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According to the WHO, anemia affects 64.6% of children under the age of 5 on the African continent, representing more than 90 million children. In Mali, 82% of children aged 6 to 59 months have anemia. Objective: This work aimed to study anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months hospitalized in the pediatrics department of the Nianankoro FOMBA hospital in Ségou. Materials and Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in children aged 6 to 59 months from January 1 to December 31, 2019 at the pediatrics department of the Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou. Results: We collected a sample of 316 cases of anemia out of a total of 1,316 hospitalized children, an overall frequency of 24%. The most affected age group was 25-59 months with an average age of 32 months. The sex ratio was 1.2. Farming fathers and out-of-school mothers were the most common at 72.5% and 97.5%, respectively. Most cases of anemia occurred during the winter period with a peak in October of 35.12%. The most talked about reason for consultation was fever. Severe anemia was the most common at 74% with 81% hypochrome anemia. The use of transfusion was 90.8%. The mortality rate was 11.4% with a cure rate of 85.4%. Deaths were strongly related to severe anemia. Conclusion: Anemia has multifactorial cause. Strong parental involvement in integrated activities to combat malaria, malnutrition and parasitosis will help reverse the trend.

Introduction: Bacterial urinary tract infection is the microbial invasion of symptomatic urine and inflammation of the structures of the urinary tree. The aim of our work was to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of bacterial urinary tract infections in children aged 2 to 15 years at the Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou. Material and Method: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of bacterial urinary tract infections in 2 to 15 year olds at Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou from September 2018 to August 2019. Results: During our study period on 2111 children between 2 and 15 years old admitted to the ward, we collected 71 cases of bacterial urinary tract infections, a hospital frequency of 3.36%. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 2.33. The age group of 2 to 5 years predominated with 52.11%. Urine strips were used in all patients with a positivity rate of 98.4%. On cytobacteriological examination of urine there was leukocyturia in 86% and hematuria in 85.6% of cases, at culture there was a predominance of Escherichia coli in 54.7%. The most common diagnosis was pyelonephritis with 53.5%, the most frequently used antibiotics were amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid in 50.70%. The cure rate was 97.05% of cases; however two patients or 2.65% had acute complications to kidney abscess type. Conclusion: Bacterial urinary tract infection is a common pathology in pediatrics. Our study made it possible to approach this pathology in a global way, which mainly affects infants and young children in whom diagnosis remains difficult given the non-specificity of clinical signs. The cure is almost total however complications can occur requiring multidisciplinary management.

This study investigates the effects of material and symbolic quality attributes on the Cup of Excellence specialty coffee quality scores and prices. The estimates from the quality score equations suggest that material attributes are important determinants, but symbolic attributes have a greater explanatory power. The hedonic price estimations show that specialty coffee prices are mainly determined by symbolic attributes and market conditions such as the number of coffees in the auction. Overall, the study reveals that fruity, floral, sweet, spice, and sour acid are cuppers' and buyers' most favorite coffee flavors and aromas.

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an underused edible aquatic perennial vegetable currently evaluated as a potential functional food source and promoted in the southeastern United States as a rich source of phytonutrients. There is a paucity of information concerning consumer acceptance and willingness to purchase edible, value-added lotus products in the southeastern United States. The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate the potential demand and consumer preference for fresh lotus rhizomes and value-added products namely lotus salad, baked lotus chips, and lotus stir-fry. Results of two taste panels indicated that lotus stir-fry was the most preferred value-added product with 77% of participants strongly liking stir-fry, whereas 92% of the participants were willing to recommend this preparation. Results suggest socioeconomic characteristics such as gender (P = 0.014), age (P = 0.005), income (P = 0.043), education (P = 0.003), shopping habits (P = 0.013), and type of meal purchased (P = 0.004) are the factors affecting consumer choice and willingness to recommend lotus stir-fry. Results provide information on consumer acceptance of fresh lotus rhizomes and value-added products. Findings of this case study will assist in analyzing consumer behavior and development of sustainable niche markets for locally cultivated fresh edible lotus rhizomes.

