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Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can control the power balance in DC microgrids through power injection or absorption. A BESS uses a bidirectional DC–DC converter to control the power flow to/from the grid. On the other hand, any fault occurrence in the power switches of the bidirectional converter may disturb the power balance and stability of the DC microgrid and, thus, the safe operation of the battery bank. This paper presents a fault-tolerant topology along with a fault diagnosis algorithm for a bidirectional DC–DC converter in a BESS. The proposed scheme can detect open circuit faults (OCFs) and reconfigure the topology to guarantee the safe and continuous operation of the system while it is connected to the DC microgrid. The proposed method can be extended to multi-phase structures of interleaved bidirectional DC–DC converters using only two power switches and n TRIACs to support the OCF occurrence on 2 × n switches of n legs. The proposed fault diagnosis algorithm detects OCFs only by observing the current of the inductors and does not require any sensor. Hence, the cost, weight, volume and complexity of the system is considerably reduced. Experimental results show that the reconfiguration of the converter, along with its fast fault detection, leads to fewer switches overloading and less DC voltage deviation.

The need for clean energy and fossil fuel depletion are the reasons behind the increasing tendency to utilize renewable energy resources. Biogas as the final product of anaerobic fermentation of some sources including animal waste, could be used in distributed electricity generation. This paper presents a mixed linear programming model for designing and planning of electricity production supply chain from animal manure. The proposed model determines the optimum locations for establishing facilities, optimum capacity level, and material flow throughout the supply chain. Multiple suppliers, collection centers and production centers, and multi-period conditions are considered in the proposed model. The proposed model is applied in a real case of Iran including all its 30 provinces for 10 years planning horizon. The achieved results confirm the capability of the proposed model in efficient design of electricity production chain network.

Employing interleaved techniques in dc–dc converters provide fault-tolerant capability to the faulted switches of the converter. In the case of one-phase failure, the other phases can continue operating. However, in interleaved topologies, if the output power is maintained at the desired constant value for postfault conditions, there is a saturation risk of inductors. In this letter, a postfault reconfiguration process for the three-phase interleaved dc–dc converter is proposed, which guarantees the operation of the inductor without saturation risk after power switch failures. The reconfiguration steps do not require isolating the inductor of the corresponding faulty phase. Experimental results of the presented converter verify the operation of the inductor without saturation and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Here an adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling proportional, integral and derivative (FGPID) controller has been proposed for the load frequency control of a three-area inter-connected modern power system with the large-scale wind-power penetration in the presence of the vehicle-to-grid. The proposed FGPID controller benefits from two main advantages that it has an adaptive structure to deal with changes in the parameters of the power system and also its stability has been shown using Lyapunov theory. The adaptive terms for calculations the parameters of this controller are given and discussed, which are derived from an appropriate Lyapunov’s function, are not depend on the controlled system parameters which makes it possible to be employed in many applications even with considering uncertainty. This method is investigated in the case study considering plug in electric vehicles and it was observed that the tuning parameters are realized successfully and frequency control can be improved. A comparison among a fixed structure controller and the proposed FGPID controller is presented. The comparison study indicates that the proposed FGPID controller has better performance than the other fixed structure controllers and can generate the best dynamic response following load and wind uncertanities which makes it to implement practically.

Due to the high penetration of renewable energy resources in microgrids (MGs), the grid inertia becomes low which leads to the grid to be vulnerable to large disturbances. The energy storage devices can play an important role to enhance the inertia of MGs. However, due to the high investment cost of storages or their dp/dt limitation, the installed energy storages cannot cover the challenge of high df/dt. A prominent solution to solve the problem is to use the inertia response of the wind generators. However, relatively high second frequency nadir is the main drawback of using the inertia response of the wind generators which may impose an extensive disturbance to MGs. Accordingly, a coordinated operation strategy for MGs between wind generator and hybrid energy storage (HES) system is proposed in this paper. In addition, to improve the inertia response of the MG; providing high-quality communication infrastructures with low delay and increasing the Ultracapacitor capacity have been paid attention. In this paper, the costs of the installed Ultracapacitor and quality of communication services are defined as the operation cost. Guaranteeing enough frequency damping for the MG with low operation cost are two conflict objectives. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization method is used to set the controllers’ values and reduce the operation cost. The results confirmed that the effectiveness of the proposed strategy to control hybrid power storage in coordination with the wind generator and the frequency recovery process is improved. Also, employing the optimum values guaranteed the frequency damping effectively with low operation cost. The Integral Absolute Error (IAE) value and operation cost are reduced by 13.6% and 32%, respectively. Also, the simulation results show that the maximum MG frequency deviation and maximum df/dt is well compatible with different standards in the presence of load perturbations and different wind speeds.

