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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of the virus were crucial for virus control and management strategies. With that aim we conducted genomic surveillance and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Serbia, spanning from March 2020 to the end of January 2023. Sequencing was conducted using three different platforms: Oxford Nanopore, Ion Torrent AmpliSeq and BGISEQ-500. Consensus sequences obtained using platforms respective software were deposited in the GISAID database. In this study 2109 good-quality sequences were included (doi.10.55876/ gis8.230411qh). Pangolin and Nextclade software were utilized for clade, lineage and variant determination, while sequence alignment and construction of the phylogenetic tree was performed using Nextstrain web-based application. Variant analysis revealed over 125,000 mutations across the 2109 sequences, of which 38% occurred in the S protein encoding gene. The most common mutations involved intragenic single nucleotide variants (88%), followed by intragenic deletions (5%). All sequences were assigned to following 16 clades: 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D, 20E, 20G, 20I, 21J, 21K, 21L, 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D, 22E, and 22F. Temporal analysis of the variants in Serbia revealed that the Alpha variant was predominant during 2020 and the first three months of 2021. The Delta variant emerged in June 2021, dominating until the end of December 2021, when Omicron variant was detected for the first time, overtaking the dominance for the remaining surveillance period. Notably, the Gamma and Epsilon variants were not detected in the analyzed samples. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in Serbia were largely comparable to the variants found in Europe. However, a slight delay in their emergence was observed, potentially attributed to

[EN] Landslide monitoring is a mandatory step in landslide risk assessment. It requires collecting data on landslide conditions (e.g., areal extent, landslide kinematics, surface topography, hydrogeometeorological parameters, and failure surfaces) from different time periods and at different scales, from site-specific to local, regional, and national, to assess landslide activity. In this analysis, we collected information on landslide monitoring techniques from 17 members of the Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (from EuroGeoSurveys) deployed between 2005 and 2021. We examined the types of the 75 recorded landslides, the landslide techniques, spatial resolution, temporal resolution, status of the technique (operational, non-operational), time of using (before the event, during the event, after the event), and the applicability of the technique in early warning systems. The research does not indicate the accuracy of each technique but, rather, the extent to which Geological Surveys conduct landslide monitoring and the predominant techniques used. Among the types of landslides, earth slides predominate and are mostly monitored by geological and engineering geological mapping. The results showed that Geological Surveys mostly utilized more traditional monitoring techniques since they have a broad mandate to collect geological data. In addition, this paper provides new insights into the role of the Geological Surveys on landslide monitoring in Europe and contributes to landslide risk reduction initiatives and commitments (e.g., the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020).

Western Balkan region, particularly Serbia, is faced with an increased frequency of extreme weather events, as a consequence of global climate change. However, there is still no enough research on how the effects of extreme weather events could be measured on the farm level. More importantly, there is no standard international methodology that is used regularly to address the issue. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of extreme weather events on business performances of two the most common farm types in Serbia. To achieve this goal, the authors performed a financial loss assessment on a farm level. Panel models and R software environment were used to perform a multiple regression analysis allowing to indicate determinants of financial loss indicator depending on the farm’s production type. The results indicated that performance of both farm types is more influenced by drought than by floods. The regression analysis revealed that for both farm types financial stress is the most important independent variable.

This paper analyses the technical efficiency of arable farms in Serbia and its determinants using a two-stage double bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach on the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) data from 2014 and 2015 with special emphasis on the impact of agricultural subsidies on the technical efficiency of arable farms in Serbia. Bias-corrected DEA efficiency scores were first calculated and then regressed on a set of explanatory variables using the double-truncated regression approach. The estimates suggest that the share of rented land, land to labour ratio and financial stress variables are the main determinants of arable farm efficiency in Serbia. For the subsidies we found that area payments and input subsidies have some impacts on the technical efficiency of arable farms. In contrast, investment and other subsidies were found to have an insignificant impact on farm technical efficiency. These results suggest that the future potential shift of the Serbian agricultural support towards the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)-like area based payments is expected to have a minimal but likely positive impact on farms technical efficiency in Serbia.

Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrde efekti različitih mjera politike ruralnog razvoja na ekonomske rezultate, proizvodnu strukturu i iskorišćenost resursa porodičnih gazdinstava u područjima sa prirodnim ograničenjima u Srbiji. Istraživanje je bilo zasnovano na podacima stratifikovanog prostog slučajnog uzorka kojim je obuhvaćeno 371 gazdinstvo u planinskim područjima istočne Srbije. Za identifikovanje tipičnih gazdinstava koji održavaju prirodne i organizaciono-ekonomske uslove proizvodnje u područjima sa prirodnim ograničenjima korišćena je multivarijaciona analiza. Metod linearnog programiranja primjenjen je za simulaciju efekta mjera agrarne politike i ispitivanje uticaja odabranih scenarija politike ruralnog razvoja na proizvodne i ekonomske rezultate gazdinstava. Rezultati faktorske i klaster analize pokazali su da u područjima sa prirodnim ograničenjima dominiraju tri tipa gazdinstava i to: gazdinstva sa intenzivnom mješovitom stočarskom proizvodnjom oslonjena na prihod iz poljoprivrede, gazdinstva sa mješovitom stočarskom proizvodnjom i stalnim prihodima od plata i penzija i gazdinstva sa mještovitom biljnom i stočarskom proizvodnjom i diverzifikovanim prihodima. Rezultati primjenjenih scenarija pokazali su da rješenja po ugledu na evropsku praksu mogu dovesti do povećanja prihoda, očuvanja tradicionalnih poljoprivrednih sistema i biodiverziteta. Proizvodno nevezana plaćanja kao vodeći princip EU politike pozitivno utiču samo na treću grupu gazdinstava. Očekivano, kompenzatorna plaćanja pozitivno utiču na ekonomske rezultate svih tipova gazdinstava, ali nemaju uticaja na proizvodne, ekološke i socijalne aspekte. Efekti mjera ozelenjavanja i agroekoloških plaćanja variraju u zavisnosti od tipa gazdinstva, a za bolje razumjevanje njihovog uticaja potrebna su dalja istraživanja vezana za specifičnosti određenih mikro lokacija., The main aim of the research was to determine the effects of different rural development policy measures on economic results, production structure and resource utilization of family farms in areas with natural constraints in Serbia. Data collection was organized using a stratified simple random sampling. The sample included 371 farms in the mountain settlements of Eastern Serbia. Identification of typical farms that reflect natural and organizational-economic conditions of production in areas with natural constraints was based on multivariate analysis. The linear programming was used to simulate the effects of agricultural policy measures and examine the impact of rural development scenarios on economic results and production structure. Results of factor and cluster analysis identified three predominant farm types in areas with natural constraints: farms with intensive mixed livestock production dependent on income from agriculture; farms with mixed livestock production and income from salaries and pensions; and farms with mixed livestock and crop production and diversified income. The effects of the simulated rural development scenarios showed that solutions based on European practice could increase incomes, preserve traditional agricultural systems and biodiversity. As a guiding principle of EU policy, decoupled payments positively affected only the third group of farms. As expected, compensatory payments led to the positive economic effects for all farms types, whereas social and ecological aspects were not affected. Effects of agri-environmental payments and greening measures differed according to the farm type. To better understand their impact, further research related to the specifics of certain micro locations is needed.

