intact antithrombin III binding sites. The oligosaccharides were purified by chromatography on the basis of both size and charge and demonstrated a high level of purity by capillary electrophoresis. One- and two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy at 500 MHz revealed the structure of each oligosaccharide. The octasaccharide and decasaccharide are DeltaUAp2S(1-->4)-alpha-DGlcNpS6S(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp (1-->4)-alpha-D -GlcNpAc6S(1-->4)-betaD-GlcAp(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpS 3S6S(1-->4)-alpha- L-IdoAp2S(1-->4)alpha-D-GlcNpS6S (where DeltaUAp is 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-enopyranosyluronic acid, GlcNp is 2-amino-2-deoxy-glucopyranose, GlcAp is glucopyranosyluronic acid, S is sulfate and Ac is acetate) and DeltaUAp2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpS6S(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp++ +(1-->4)-alpha- D-GlcNpAc6S (1-->4)-beta-D-GlcAp(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpS3S6S(1-->4)-alpha- L-IdoAp2S (1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpS6S(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1-->4)-alpha -D-GlcNpS 6S, respectively. A hexasaccharide containing a similar structural motif to that found in the antithrombin III binding site and having greatly reduced anticoagulant activity was also isolated. The structure of the hexasaccharide is DeltaUAp2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc6S(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcAp++ +(1-->4)-alpha- D-GlcNpS3S6S(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpS6S . The octasaccharide and decasaccharide correspond to the predominant structural motif found in porcine intestinal mucosal heparin. Sufficient quantities of the decasaccharide were obtained to examine its interaction with antithrombin III using microtitration calorimetry. This decasaccharide bound to antithrombin III with similar avidity as heparin and showed comparable anticoagulant activity, as determined using an antithrombin III dependent anti-factor Xa assay. Interestingly, while both decasaccharide and heparin bound to antithrombin with nanomolar affinity, very little heat of binding was observed.

Published
1996

49. A new glycosaminoglycan from the giant African snail Achatina fulica.

Author

Kim, Y S, Jo, Y Y, Chang, I M, Toida, T, Park, Y, and Linhardt, R J

Abstract

A new glycosaminoglycan has been isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica. This polysaccharide had a molecular weight of 29,000, calculated based on the viscometry, and a uniform repeating disaccharide structure of -->4)-2-acetyl,2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose (1-->4)-2-sulfo-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid (1-->. This polysaccharide represents a new, previously undescribed glycosaminoglycan. It is related to the heparin and heparan sulfate families of glycosaminoglycans but is distinctly different from all known members of these classes of glycosaminoglycans. The structure of this polysaccharide, with adjacent N-acetylglucosamine and 2-sulfo-iduronic acid residues, also poses interesting questions about how it is made in light of our current understanding of the biosynthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate. This glycosaminoglycan represents 3-5% of the dry weight of this snail's soft body tissues, suggesting important biological roles for the survival of this organism, and may offer new means to control this pest. Snail glycosaminoglycan tightly binds divalent cations, such as copper(II), suggesting a primary role in metal uptake in the snail. Finally, this new polysaccharide might be applied, like the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide, to the study of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis and to the semisynthesis of new glycosaminoglycan analogs having important biological activities.

Published
1996

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