In this paper, a new high efficiency soft-switching non-isolated three-port converter (TPC) is proposed. In the conventional TPC, three switches are required to process power in different directions between inputs and output. Providing soft-switching condition for all switches using a low number of auxiliary components is a challenging task. In this paper, the conventional TPC topology is modified by changing its structure and adding a simple auxiliary circuit such that all switches operate under soft-switching condition in all operating modes. To reduce the volume of the converter, the magnetic components are integrated using a coupled inductor in the auxiliary soft-switching cell. In this paper, various converter operating modes are presented, and design considerations are discussed. Finally, a prototype 200 W, 100 V converter is implemented in the laboratory, and the theoretical analysis is validated by the experimental results.

In this paper, to solve the hard-switching operation problem and the lack of existing a bidirectional power flow path from output to the energy storage device of the conventional three-port converter, a new soft-switched bidirectional multi-port converter is proposed. A large number of switches, different power flow paths which vary in each operating mode, and changing the outputs and their power levels are some of the challenges to provide soft-switching conditions in multi-port converters. In the proposed converter, by changing the topology of the conventional three-port converter, the bidirectional power exchangeability between ports is provided. Moreover, a soft-switching cell is added, which can operate independently from the output power levels. Less number of components with low volume is one of the important features of this multi-port converter. Due to the soft-switching operation of the proposed converter, the size of passive components and heat-sink is reduced. In addition, by the use of coupled inductors in the soft-switching cell, only one magnetic core is used and thus, single-stage power conversion is achieved and conduction loss is reduced. In this paper, the converter operating modes are presented, and design considerations are discussed. Finally, a 200 W-200 V prototype is implemented, and the theoretical analysis is validated by the experimental results. publishedVersion

Interleaved converters are used in photovoltaic (PV) applications to handle high power conditions with high reliability. To improve the reliability of these converters, redundant switch configuration can be employed which reduce the failure rates of the power switches significantly. However, evaluation reliability of the interleaved converters equipped with redundant switch configurations may be complex. This paper aims to simplify the reliability Analysis of interleaved converters considering mission profile and redundant switch configuration. Different possible configurations of the studied converter are shown as Markov chain states in the proposed method, which simplify the reliability and failure rates Analysis. The effect of different parameters such as the converter power level, switch configuration type, and operation modes are derived and a better insight into the effectiveness of the switch configuration on improving the reliability is provided.

Fault detection and reconfiguration in fault-tolerant converters may complicated and necessitate using all-purpose microprocessors and high-speed sensors to guarantee the satisfactory performance of power converters. Therefore, providing fault-clearing feature without increasing the processing and sensing burdens and reducing the transition time between faulty to normal state are of great importance. This research proposes a new redundant-switch configuration to address the mentioned challenges. The proposed configuration uses one diode and two fuses to eliminate the faulty switch and replace the reserve one, spontaneously. Open-circuit fault in the proposed configuration is clarified instantly. Moreover, the short-circuit fault is dealt as an open-circuit fault by using a fuse. Thus, the fault-tolerant feature of the proposed switch configuration is achieved without using a complex, versatile and multifaceted fault managing unit. Resultant behaviors of the case studies are derived using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Also, steady-state thermal distribution of power switches which are implemented on a monolith heat sink, analyzed in COMSOL Multi-physics environment. Finally, the viability of the proposed configuration is demonstrated by a laboratory-scaled prototype.