Increasing the production efficiency of family farms is one of the main drivers of economic growth and a prerequisite for their further development. Family farms that use productive resources more efficiently over time are in a position to invest more in the family farm and to grow regardless of their initial size and the challenges they face. Consequently, there is a need to find economically efficient models of crop production on family farms, which was the main goal of this research. Data collected by detailed surveying of 100 holders of selected family farms were used as the basic source for conducting this research. The collected data refer to the production years of 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The choice of methods used in the research was determined by the defined subject of research and set goals, on the one hand, and by the volume and quality of the available data, on the other hand. In this regard, in order to measure the efficiency of crop production on surveyed family farms, in practice, it is often necessary to consider multiple outputs and inputs that are by their nature heterogeneous and expressed in different units of measure. Therefore, it was necessary to define such an efficiency measure that would take into account all the significant results of crop production and all productive resources used for their realisation. This implies an analysis of the efficiency using the method of mathematical programming such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The obtained solutions have special economic interpretations and based on them the information important for managing the further business of both efficient and inefficient surveyed family farms was obtained. Finally, a comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of different models of crop production on family farms was carried out, aimed at determining whether there were any statistically significant differences between the average economic efficiencies of different model, Povećanje efikasnosti proizvodnje porodičnih gazdinstava jedan je od glavnih pokretača ekonomskog rasta i preduslov za njihov dalji razvoj. Porodična gazdinstva koja efikasnije koriste svoje proizvodne resurse tokom vremena su u poziciji da više investiraju u porodično gazdinstvo i da rastu bez obzira na njihovu početnu veličinu i izazove sa kojima se suočavaju. Samim tim javlja se potreba za pronalaženjem ekonomski efikasnih modela ratarske proizvodnje na porodičnim gazdinstvima, što je bio i osnovi cilj ovog istraživanja. Kao osnovni izvor podataka za potrebe sprovođenja ovog istraživanja korišćeni su podaci prikupljeni detaljnim anketiranjem 100 nosilaca izabranih porodičnih gazdinstava. Prikupljeni podaci odnose se na proizvodnu 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2014/2015. i 2015/2016. godinu. Izbor metoda koje su se koristile u istraživanju određen je definisanim predmetom istraživanja i postavljenim ciljevima, s jedne strane, i obimom i kvalitetom dostupnih podataka, s druge strane. S tim u vezi, za merenje efikasnosti ratarske proizvodnje na anketiranim porodičnim gazdinstvima u praksi se najčešće mora razmatrati više izlaza i ulaza koji su po svojoj prirodi heterogeni i izražavaju se u različitim jedinicama mere. Zbog toga je bilo neophodno definisati takvu meru efikasnosti koja će uzeti u obzir sve značajne rezultate ratarske proizvodnje i sve proizvodne resurse koji su korišćeni za njihovo ostvarivanje. To podrazumeva analizu efikasnosti primenom metode matematičkog programiranja kakva je analiza obavijanja podataka (engl. Data Envelopment Analysis ‒ DEA). Dobijena rešenja imaju posebna ekonomska tumačenja, i na osnovu njih su dobijene informacije koje su od značaja za upravljanje daljim poslovanjem kako efikasnih, tako i neefikasnih anketiranih porodičinih gazdinstava. Na kraju je sprovedena komparativna analiza ekonomske efikasnosti različitih modela ratarske proizvodnje na porodičnim gazdinstvima, čiji je cilj bio da se utvrdi da li postoje bilo kakve st