Introduction : Les céphalées font partie des dix causes les plus fréquentes de consultation en médecine générale. Elles peuvent être regroupées en deux catégories: les céphalées primaires et les céphalées secondaires. Les céphalées primaires par opposition aux céphalées symptomatiques sont sans cause retrouvée malgré un bilan étiologique exhaustif. Ces céphalées dominées par la migraine, la céphalée de tension et les céphalées trigémino dysautonomiques sont souvent méconnues. Le but de ce travail est de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des céphalées primaires en consultation externe dans le service de neurologie du CHU Gabriel Touré à Bamako au Mali.Méthodologie : Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale rétrospective descriptive qui s’est déroulée dans le service de neurologie du CHU Gabriel Touré. Elle a porté sur des données récoltées de janvier 2013 à décembre 2016, à partir des dossiers des malades vus en consultation externe pour des céphalées classées primaires. Les paramètres socio démographiques étudiés étaient : l’âge, le sexe, la profession, le statut matrimonial et lelieu de résidence. Les caractéristiques cliniques des céphalées étaient retenues sur la base des critères IHS 2007.Résultats : Durant la période d’étude, 3010 patients ont été vus en consultation externe de neurologie au CHU Gabriel Touré, 284 patients pour céphalées primaires, soit une fréquence de 9,44%. On notait une prédominance féminine avec un sex ratio de 0,54. La moyenne d’âge était de 41 ans avec des extrêmes de 5 à 82 ans, la tranche d’âge de 25 – 44 ans était la plus représentée avec 43,3% de la population d’étude. Les ménagères étaient les plus représentées avec 27,8% des cas. La céphalée de tension était la plus décrite avec 58,8% des cas, suivie de la migraine et 92,6% des patients avaient reçu une prescription d’antidépresseur tricyclique (amitriptylline) suivi des antiinflammatoires non stéroïdiens 79, 93% et le choix était porté sur l’indométacine dans 69,4% des cas. L’évolution était marquée par un soulagement qualifié de fort chez 67,6% et de moyen chez 26,1% des patients.Conclusion : Les céphalées primaires restent un motif fréquent de consultation. Leur connaissance permet une approche de prise en charge adéquate permettant ainsi de réduire leur impact sur les activités quotidiennes des malades.Mots clés : Prévalence, céphalée primaire, neurologie, CHU Gabriel Toure Primary headaches in external consultation in the neurology department of the Gabriel Toure Teaching Hospital: Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects over 4 years (2013-2016) Introduction: Headache is one of the top ten most common causes of reason for consultation in medicine. They can be divided into two groups: primary headaches and secondary headaches. Primary headaches as opposed to symptomatic headaches are without cause found despite a thorough etiological assessment. These headaches dominated by migraine, tensive headache and trigeminal dysautonomic headaches are often unknown. The aim of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the patients seen for primary headaches in external consultation in the neurology department of Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital of Bamako, Mali. Methodology: It was a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study that took place in the neurology department of Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital. It included data collected from January 2013 to December 2016, based on the clinical records of the patient examined for primary headaches. Age, sex, occupation, marital status and place of residence were the socio-demographic parameters studied. Clinical features of headache were done based on the 2007 IHS criteria.Results: During the period of study, a total of 3010 patients were seen, 284 patients for primary headache, a frequency of 9.44%. There was a female predominance with a sex ratio of 0.54. The average age was 41 years with extremes of 5 to 82 years, the age group of 25 - 44 years was the most represented with 43.3% of the study population. Housewives were the most represented with 27.8% of cases. Tensive headache was the most described with 58.8% of cases, followed by migraine. Treatment included tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline) prescription in 92.6% of patients, followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 79, 93% and the choice was indomethacin in 69.4% of cases. The course was marked by relief described as strong in 67.6% andaverage in 26.1% of patients.Conclusion: Primary headaches remain a frequent reason of consultation. Their knowledge enables an adequate management approach, thus reducing their impact on the daily activities of patients.Keywords : Prevalence, primary headache, neurology, Gabriel Toure Teaching Hospital

With a population increasing rapidly and agricultural yields stagnant over the years, access to food is a major challenge in Burkina Faso. This study investigates households demand for staple cereal commodities in Burkina Faso, using data from the 2009/10 integrated household living condition survey. A complete demand system (AIDS) model is estimated taking into account demographics and zero consumption. Results show that maize, millet and sorghum are necessities while rice is considered a luxury. Demand for maize, millet and sorghum are less price elastic than rice. These results are consistent for most households except for wealthy, educated households living in urban areas where rice becomes a necessity. The analysis of the evolution of cereal prices shows an overall increase leaving many people in food insecurity and causing food riots.