Fault-tolerant converters are usually equipped with redundant-switch-based configurations to tolerate power switch failures. Using competent redundant-switch-configurations with a self-reconfigurable feature can improve the fault-tolerant operation under faulty conditions. This paper is aimed at proposing a new family of redundant-switch configurations, which are applicable in different power converters and can address some problems of state-of-the-art fault-tolerant converters. Any power converter that is equipped with the proposed redundant-switch-configurations would not require a fast open-circuit fault detection process. Furthermore, there is no need for a reconfiguration command to replace the reserve switches with the faulty switches. Hence, by using the proposed redundant-switch-configurations, various fault-tolerant converters with fast fault recovery features are synthesized and discussed in this paper. The basic theory, operation principle, and the applications of the proposed redundant-switch-configurations in power converters are thoroughly described and investigated through simulations and experiments.

This paper introduces a novel topology of the proposed converter that has these merits: (i) the topology of the converter is based on conventional boost and buck-boost converters, which has caused its simplicity, (ii) the voltage gain of the converter has provided higher values by the lower value of the duty cycle, (iii) due to the use of high-efficiency conventional topologies in its structure, the efficiency of the converter keeps its high value for a great interval of duty cycle, (iv) besides the increase of the voltage gain, the current/voltage stresses of the semiconductors have been kept low, (v) the continuous input current of this converter reduces the current stress of the capacitor in the input filter. It is worth noting that the proposed converter has been discussed in both ideal and non-ideal modes. Moreover, the operation of the converter has been discussed in both continuous/discontinuous current modes. The advantages of the converter have been compared with recently suggested converters. In addition, the different features of the converter have been discussed for different conditions. In the small-signal analysis, the appropriate compensator has been designed. Finally, the simulation and experimental results have been reported for 90 W output power, 90 V output voltage, 3-times voltage gain, and 100 kHz switching frequency.

Among the renewable sources, wind turbines can store considerable kinetic energy in their mechanical structure. As the penetration of these turbines increases in modern grids, the stored kinetic energy will be significant. When frequency drops due to different disturbances, these wind turbine units can also discharge some amount of their kinetic energy to grid to improve the frequency profile. Wind turbine generators can be operated at a deloading power point with a reduced power level instead of maximum power point. Deloading operation provide a reserve power capacity for wind generator. Thus, the wind generators can have contribution in frequency control when an active power mismatch between generation and demand appear. In this case, some percentage of the maximum capturable power is prevented from being injected to the grid. In fact, the part of the available energy of the wind turbine is blocked which increases the speed of the turbine shaft. In this situation, to optimize the frequency of the grid, the control coefficients of this wind turbine should be adjusted in such a way that the operation of the turbine would be coordinated with the other power sources. To improve the frequency oscillation this paper has employed a method to optimize the controller parameters of power sources using Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm. The frequency of the case study with and without contribution of the wind unit in frequency regulating condition is tested using MATLAB/Simulink.

Providing capability to keep wind and renewable sources connecting to the grid by Dynamic voltage restores (DVRs) during transient low-voltage and over-voltage conditions is a recommended solution. But, increasing the grid nominal voltage, the power switch stresses increase significantly. Also, the generated voltage by DVRs may contain high total harmonic components. In this regard, this research work aimed to introduce a new structure for step-up switched capacitor converter (SCC) for voltage regulation by DVRs. Among the advantages of the proposed structure, increasing the voltage amplitude, providing more voltage levels and using fewer components compared to the conventional structures can be mentioned. In the proposed structure, a 13 level inverter is presented which has two independent DC voltage source. The capabilities of the suggested 13-level structure, it is used to feed resistive and resistive-inductive loads. The capabilities of the proposed structure are tested in MATLAB/Simulink. The feature of the proposed inverter in a DVR-quipped wind unit is verified through simulations results.

Multi-port converters are used widely in satellite electrical systems to provide power management between different power sources. Three-port converters are popular ones that can be employed in satellite electrical systems. Thus, the evaluation performance of this converter in different operation modes is of great importance. Sudden power switches failures may lead the main parts of the electric satellite system to be damaged significantly. Thus, the effect of the power switches failures on the overall operation of the electrical systems and presenting a solution to reduce the risk of out of reaching the main part of the electric systems of the satellite. In this paper, a popular TPC is selected as a case study to be investigated in different aspect performance indexes point id view; such a failure rate analyses, the situation of the electric system after power switch failures and fault-tolerant feature of the studied converter. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the performance of the studied converter for post-fault conditions.