Bearing in mind the increasing price of diesel fuel, it is necessary to determine its effect on the production of family farms as main factors of agricultural production in Serbia. First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the farms specializing in crop production because the price of diesel fuel has the biggest influence on economic effects of their production. In order to achieve this goal, the model of a family crop farm was used in this paper. This model was used to determine how the change of diesel fuel market price influences the change of efficiency ratio of the total farm production. Calculations were made for production with subsidies and without them, as well as for two initial presumptions - when the sowing structure of farm was not optimized and when it was. Besides forming models and optimization of production structure, method of sensitive analysis was also used in the paper, starting with a premise that market price of fuel fluctuates in the interval reflecting changes that occur in practice. It was determined by analysis that without optimization of the sowing structure, family farm businesses were economically efficient only with government subsidies. On the other hand, on condition that optimal sowing structure was used, production is economically efficient even without subsidies, except for the case with maximized presupposed fuel price. Ratio of economical efficiency in corn production (as the most important crop in the sowing structure of a family farm) for different yields and corn price with presupposed increase of fuel price was also analyzed in the paper., Imajući u vidu trend rasta cena dizel goriva, neophodno je utvrditi na koji način će se to odraziti na poslovanje porodičnih poljoprivrednih gazdinstava, kao nosilaca poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Srbiji. U prvom redu, pažnju je neophodno usmeriti na gazdinstva koja su specijalizovana za ratarsku proizvodnju, pošto je kod njih prisutan najveći uticaj cena dizel goriva na ekonomske efekte poslovanja. Da bi se ovaj cilj ostvario u radu je korišćen model porodičnog gazdinstva ratarskog tipa. Na ovom modelu je utvrđeno kako promena nabavne cene dizel goriva utiče na promenu koeficijenta ekonomičnosti poslovanja čitavog gazdinstva. Proračuni su izvedeni za uslove sa i bez subvencija, kao i za dve polazne pretpostavke - kada struktura setve gazdinstva nije optimalna, kao i kada je urađena optimizacija. U radu je pored formiranja modela i optimizacije proizvodne strukture korišćena i metoda senzitivne analize, pri čemu se pošlo od pretpostavke da nabavna cena pogonskog goriva varira u intervalu koji odražava promene do kojih dolazi u praksi. Analizom je utvrđeno da je u uslovima bez optimizacije strukture setve poslovanje gazdinstva ekonomično samo ako se koriste subvencije. Sa druge strane, ukoliko se primenjuje optimalna setvena struktura poslovanje je ekonomično i bez subvencija, osim u slučaju maksimalno pretpostavljenih cena goriva. U radu je analiziran i koeficijent ekonomičnosti u proizvodnji kukuruza (kao najvažnijeg useva u strukturi setve porodičnog gazdinstva) za različite prinose i cene kukuruza, pri pretpostavljenom rastu cena dizel goriva.

As for the economic efficiency of crop production on family farms, we started our analysis from the fact that it is related to the control of costs and economies of scale, bearing in mind that both of them are closely connected to the size of a family farm. Taking this into account, the indicators measuring the ratio of costs to revenues of crop production were used to measure the economic efficiency of crop production on surveyed family farms. All indicators were calculated based on the empirical data collected by interviewing 100 selected holders of the family farms belonging to the territory of AP Vojvodina during the five-year production period (2011/2012 - 2015/2016). The results show that the long-term survival of most smaller family farms oriented to crop production without agricultural subsidies may be questioned, particularly if the European Union accession process and increasing competitiveness on the market are taken into account., Prilikom analize ekonomske efikasnosti ratarske proizvodnje na porodičnim gazdinstvima pošlo se od toga da je ona povezana sa kontrolom troškova i ekonomijom obima, pri čemu su i kontrola troškova i ekonomija obima usko povezane sa veličinom porodičnog gazdinstva. Imajući to u vidu, za merenje ekonomske efikasnosti ratarske proizvodnje na anketiranim porodičnim gazdinstvima korišćeni su pokazatelji koji mere odnos troškova i prihoda ratarske proizvodnje. Svi pokazatelji računati su na osnovu empirijskih podataka prikupljenih anketiranjem 100 nosilaca izabranih porodičnih gazdinstava sa teritorije AP Vojvodine tokom pet proizvodnih godina (2011/2012 - 2015/2016). Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da je opstanak većine manjih porodičnih gazdinstava usmerenih na ratarsku proizvodnju bez državnih podsticaja za poljoprivredu u dužem vremenskom periodu doveden u pitanje, naročito ako se ima u vidu proces pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji i sve veća konkurencija na tržištu.

Increased demand for food production, influenced by the constant growth of population, resulted in the agricultural production systems that are more energy and economy intensive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the energetic and economic efficiency of sugar beet and wheat production. Attention was given to the fertilizer usage and its share in energy consumption since it can amount to 50%. Data show that energy input in wheat production was 5.84 MJ.kg(-1) and in sugar beet it was 0.93 MJ.kg(-1). The highest share of energy input both in wheat and sugar beet was observed for fertilizers, 52.45% and 46.70%, respectively. Economic analysis has shown that wheat production is a low profitable production with a net return of only 20.69 USD.ha(-1), in comparison with sugar beet production with a net return of 513.53 USD.ha(-1). Costs related to the fertilizer use prevailed in total variable and total production costs. Economic analysis has also shown that the benefit-to-cost ratio was higher in sugar beet production (1.33) compared to wheat production (1.03). Furthermore, it was determined that these economic indicators were less sensitive in sugar beet production than in wheat production regarding the variation of fertilizer.

[EN] An enquiry-based and participatory analysis approach is carried out to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the heterogeneous legislations across Europe that regulate the integration of landslide hazard into urban planning. Twenty one national and eight regional Geological Surveys (GSs) have participated in the analysis. The GSs report almost 4000 recent (2015–2017) damaging landslides events resulting in 39 fatalities and 155 injuries, destruction to housing, infrastructure and properties. In addition, 11 countries report 18 MORLE events over the past 10 years responsible for 150 fatalities and severe economic impacts. Results also reveal almost 48 million people living in areas with high and very high degrees of landslide-susceptibility (around 1 million km2 according to ELSUS v2). This work shows that almost half the participating countries (10 countries) have no legal guidance in the National Land Bill to stipulate consideration of landslides in urban planning practices, and mapping tools are often not adapted to a standard required to inform sustainable development. Furthermore, there is a wide range of laws and a large heterogeneity of mapping methods, scales and procedures. A relevant deficiency detected in many countries is the lack of landslide maps at a detailed resolution for urban planning. Additionally, some case studies of suboptimal urban development practices in areas of known instability have been discussed; they are found to be related to weak rule of law and/or absence of good governance. This paper shows inconsistencies across Europe in the handling of landslides and proposes a series of key actions to improve this situation, highlighting the need for a common regulatory framework to deal with this geohazard appropriately.

