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The European Medicines Agency (EMA) offers guidance and support to pharmaceutical companies through bilateral discussions called business pipeline meetings (BPMs). An analysis of BPMs in oncology over a 5-year period was conducted to identify common topics and recurring queries. The documents of all BPMs available at the EMA regarding the field of oncology from January 1, 2018, to Decemer 31, 2022, were reviewed. For every query, a main category was assigned, and in case of multiple relevant topics, a secondary category was appointed too. For all queries, the follow-up offered by the EMA was documented, and whether the requested information was available. Subsequently, all queries were scanned for overlapping topics between meetings. From 2018 to 2022, 31 BPMs were held between the EMA and pharmaceutical companies to discuss oncology-related questions, for a total of 397 queries raised. They were classified into 24 topics, of which 15 were common topics (n ≥ 10 queries) with regulatory pathways/guidelines and trial design having the most queries. Post-BPM actions were taken or recommended by the EMA for 41.3% of queries, such as referrals to scientific advice or published guidelines. Forty-three queries were raised at more than one BPM. Targeted therapy, companion diagnostics, institutional collaboration, trial design, and regulatory pathways/guidelines were the most discussed topics in oncology BPMs, with molecular developments being the common denominator. Creating Q&A documents, publishing new guidelines, providing a framework for discussions, and questionnaire-based follow-up research can improve the quality of BPMs, and the accessibility of the information requested during the BPMs., (© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.)

Evoked electrical muscle activity suppresses the transcription of mRNAs for acetylcholine receptors in extrajunctional myonuclei. Muscle denervation or disuse releases such inhibition and extrajunctional receptors appear. However, in soleus muscles paralysed with nerve-applied tetrodotoxin, a restricted perijunctional region has been described where myonuclei remain inhibited, a finding attributed to nerve-derived trophic factor(s). Here, we reinvestigate extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor expression in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles up to 90 days after denervation or up to 20 days of disuse, to clarify the role of trophic factors, if any. The perijunctional region of soleus muscles strongly expressed acetylcholine receptors during the first 2-3 weeks of denervation. After 2-3 months, this expression had disappeared. No perijunctional expression was seen after paralysis by tetrodotoxin or botulinum toxin A. In contrast, the extensor digitorum longus never displayed suppressed perijunctional acetylcholine receptor expression after any treatment, suggesting that it is an intrinsic property of soleus muscles. Soleus denervation only transiently removed the suppression, and its presence in long-term denervated soleus muscles contradicts any contribution from nerve-derived trophic factor(s). In conclusion, our results confirm that evoked electrical activity is the physiological factor controlling the expression of acetylcholine receptors in the entire extrajunctional membrane of skeletal muscles., (© 2018 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Unmet medical needs are a priority for organizations such as the WHO and major public-private initiatives, such as Innovative Medicines Initiative, were established to speed up the development of better and safer medicines for patients. To assist such projects, the EMA in its 'Road Map to 2015' considered the mapping of unmet medical needs as a priority. This study has identified medical conditions for which the EMA could not identify developments in the pharmaceutical pipelines, that is, 'white spots'. Our analysis was made using external data sources as well as mining data of the EMA. The main areas for white spots were oncology, infectious diseases and certain psychiatric conditions. According to our data and a review of literature, in a number of these white spots, diagnostic tools may even be missing. The identification of those conditions will benefit stakeholders, including regulators, research funding bodies and patients' organizations.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the use of a novel hyaluronic acid/polycaprolactone material for meniscal tissue engineering and to evaluate the tissue regeneration after the augmentation of the implant with expanded autologous chondrocytes. Two different surgical implantation techniques in a sheep model were evaluated., Methods: Twenty-four skeletally mature sheep were treated with total medial meniscus replacements, while two meniscectomies served as empty controls. The animals were divided into two groups: cell-free scaffold and scaffold seeded with autologous chondrocytes. Two different surgical techniques were compared: in 12 animals, the implant was sutured to the capsule and to the meniscal ligament; in the other 12 animals, also a transtibial fixation of the horns was used. The animals were euthanized after 4 months. The specimens were assessed by gross inspection and histology., Results: All implants showed excellent capsular ingrowth at the periphery. Macroscopically, no difference was observed between cell-seeded and cell-free groups. Better implant appearance and integrity was observed in the group without transosseous horns fixation. Using the latter implantation technique, lower joint degeneration was observed in the cell-seeded group with respect to cell-free implants. The histological analysis indicated cellular infiltration and vascularization throughout the implanted constructs. Cartilaginous tissue formation was significantly more frequent in the cell-seeded constructs., Conclusion: The current study supports the potential of a novel HYAFF/polycaprolactone scaffold for total meniscal substitution. Seeding of the scaffolds with autologous chondrocytes provides some benefit in the extent of fibrocartilaginous tissue repair.