Multiphase machine drives are developed for various applications such as “more-electric” aircraft and ships. To achieve high power density and more reliable, these multiphase systems are attracted more attention in recent decades. Reliability problems despite technology innovations in the employment of multiphase electric motor drives are leading to the requirements to analyses and proposing reliability improvement methods. Also, electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues as another challenge are reported for these systems. Any effort to study the mentioned challenges should be made at the design stage. Suitable, simple, and accurate models of electric motors and their drive systems are necessary to investigate the reliability and EMI levels. In this paper, a suitable model of a high-reliable five-phase BLDC motor drive system is presented. This model can be developed for EMI modeling easily. Also, Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) analyze is discussed to show the reliability level of the fault-tolerant system in comparison with the conventional machine drive system. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment.

Nowadays, DC-DC converters are used as important interfaces between Microgrids (MGs) and power sources. DC-DC converters can regulate output power of power units to feed the grid in order to stabilize voltage and frequency in MGs. In order to have a stable grid, the high reliable and efficiency DC-DC converters are need. In this paper, a high-reliable three-phase interleaved boost converter with soft switching feature and fault-tolerant capability is proposed. The fault-tolerant capability of the proposed converter is achieved by adding a reserved switch along with three auxiliary switches to the conventional converter. Automatically, the turning on conditions of MOSFETs in this topology is realized under zero voltage switching (ZVS) states. In addition, the turning off conditions of output diodes can be realized under zero current switching (ZCS) states. The output voltage level of the proposed converter does not depend on the duty cycle value. The results are shown that the switching frequency modulation (SFM) regulated the output voltage by following the reference voltage signal. Also, the converter can operate with the outage of one-phase without applying any high-speed reconfiguration methods. Different operation modes of the proposed topology are verified by the simulation and lab-scale experimental results.

This paper focuses on the reliability improvement of a three-phase interleaved DC-DC boost converter'. In this paper, a new reconfiguration and switching strategy is proposed. The basic principle of the proposed strategy is bypassing the faulty phase (faulty switch), thus, the other phases can share the responsibility of the faulty phase. Meanwhile, three redundant structures consisting of parallel, standby and series configurations of power switches are considered, which can improve the reliability of the converter. This paper uses Markov chain method to evaluate the reliability of the system. The feasibility of the proposed switching and fault management strategies are verified by simulation and experimental results.

The growth of harmful microorganisms is a severe threat to human life. Nowadays, it is necessary to prepare antimicrobials materials with high biocompatibility properties. Hence, the use of nanomaterials and their nanocomposites has been proposed as a suitable way to obtain safe and potent antibacterial materials. Recently, several studies have been conducted on the antibacterial properties of metal oxide and graphene oxide (GO) nanomaterials individually. This study investigated the synergistic effect of GO and copper oxide (CuO) as a nanocomposite. CuO-GO nanocomposite containing 5%, 15%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of GO were synthesized to study antibacterial properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that CuO and GO synthesized were free of impurities and unwanted phases. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of the prepared sample has revealed the presence of vibrational modes related to Cu-O, alkoxy group (O-H), epoxy group (C-O-C), and carboxyl group (C-O). In Raman spectroscopy, the CuO nanostructure has a redshift, and in the CuO-GO nanocomposite, D band and G band have blueshift and redshift by increasing the amount of GO, respectively. The results of UV-Vis spectra showed that synthesized CuO and GO have a higher band gap (4.54 eV and 3.03 eV, respectively) than previous studies. Also, the highest amount of band gap of nanocomposites is related to the 50%wt GO nanocomposite (3.40 eV). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images showed that CuO nanosheets bonded with GO plates and decorated the GO plates. Antibacterial activity of synthesized nanocomposite investigated using Escherichia coli (E.coli) bacteria. The antibacterial test results showed that CuO nanoparticles have inadequate antibacterial activity (15%), while by composting with GO, the antibacterial activity against E. coli significantly increased (for 50% GO about 76%). However, the antibacterial activity reduced to 68% for the nanocomposite sample with 75% GO concentration; thus, 50% GO nanocomposite is the optimal concentration.