Povećanje efikasnosti proizvodnje porodičnih gazdinstava jedan je od glavnih pokretača ekonomskog rasta i preduslov za njihov dalji razvoj. Porodična gazdinstva koja efikasnije koriste svoje proizvodne resurse tokom vremena su u poziciji da više investiraju u porodično gazdinstvo i da rastu bez obzira na njihovu početnu veličinu i izazove sa kojima se suočavaju. Samim tim javlja se potreba za pronalaženjem ekonomski efikasnih modela ratarske proizvodnje na porodičnim gazdinstvima, što je bio i osnovi cilj ovog istraživanja. Kao osnovni izvor podataka za potrebe sprovođenja ovog istraživanja korišćeni su podaci prikupljeni detaljnim anketiranjem 100 nosilaca izabranih porodičnih gazdinstava. Prikupljeni podaci odnose se na proizvodnu 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2014/2015. i 2015/2016. godinu. Izbor metoda koje su se koristile u istraživanju određen je definisanim predmetom istraživanja i postavljenim ciljevima, s jedne strane, i obimom i kvalitetom dostupnih podataka, s druge strane. S tim u vezi, za merenje efikasnosti ratarske proizvodnje na anketiranim porodičnim gazdinstvima u praksi se najčešće mora razmatrati više izlaza i ulaza koji su po svojoj prirodi heterogeni i izražavaju se u različitim jedinicama mere. Zbog toga je bilo neophodno definisati takvu meru efikasnosti koja će uzeti u obzir sve značajne rezultate ratarske proizvodnje i sve proizvodne resurse koji su korišćeni za njihovo ostvarivanje. To podrazumeva analizu efikasnosti primenom metode matematičkog programiranja kakva je analiza obavijanja podataka (engl. Data Envelopment Analysis ‒ DEA). Dobijena rešenja imaju posebna ekonomska tumačenja, i na osnovu njih su dobijene informacije koje su od značaja za upravljanje daljim poslovanjem kako efikasnih, tako i neefikasnih anketiranih porodičinih gazdinstava. Na kraju je sprovedena komparativna analiza ekonomske efikasnosti različitih modela ratarske proizvodnje na porodičnim gazdinstvima, čiji je cilj bio da se utvrdi da li postoje bilo kakve st, Increasing the production efficiency of family farms is one of the main drivers of economic growth and a prerequisite for their further development. Family farms that use productive resources more efficiently over time are in a position to invest more in the family farm and to grow regardless of their initial size and the challenges they face. Consequently, there is a need to find economically efficient models of crop production on family farms, which was the main goal of this research. Data collected by detailed surveying of 100 holders of selected family farms were used as the basic source for conducting this research. The collected data refer to the production years of 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The choice of methods used in the research was determined by the defined subject of research and set goals, on the one hand, and by the volume and quality of the available data, on the other hand. In this regard, in order to measure the efficiency of crop production on surveyed family farms, in practice, it is often necessary to consider multiple outputs and inputs that are by their nature heterogeneous and expressed in different units of measure. Therefore, it was necessary to define such an efficiency measure that would take into account all the significant results of crop production and all productive resources used for their realisation. This implies an analysis of the efficiency using the method of mathematical programming such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The obtained solutions have special economic interpretations and based on them the information important for managing the further business of both efficient and inefficient surveyed family farms was obtained. Finally, a comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of different models of crop production on family farms was carried out, aimed at determining whether there were any statistically significant differences between the average economic efficiencies of different model

In the paper is analyzed possibility of purchase of harvester at family farms. Therefore, enterprise budgeting and partial budgeting methods were used, as well as discounting methods for evaluation of economical efficiency of investments. The problem has been shown using model of family farms directed to field crop production. The data for this survey were collected by interviewing holders of chosen family farms. The analysis has pointed out under which conditions such business decision is economically justified and financially feasible. ., U radu se razmatra mogućnost kupovine univerzalnog žitnog kombajna na porodičnim gazdinstvima. U tom cilju korišćeni su metodi analitičke i diferencijalne kalkulacije, kao i dinamičke metode za utvrđivanje ekonomske efektivnosti investicionih ulaganja. Razmatrana problematika je prikazana na modelu porodičnog gazdinstva usmerenog na ratarsku proizvodnju. Podaci za ovo istraživanje prikupljeni su anketiranjem nosioca odabranih porodičnih gazdinstava. Analiza je pokazala pod kojim uslovima je ovakva poslovna odluka ekonomski opravdana i finansijski prihvatljiva. .