Articular cartilage injuries have poor reparative capability and, if left untreated, may progress to osteo-arthritis. Unsatisfactory results with conventional treatment methods have prompted the development of innovative solutions including the use of cell transplantations, with or without a supporting scaffold. Tissue engineering combines cells, scaffolds and bio-active factors, which represents one of the most promising approaches for the restoration of damaged tissues. Available today, hyaluronan, also known as hyaluronic acid, is a natural glycosaminoglycan present in all soft tissues of higher organisms and in particularly high concentrations in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage and in the mesenchyme during embryonic development in which it plays a number of biological functions, not only as a structural component but as an informational molecule as well. Moreover, hyaluronan can be manufactured in a variety of physical forms including hydrogels, sponges, fibres and fabrics allowing to develop a variety of hyaluronan-based scaffolds. This review will present both theoretical and experimental evidences that led to the development of Hyalograft C, an exploitation of hyaluronic acid technology and a tissue engineering approach for the resolution of articular cartilage defects., (Copyright 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

These studies address critical technical issues involved in creating human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC)/ scaffold implants for cartilage repair. These issues include obtaining a high cell density and uniform spatial cell distribution within the scaffold, factors that are critical in the initiation and homogeneity of chondrogenic differentiation. For any given scaffold, the initial seeding influences cell density, retention, and spatial distribution within the scaffold, which eventually will affect the function of the construct. Here, we discuss the development of a vacuum-aided seeding technique for HYAFF -11 sponges which we compared to passive infiltration. Our results show that, under the conditions tested, hMSCs were quantitatively and homogeneously loaded into the scaffolds with 90+% retention rates after 24 h in perfusion culture with no negative effect on cell viability or chondrogenic potential. The retention rates of the vacuum-seeded constructs were at least 2 times greater than those of passively seeded constructs at 72 h. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the core of the vacuum-seeded constructs contained 240% more cells than the core of passively infiltrated scaffolds. The vacuum seeding technique is safe, rapid, reproducible, and results in controlled quantitative cell loading, high retention, and uniform distribution.

Objective: Development and remodeling of engineered cartilage-explant composites were studied in vitro and in vivo., Design: Individual and interactive effects of cell chondrogenic potential (primary or fifth passage bovine calf chondrocytes), scaffold degradation rate (hyaluronan benzyl ester or polyglycolic acid), and adjacent tissue cell activity and architecture (vital trabecular bone (VB), articular cartilage (AC), devitalized bone (DB) or digested cartilage (DC)) were evaluated over 8 weeks in vitro (bioreactor cultures) and in vivo (ectopic implants)., Results: In vitro, significant effects of cell type on construct adhesive strength (P<0.001) and scaffold type on adhesive strength (P<0.001), modulus (P=0.014), glycosaminoglycans (GAG) (P<0.001), and collagen (P=0.039) were observed. Chondrogenesis was best when the scaffold degradation rate matched the extracellular matrix deposition rate. In vivo, adjacent tissue type affected adhesive strength (P<0.001), modulus (P<0.001), and GAG (P<0.001) such that 8-week values obtained for bone (VB and DB) were higher than for cartilage (AC). In the AC/construct group, chondrogenesis appeared attenuated in the region of the construct close to the AC. In contrast, in the VB/construct group, a 500 microm thick zone of mature hyaline-like cartilage formed at the interface, and signs of active remodeling were present in the bone that included osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity and trabecular rebuttressing; these features were not present in the DB group or in vitro., Conclusions: Development and remodeling of composites based on engineered cartilage were mediated in vitro by cell chondrogenic potential and scaffold degradation rate, and in vivo by type of adjacent tissue and time.