In many industrial applications, parallel connection of power semiconductor switches is widely used to achieve higher power levels and fault-tolerant operation. But there is a current imbalance between parallel connected switches in practical applications. In this research, the impact of unbalanced currents on the junction temperature and the reliability of parallel connected switches are quantified and analyzed. Markov based reliability model is developed for quantitative assessment of reliability for parallel switches under different current sharing. The Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) is calculated for different conditions to be used as reliability metric for comparison of various conditions. A sensitivity analysis is also presented to show the effect of parameter variation on the junction temperatures of devices and reliability of the system. At last, a downscaled setup has been built up and tested. Experimental results verify the theoretical analysis and confirm procedure. Also, junction temperatures of power semiconductor devices are measured using thermal camera.

One of the most important problems related to DC-DC converters is the phenomena of power switch failures. Therefore, applying soft-switching technique to these kinds of converters without adding extra active switch would improve their reliability. In this study, a new high reliable topology with the facility of the soft-switching operation for three-phase interleaved boost converter is proposed. The proposed structure is implemented by adding three inductors to the conventional structure. Automatically, the used power switches in the suggested topology, are turned on under zero voltage condition. In addition, the diodes are turned off under zero current condition. Using this method, the switching losses of semiconductors are reduced. Moreover, there is no additional active switch in the proposed topology. These two advantages cause the reliability of proposed topology to be significantly improved. The comparison results with other similar topologies are presented. Based on comparison results, it is shown that the reliability of the proposed topology is much better than others. Simulation and experimental results are compared with verifying the desired operation of the proposed structure.

Frequency stability is an important issue for the operation of islanded microgrids. Since the upstream grid does not support the islanded microgrids, the power control and frequency regulation encounter serious problems. By increasing the penetration of the renewable energy sources in microgrids, optimizing the parameters of the load frequency controller plays a great role in frequency stability, which is currently being investigated by researchers. The status of loads and generation sources are received by the control center of a microgrid via a communication system and the control center can regulate the output power of renewable energy sources and/or power storage devices. An inherent delay in the communication system or other parts like sensors sampling rates may lead microgrids to have unstable operation states. Reducing the delay in the communication system, as one of the main delay origins, can play an important role in improving fluctuation mitigation, which on the other hand increases the cost of communication system operation. In addition, application of ultra-capacitor banks, as a virtual inertial tool, can be considered as an effective solution to damp frequency oscillations. However, when the ultra-capacitor size is increased, the virtual inertia also increases, which in turn increases the costs. Therefore, it is essential to use a suitable optimization algorithm to determine the optimum parameters. In this paper, the communication system delay and ultra-capacitor size along with the parameters of the secondary controller are obtained by using a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) algorithm as well as by considering the costs. To cover frequency oscillations and the cost of microgrid operation, two fitness functions are defined. The frequency oscillations of the case study are investigated considering the stochastic behavior of the load and the output of the renewable energy sources.

Interleaved dc-dc converters in sensitive applications necessitate an enhanced reliability. An interleaved converter equipped with redundant components can fulfill the reliability requirements. Mean Time to Failure (MTTF), as a reliability index, can be used to evaluate the expected life span of the mentioned converters. The Markov model is a helpful tool to calculate the MTTF in such systems. Different scientific reports denote different failure rates with different weight for power elements. Also, in reliability reports, failure rates of active and passive components are uncertain values. In order to approximate the failure rates fuzzy-logic-based Markov models are proposed in this paper. Then it is used to evaluate the MTTF of an interleaved multi-phase dc-dc converter, which is equipped with parallel and standby switch configurations. For the first time, fuzzy curves for MTTFs of the converters and 3D reliability function are derived in this paper. The reliability analyses give an insight to find the appropriate redundant-switch configurations for interleaved dc-dc converters under different conditions. Simulation and experimental results are provided to lend credence to the viability of the studied redundant-switch configurations in interleaved dc-dc boost converter.

In this paper, a switched-capacitor multilevel inverter with voltage boosting and common-mode-voltage reduction capabilities is put forth. The proposed inverter is synthesized with one-half bridge and several switched-capacitor cells. Due to the voltage boosting and common-mode current reduction features, the proposed multilevel inverter is suitable for grid-connected PV applications. In addition, an analytical lifetime evaluation based on mission profile of the proposed inverter has been presented to derive lifetime distribution of semiconductors. Whereas in the proposed inverter, any components failure can bring the whole system to a shutdown. The series reliability model is used to estimate the lifetime of the overall system. The performance of the suggested multilevel inverter in grid-connected applications is verified through the simulation results using the grid-tied model in Matlab/Simulink. Moreover, the viability and feasibility of the presented inverter are proven by using a one kW lab-scaled prototype.