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of sowing structure on family farm competiveness using the model of family farm directed at the final production of fattened beef cattle in the conditions of unchanged estate size. Applying a partial budget analysis, it was examined whether the decision on buying alfalfa hay or mercantile maize on the market and changing the sowing structure was economically justified and under what conditions using additional procedure of sensitive analysis. Applying this approach, it was investigated to what extent that decision contributed to improving the family farm profitability. The results of the conducted research show that the decision on buying mercantile maize mainly contributes to improving competitiveness of family farms directed at the final production of fattened beef cattle compared with the decision on buying alfalfa hay. It is the consequence of the fact that buying mercantile maize on the market will enable sowing structure changes, that is, buying mercantile maize will make the area free, which according to some conservative estimations, can be used for the production of sufficient amounts of alfalfa and silage maize for fattening of additional 19 head, whereas buying alfalfa hay will make the area free, which can be used for production of sufficient amounts of mercantile and silage maize for fattening of additional 6 head. In addition, it is shown that more rational way of organizing family farms directed at the final production of fattened beef cattle can additionally use available land resources and in that way increase profitability and improve competitiveness., Cilj ovog rada je da se u uslovima nepromenjene veličine poseda na modelu porodičnog gazdinstva usmerenog na finalnu proizvodnju utovljene junadi ispita uticaj promene strukture setve na konkurentnost porodičnog gazdinstva. Primenom diferencijalne kalkulacije ispitano je da li je odluka o kupovini sena lucerke ili merkantilnog kukuruza i promeni strukture setve ekonomski opravdana, a dodatnim postupkom senzitivne analize i pod kojim uslovima. Primenjujući ovakav pristup utvrđeno je u kojoj meri ova odluka utiče na konkurentnost gazdinstva. Rezultati sprovedenog istraživanja pokazuju da odluka o kupovini merkantilnog kukuruza u većoj meri doprinosi unapređenju konkurentnosti porodičnih gazdinstava usmerenih na finalnu proizvodnju utovljenih junadi u odnosu na odluku o kupovini sena lucerke. To je posledica činjenice da kupovina merkantilnog kukuruza na tržištu omogućava promene u strukturi setve tj. da se kupovinom merkantilnog kukuruza oslobađa površina na kojoj je prema nekim konzervativnim procenama moguće proizvesti dovoljno lucerke i silažnog kukuruza za tov dodatnih 19 grla, dok se kupovinom sena lucerke oslobođa površina na kojoj je moguće proizvesti dovoljno merkantilnog i silažnog kukuruza za tov dodatnih 6 grla. S tim u vezi, pokazano je da uz racionalniji način organizovanja porodična gazdinstva usmerena na finalnu proizvodnju utovljene junadi mogu dodatno iskoristiti raspoložive zemljišne resurse i na taj način poboljšati profitabilnost i unaprediti konkurentnost.

In market conditions of business operations the main criterion of successful agricultural production is achieved economic results. However, the question of preservation and rational use of natural resources, especially soil, is increasingly raised. The need of preservation and rational use of natural resources, such as soil, requires the elimination of the usual practice of production and application of new technologies as well as new types of machines and tools. Nonetheless, new cultivation technologies and new machines and tools will be widely adopted and successfully applied in practice if the necessary verification of positive technical, technological and economic effects obtained through appropriate scientific researches is provided. Bearing this in mind, the aim of this paper is to examine the economic effects of prolonged effect of new technology and new types of machines and tools for the arrangement of soil's surface and depth in wheat production. In this sense, it is determined that a change in cultivation technology and application of new machines and tools in the first year of conducting the experiment has a positive prolonged effect in the second year of conducting the experiment as well, which is reflected in a reduction of variable costs per kilogram of produced wheat by 23.57%. The conducted research and results obtained in this analysis represent a continuation of research of economic effects of the application of new machines and tools for the arrangement of soil's surface and depth in individual crop production (a previous study included corn and sunflower). The obtained results indicate the need to expand research to other important crops., U tržišnim uslovima poslovanja osnovno merilo uspešnosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje su ostvareni ekonomski rezultati. Međutim, sve glasnije se postavlja pitanje očuvanja i racionalnog korišćenja prirodnih resursa, posebno zemljišta. Potreba očuvanja i racionalnog korišćenja neobnovljivih prirodnih resursa, kao što je zemljište, zahteva eliminisanje uobičajene prakse proizvodnje i primenu novih tehnologija obrade i novih mašina i oruđa. Ipak, da bi nove tehnologije obrade i nove mašine i oruđa bili masovno prihvaćeni i uspešno primenjeni u praksi, potrebna je potvrda ispoljavanja pozitivnih tehničko-tehnoloških i ekonomskih efekata dobijena kroz odgovarajuća naučna istraživanja. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog rada je da se sagledaju ekonomski efekti produženog dejstva primene nove tehnologije obrade i novih mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini u proizvodnji pšenice. U tom smislu utvrđeno je da promena tehnologije obrade i primena novih mašina i oruđa u prvoj godini izvođenja ogleda ima pozitivno produženo dejstvo u drugoj godini izvođenja ogleda, koje se ogleda u smanjenju varijabilnih troškova po kg proizvedene pšenice za 23,57%. Obavljeno istraživanje i rezultati dobijeni u ovoj analizi predstavljaju nastavak istraživanja ekonomskih efekata primene mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini u proizvodnji pojedinih kultura kojima su do sada obuhvaćeni kukuruz i suncokret. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu proširenja istraživanja i na druge značajne poljoprivredne kulture.

The need of preservation and rational use of natural resources such is land requires the elimination of the usual practice of production and application of new technologies and new types of machines and tools. However, massive acceptation and successful application of new technologies and new types of machines and tools in practice requires certificates of manifestation the positive technical, technological and economic effects obtained through appropriate research. Bearing this in mind, the aim of this paper is to examine the economic effects of applying new technology and new types of machines and tools for the arrangement of soil's surface and depth in sunflower production. In this sense, conducted economic analysis shows that a change in technology and application of new types of machines and tools in sunflower production is economically justified, given that there is a reduction of variable costs per kilogram of produced sunflower by 4.77%. The research and results obtained in this analysis represent only the first phase of research of the economic effects of application of new types of machines and tools in crop production (in this case in sunflower production). The results indicate the need to expand research to other important crops., Potreba očuvanja i racionalnog korišćenja neobnovljivih prirodnih resursa, kao što je zemljište, zahteva eliminisanje uobičajene prakse proizvodnje i primenu novih tehnologija obrade i novih mašina i oruđa. Međutim, da bi nove tehnologije obrade i nove mašine i oruđa bili masovno prihvaćeni i uspešno primenjeni u praksi, potrebna je potvrda ispoljavanja pozitivnih tehničko-tehnoloških i ekonomskih efekata dobijena kroz odgovarajuća naučna istraživanja. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog rada je da se sagledaju ekonomski efekti primene nove tehnologije obrade i novih mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini u proizvodnji suncokreta. U tom smislu sprovedena ekonomska analiza pokazuje da je promena tehnologije obrade i primena novih mašina i oruđa u proizvodnji suncokreta ekonomski opravdana, s obzirom da dolazi do smanjenja varijabilnih troškova po kilogramu proizvedenog suncokreta za 4,77%. Obavljeno istraživanje i rezultati dobijeni u ovoj analizi predstavljaju samo prvu fazu u istraživanjima ekonomskih efekata primene mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini u proizvodnji pojedinih kultura (u ovom slučaju suncokreta). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu proširenja istraživanja i na druge značajne poljoprivredne kulture.