Hybrid cardiac constructs with mechanical properties suitable for in vitro loading studies and in vivo implantation were constructed from neonatal rat heart cells, fibrin (Fn), and biodegradable knitted fabric (Knit). Initial (2-h) constructs were compared with native heart tissue, studied in vitro with respect to mechanical function (stiffness, ultimate tensile strength [UTS], failure strain epsilon(f), strain energy density E) and compositional remodeling (collagen, DNA), and implanted in vivo. For 2-h constructs, stiffness was determined mainly by the Fn and was half as high as that of native heart, whereas UTS, epsilon(f), and E were determined by the Knit and were, respectively, 8-, 7-, and 30-fold higher than native heart. Over 1 week of static in vitro culture, cell-mediated, serum-dependent remodeling was demonstrated by a 5-fold increase in construct collagen content and maintenance of stiffness not observed in cell-free constructs. Cyclic stretch further increased construct collagen content in a manner dependent on loading regimen. The presence of cardiac cells in cultured constructs was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry (troponin I) and Western blot (connexin 43). However, in vitro culture reduced Knit mechanical properties, decreasing UTS, epsilon(f), and E of both constructs and cell-free constructs and motivating in vivo study of the 2-h constructs. Constructs implanted subcutaneously in nude rats for 3 weeks exhibited the continued presence of cardiomyocytes and blood vessel ingrowth by immunostaining for troponin I, connexin 43, and CD-31. Together, the data showed that hybrid cardiac constructs initially exhibited supraphysiologic UTS, epsilon(f), and E, and remodeled in response to serum and stretch in vitro and in an ectopic in vivo model.

Association of biomaterials with autologous cells can provide a new generation of implantable devices for cartilage and bone repair. Such scaffolds should provide a performed three-dimensional shape, prevent cells from floating out of the defect, have sufficient mechanical strength, facilitate uniform spread of cells, and stimulate the phenotype of transplanted cells. Hyaff-11 is a recently developed hyaluronic-acid based biodegradable polymer, that has been shown to provide successful cell scaffolds for tissue-engineered repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the potential of Hyaff-11 to support the growth of human chondrocytes and to maintain their original phenotype. Our data indicate that human chondrocytes seeded on Hyaff-11 express and produce collagen type II and aggrecan and downregulate the production of collagen type I. These results provide an in vitro demonstration of therapeutic potential of Hyaff-11 as a delivery vehicle in tissue-engineered repair of articular cartilage defects.

Synapse competition and elimination are widespread developmental processes, first demonstrated at neonatal neuromuscular junctions. Action potential activity was long shown to exert a powerful influence, but mechanisms and contribution relative to other factors are still not well understood. Here we show that replacement of natural motoneuronal discharge with synchronous activity suppresses elimination of polyneuronal innervation of myofibers. This requires the simultaneous chronic conduction block (tetrodotoxin) and distal electrical stimulation of motor axons during ectopic synaptogenesis in denervated adult soleus muscle. If in fact chronic stimulation is applied without central block of motor axons, the time course of synapse elimination is as fast as in control muscles undergoing natural activity. Our findings follow the prediction of Hebb's postulate and imply that asynchronous activity drives developmental synapse elimination in muscle. They further suggest that motoneurons could become transiently synchronized during development and regeneration, helping to establish the initial polyneuronal innervation.

The intricate modulatory roles played by manifold hormones, growth factors, cytokines, extracellular calcium concentrations, intracellular second messengers, protein kinases, and nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in proliferative, differentiative, and apoptotic processes have been the subject of investigations that were carried out by means of in vitro either primary or secondary/tertiary cultures of differentiated epithelial (hepatocytes, keratinocytes, and adrenocytes) and connective tissue cells (osteoblasts and fibroblasts) obtained from man and/or other mammalians. In most cases, an ad hoc model system, in which cells were floated on the top of the growth medium and, hence, could enjoy nearly normal respiratory exchanges, was used. Such a system increased cell viability and the ability of parenchymal epithelial cells to respond to extremely low concentrations of growth factors, hormones, and pharmaco-toxicological agents in a way conceivably very close to their behaviour in vivo.

General properties of rat skeletal muscle (extrajunctional membrane and contractile properties) are subjected to tight physiological neural regulation, as indicated by their striking alterations (up- or down-regulation) following denervation. The main contributions of the literature concerning the nature of the neural signals which mediate this regulation, are reviewed. The physiological regulation of these general properties appears to be operated by the action potential activity evoked by motoneurons in the muscle fibres. No need to postulate the participation of nerve-borne chemical substances, acetylcholine or unidentified "trophic factors", arises from the main experimental evidence. The stronger response to denervation of extrajunctional membrane properties with respect to pure paralysis is best explained by actions of factors released during wallerian degeneration of the transected nerves.