In the BLDC motor-drive system, the leakage current from a motor to a ground network and existence of high-frequency components of the DC link current are the most important factors that cause conducting interference. The leakage currents of the motors, flow through common ground, will interfere with other equipment because of the high density of electrical and electronic systems in the spacecraft and aircrafts. Moreover, generally there are common DC buses in the mentioned systems, which aggravate the problem. Function of the electric motor causes appearance of the high-frequency components in the DC link current, which can interfere with other subsystems. In this paper, the analysis of electromagnetic noise and presentation of the proposed method based on the frequency spectrum of the DC link current and the leakage current from the motor to the ground network are done. The proposed method presents a new process based on the filtering method to overcome EMI. To cover the requirement analysis, the Maxwell software is used.

In this paper, different methods to overcome electromagnetic interference (EMI) result from DC-DC converter, are discussed. Hard, soft and soft-chaotic switching is simulated and EMI spectrums at all of switching type are analyzed. These switching methods are applicable in satellite EPS. But high reliability and low EMI features are two important factors for satellite application so it is essential to the researchers introduce high reliability and low EMI satellite EPS. In this paper, a high reliability EPS topology is selected and a new high reliability and low ripple boost converter are introduced that are using in EPS structure. The proposed converter has high reliability and low ripple input current but cannot reduce EMI in high frequency effectively.

Today’s modern interconnected power system is highly complex in nature. In this, one of the most important requirements during the operation of the electric power system is the reliability and security. Power and frequency oscillation damping mechanism improve the reliability. Because of power system stabilizer (PSS) low speed response against of major fault such as three phase short circuit, FACTs devise that can control the network condition in very fast time, are becoming popular. But FACTs capability can be seen in a major fault present when nonlinear models of FACTs devise and power system equipment are applied. To realize this aim, the model of multi-machine power system with FACTs controller is developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK using Sim Power System (SPS) blockiest. Among the FACTs device, Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) due to high speed changes its reactance characteristic inductive to capacitive, is effective power flow controller. Tuning process of controller parameter can be performed using different method. But Genetic Algorithm (GA) ability tends to use it in controller parameter tuning process. In this paper firstly POD controller is used to power oscillation damping. But in this station, frequency oscillation dos not has proper damping situation. So FOD controller that is tuned using GA is using that cause to damp out frequency oscillation properly and power oscillation damping has suitable situation.

High speed Brushless DC Motors (BLDCM) are widely used in automated industrial applications like subsystem of submarines, aerospace applications and in the field of robotics. But due high speed switching circuits used in the commutation circuits, the BLDC motor causes high electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. Since the subsystems of aerospace device and vehicle are close together, EMI reduction is important challenge for aerospace applications. EMI has adverse effects on radio communications. In this paper, a simple and new method is presented to design passive filters to reduce EM emissions in BLDCM drives. This method is applicable to many ac drives. Since the high frequency model is used usually to predict exact EMI frequency spectrum approximately and is not essential to assessment ability of the proposed method in reducing EMI, typical model of BLDCM drive system is used in this paper that helps to this paper goal analyzing will be easy.

High reliability and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) are two important factors for many industrial applications such as air based electric transport system charger (AETSC). Therefore, it is essential to introduce high reliability and low EMI power converters. This paper presents a new high reliability and low current ripple DC-DC converter. For the proposed converter, a spectrum analysis approach for suppressing the EMI using chaotic sinusoidal pulse width modulation is provided. In addition, the proposed converter has radio frequency (RF) EMI lower than 100 kHz. However, for higher than 100 kHz, EMI issue of the proposed converter has unsuitable situation. 1. NOMENCLATURE A: amplitude of signal, fc: carrier signal, υm(τ ): unitary amplitude of modulated signal, kω: a controlled factor, TC : the main frequency of switch which is a constant, xn :t henth output of chaotic mapping, β: a modulation factor.