Serbian agricultural producers are currently facing a large number of challenges which have a significant influence on their business activities. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of existing family farms business activities is the only way to improve their profitability and enhance competitiveness in such conditions. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this research is to emphasize an importance of the economic analysis of wheat production on family farms and to contribute successfully to the formulation of the answers to questions if and under which conditions the wheat production is profitable. In order to have a complete insight into investigated problem subject, investigations were carried out on selected family farms. Collected data were processed using calculation procedure for the purpose of determination of main economical indicators of the success of wheat production. Based on realized financial results it can be concluded that with the selling price of 10,000.00 diners per ton, only family farms which have achieved yield of over 7.5 t/ha with adequate level of investments are profitable. Since realized average yield of wheat on family farms in the Republic of Serbia in 2009 was 3.58 t/ha and level of investment necessary for realization of this yield, it is clear that the majority of family farms had loss in wheat production. The results of this study suggest that the economic status of the wheat production depends on the yield and achieved sales price, as well as on the amount of applied production factors and price level for their purchasing., Poljoprivredni proizvođači u Srbiji suočavaju se sa velikim brojem izazova koji prete da značajno ugroze njihovo poslovanje. Jedini put za poboljšanje profitabilnosti i unapređenje konkurentnosti u takvim uslovima je kontinuirano praćenje i ocenjivanje ostvarenih rezultata. Imajući to u vidu u radu je izvršena ekonomska analiza proizvodnje pšenice na porodičnim gazdinstvima, a sve u cilju što uspešnijeg formulisanja odgovora na pitanje da li je i pod kojim uslovima ova proizvodnja profitabilna. Kako bi se istraživana problematika što potpunije sagledala izvršena su istraživanja na odabranim porodičnim gazdinstvima. Prikupljeni podaci obrađeni su pomoću kalkulativnog računskog postupka u svrhu utvrđivanja osnovnih ekonomskih pokazatelja uspešnosti proizvodnje pšenice. Na osnovu ostvarenih finansijskih rezultata može se konstatovati da uz prodajnu cenu od 10,000 dinara po toni profitabilnu proizvodnju imaju samo ona gazdinstva koja su uz odgovarajući nivo ulaganja ostvarila prinos veći od 7,5 t/ ha. Imajući u vidu da je ostvareni prosečan prinos pšenice na porodičnim gazdinstvima u Republici Srbiji u 2009. godini 3,58 t/ha i potreban nivo ulaganja za njegovo ostvarenje onda je sasvim jasno da je najveći broj gazdinstava ostvario gubitak u proizvodnji pšenice. Rezultati sprovedenog istraživanja sugerišu da je ekonomski položaj ove proizvodnje uslovljen visinom ostvarenog prinosa i ostvarenom prodajnom cenom, kao i količinom primenjenih činilaca proizvodnje i nivoom cena za njihovo pribavljanje.

Agricultural producers are currently facing with a large number of challenges that significantly influence their business activities. This fact must be accepted, and producers have to be properly prepared for the new business conditions. According to that it's the time that many of them asked how the current situation is reflected in their farms and what to do in the future. Bearing this in mind, a family farm model was used for optimization of sowing structure under unstable business conditions and to detect the most significant factors influencing this process. The presented results of this study suggest that is possible to eliminate limitation in their operations and increase profitability., Poljoprivredni proizvođači trenutno se suočavaju sa velikim brojem izazova koji prete da značajno ugroze njihovo poslovanje. Ova činjenica se mora prihvatiti, a oni ozbiljno pripremiti za nove uslove poslovanja. U vezi sa tim vreme je da se mnogi od njih zapitaju kako će se trenutna situacija odraziti na njihova gazdinstva i šta dalje činiti. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog istraživanja je da se koristeći model porodičnog gazdinstva izvrši optimiranje strukture setve u nestabilnim uslovima poslovanja, da se otkriju najvažniji faktori koji na to utiču i sagleda njihov uticaj. Na bazi sprovedenih istraživanja može se zaključiti da je primenom definisanog pristupa u realnim uslovima moguće otkloniti ograničenja u poslovanju porodičnih gazdinstava i pospešiti njihovu profitabilnost.

Znanje predstavlja primarni faktor razvoja i zato samo ona društva koja to blagovremeno uoče i omoguće njegov transfer do vlasnika porodičnih gazdinstava mogu računati na razvoj poljoprivredne proizvodnje. S tim u vezi, naučna istraživanja i rešenja koja se ne prenose na kvalitetan način do poljoprivrednika nisu svrsishodna. U današnje vreme, pristup tržištu imaju samo konkurentni, tačnije ekonomski jaki učesnici, koji ostvaruju profitabilnu proizvodnju, a ekonomske efekte ovako profitabilne proizvodnje ulažu u nova znanja, inovacije, savremenu tehnologiju, opremu i marketing. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog rada je da ukaže na međusobnu povezanost znanja i obrazovanja sa jedne strane i razvoja porodičnih gazdinstava i poljoprivrede uopšte sa druge strane, kao i da ukaže na značaj znanja za unapređenje konkurentnosti porodičnih gazdinstava. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja može se konstatovati da viši nivo obrazovanja znači i uspešnije suočavanje sa izazovima.

Snažan impuls uvođenju permanentne i sistematske evidencije poljoprivrednih gazdinstava dolazi od procesa pridruživanja EU. Postojanje podataka o poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima je preduslov za sprovođenje uspešne agrarne politike. Nedostatak ove vrste informacija ima za posledicu donošenje stihijskih podsticajnih mera koje ne daju adekvatne rezultate. U Registar je već upisan značajan broj poljoprivrednih gazdinstava što je posledica činjenice da je upis u Registar uslov za ostvarivanje prava na bilo koju vrstu državnih podsticaja u poljoprivredi. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog istraživanja je da se izvrši analiza podataka o broju i organizacionim oblicima poljoprivrednih gazdinstava sa područja AP Vojvodine upisanih u Registar. Prezentovani rezultati mogu pomoći kreiranju i implementaciji adekvatne agrarne politike – mera podsticaja koje će prepoznati i ukloniti slabe tačke domaćeg agrara sa ciljem transformacije poljoprivrede u moderan i tržišno uspešan sektor.

Proces prilagođavanja porodičnih gazdinstava zahtevima moderne tržišne ekonomije uveliko je u toku. Njihov opstanak direktno je povezan sa sposobnošću da učestvuju kako na nacionalnom tako i na globalnom tržištu. Međutim, pristup tržištu imaju samo konkurentni učesnici, tačnije oni koji svoje ograničene resurse koriste efikasno, i koji neprestano ulažu u nova znanja, inovacije, savremenu tehnologiju, opremu i marketing. Cilj rada je da se definišu i primenom SWOT analize bliže ispitaju poslovna ograničenja i potencijali porodičnih gazdinstava navodeći njihove Prednosti (Strengths), Slabosti (Weaknesses), Mogućnosti (Opportunities) i Pretnje (Threats). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je na ovaj način moguće otkloniti ograničenja u poslovanju porodičnih gazdinstava, pospešiti njihovu profitabilnost, unaprediti konkurentnost i održati pozicije na tržištu u uslovima sve jače konkurencije.

Problems that occur when processing the soil with heavy mechanical type of composition can not be solved without changing the existing cultivation system. Soils with heavy mechanical type of composition demand a cultivation system that ensures preservation of natural potential and fertility resources. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this research is to examine the economic consequences of applying new types of machines and tools for the arrangement of soil's surface and depth, then to detect the most important factors influencing this and finally to contribute successfully to the formulation of the answers on questions is their use profitable and under what conditions. The results of this study suggest that is possible to expect the positive effects of applying new technologies and new machines and tools for the arrangement of soil's surface and depth., Problemi koji se javljaju pri obradi zemljišta sa teškim mehaničkim sastavom ne mogu se rešiti bez promene postojeće tehnologije obrade zemljišta. To podrazumeva primenu novih tehnologija obrade i novih mašina i oruđa, koji treba da obezbede optimalnu potrošnju pogonske energije, rada i ostalih resursa, a da se pri tome obezbedi maksimalno iskorišćavanje prirodnog potencijala plodnosti zemljišta i rodnosti biljaka. Zbog toga sve više raste značaj istraživanja problema vezanih za ovu oblast, pri čemu se nikako ne sme zapostaviti ekonomski aspekt. Imajući to u vidu cilj ovog rada je da se sa ekonomskog aspekta sagledaju efekti i posledice primene novih tehnologija i novih mašina i oruđa za uređenje zemljišta po površini i dubini kao i da se utvrde najvažniji faktori od kojih zavisi isplativost njihove primene uz nastojanje da se na taj način doprinese što uspešnijem formulisanju odgovora na pitanje da li je i pod kojim uslovima njihova primena opravdana. Na osnovu dosadašnjih rezultata istraživanja moguće je očekivati pozitivne efekte primene analiziranih mašina i oruđa što je od presudne važnosti prilikom donošenja odluke o opravdanosti njihovog uvođenja.

Poljoprivreda Srbije suočava se sa velikim brojem izazova koji značajno utiču na njen razvoj. Oni se, pre svega, ogledaju u tržišnoj liberalizaciji i globalizaciji ekonomskih kretanja. Mogućnost da poljoprivreda Srbije opstane u budućnosti, posebno sa ulaskom u EU, direktno je povezana sa njenom sposobnošću da učestvuje na evropskom i svetskom tržištu. Međutim, pristup tržištu imaju samo konkurentni, tačnije ekonomski jaki učesnici, koji ostvaruju profitabilnu proizvodnju, a ekonomske efekte ovako profitabilne proizvodnje ulažu u nova znanja, inovacije, savremenu tehnologiju, opremu i marketing. Da bi bila spremna da uspešno učestvuje u procesima globalizacije u svetskoj privredi, da izbegne sve njene negativne posledice, a da maksimalno iskoristi mogućnosti koje joj otvara, poljoprivreda Srbije mora koristiti rezultate tehničko-tehnološkog progresa, a naročito rezultate naučnih istraživanja. Celokupan razvoj poljoprivrede Srbije danas u najvećoj meri zavisi od razvoja privatnih poljoprivrednih gazdinstava, jer je opšte poznata činjenica da ona raspolažu sa najvećim delom proizvodnih potencijala. U celini posmatrano, poljoprivredna proizvodnja na ovim gazdinstvima je nedovoljno razvijena. Složenost pitanja unapređenja poljoprivredne proizvodnje na njima proizilazi iz činjenice da je potrebno rešavati ne samo tehničko-tehnološke, već i organizaciono-ekonomske i društvene probleme. U svakom slučaju, evidentno je da na njima postoje značajne rezerve resursa koje nisu dovoljno iskorišćene. Jedan od načina poboljšanja iskorišćavanja raspoloživih resursa je optimiranje strukture proizvodnje u skladu sa raspoloživim kapacitetima i objektivno postojećim ograničenjima. Da bi poljoprivredni proizvođač, kao pojedinac bio konkurentan, mora koristiti svoje ograničene resurse efikasno i efektno. Celishodnim izborom strukture proizvodnje, racionalnim korišćenjem zemljišta, rada i kapitala, poslovanje poljoprivrednog gazdinstva može postati profitabilnije, a uslovi života članova d, Knowledge presents the primary factor of development and therefore only those societies which are quick to educate their farm owners, can count on development of agricultural production. Scientific findings and solutions which are not properly passed on to agricultural producers are not useful at all. Nowadays, only the most competitive producers have market access. Those producers are financially strong and independent, realize profitable production and invest in research, innovation, modern technology, equipment and marketing. This study emphasizes mutual relation between science and education, on one hand, and development of agriculture and farms, on the other. Another objective is to indicate the significance and role of models in agro-economic research. The results of this study suggest that the graduates with Agro economic degree possess the wide range of knowledge and skills; from technicaltechnological, organizational, economic, to purely mathematical and statistical. They have the capacity to cope with decision making problems in everyday business, where the models that they are familiar with present a very useful tool.

Odnosi među ljudima predstavljaju kritičan faktor uspeha bilo kakvog posla. Kada dve ili više generacija blisko sarađuju na gazdinstvu, gotovo svakodnevno dolazi do pojave sukoba. Neki od njih su malih razmera i jednostavno ih je kontrolisati, dok su drugi većih i zahtevaju izradu strategije za uspešno rešavanje, u suprotnom postaju izvor stalne napetosti u porodici. Znati kako kontrolisati i rešavati takve sukobe je od posebnog značaja za opšti uspeh gazdinstva. Međutim, sukob nije nužno loš, jer umerena doza sukoba može biti korisna, posebno ako podstiče radoznalost i maštu i ublažava monotoniju i dosadu. Da bi dve ili više generacija uspešno upravljale gazdinstvom, neophodno je da svi odrasli članovi porodice budu uključeni u proces odlučivanja. To podrazumeva stvaranje takvog okruženja u kome su sve strane usmerene ka postizanju zajedničkih ciljeva. Kada se ciljevi i vrednosti razlikuju, posebna pažnja se mora posvetiti postizanju kompromisa, zato što nakon toga sukobi u upravljanju nestaju. Porodice u kojima postoji otvorena komunikacija, zajedničko donošenje odluka i dugoročno planiranje, lakše prevazilaze sukobe nego one sa nerazvijenom komunikacijom, autoritativnim donošenjem odluka i planiranjem danas za sutra.

Risk assessment and the implementation of measures for a healthy and safe work before the employee starts working, is the basic principle of the prevention of occupational injuries, occupational diseases and diseases related to work. Bearing that in mind, the goal of this paper is to describe the activities of employers and employees in the field of health, safety and wellbeing of employees in a particular business system as well as to measure progress in safety management by analysing data on occupational injuries, occupational diseases and diseases related to work. The research conducted in this paper is based on information and data collected from the public company 'Vojvodinašume' and on the description from literature sources. For the purpose of processing the collected data, we used descriptive statistical methods and the data proper are presented graphically and in tabular form in order to facilitate analysis and comparison. Results of the research showed that the number of occupational injuries in the public company 'Vojvodinašume' in the period from 2004 to 2013 reduced, particularly the number of minor injuries. However, the public company 'Vojvodinašume', in addition to reducing the number of minor injuries, is obliged to eliminate major and fatal occupational injuries, as well as to enable effective prevention of the occurrence of occupational diseases and diseases related to work., Procena rizika i primena mera za zdrav i bezbedan rad pre početka rada zaposlenog na radnom mestu, jeste osnovni princip prevencije od povreda na radu, profesionalnih oboljenja i oboljenja u vezi sa radom. Imajući to u vidu, cilj ovog rada je da prikaže aktivnosti poslodavca i zaposlenih u oblasti zdravlja, bezbednosti i dobrobiti zaposlenih u konkretnom poslovnom sistemu i da se analizom podataka o povredama na radu, profesionalnim oboljenjima i oboljenjima u vezi sa radom izmeri napredak u upravljanju bezbednošću. Sprovedena istraživanja u ovom radu zasnovana su na informacijama i podacima prikupljenim iz javnog preduzeća 'Vojvodinašume' i na opisu iz literaturnih izvora. Za obradu prikupljenih podataka korišćeni su deskriptivni statistički metodi, a sami podaci predstavljeni su grafički i tabelarno u cilju njihove lakše analize i komparacije. Rezultati sprovedenog istraživanja pokazali su da se broj povreda na radu u javnom preduzeću 'Vojvodinašume' u periodu od 2004. do 2013. godine smanjio i to naročito lakih povreda. Međutim, javno preduzeće 'Vojvodinašume' pored smanjivanja broja lakših povreda, ima posebnu obavezu da eliminiše teže i smrtne povrede na radu, kao i da omogući da efektna preventiva spreči pojavu profesionalnih oboljenja i oboljenja u vezi sa radom.

The efficiency in crop production depends on, on the one hand, achieved yields and selling prices (production value) and, on the other hand, on the incurred production costs. These data suggest different economic indicators which indicate the efficiency of farm operations. Data on the basic parameters of production were collected using the method of survey, which was conducted during the five-year period (2009-2013) on the selected 40 family farms ( lt 100 ha), divided into five groups, each consisting of 8 farms, oriented exclusively towards crop production in the region of two municipalities in the South Banat District. Production efficiency and rational usage of available resources of observed family farms were measured by calculating their profit including state incentives for agriculture and evaluating their own resources engaged in the production., Uspešnost u ratarskoj proizvodnji zavisi, s jedne strane, od ostvarenih prinosa i ostvarenih prodajnih cena (vrednosti proizvodnje), i s druge strane od učinjenih troškova proizvodnje. Na osnovu ovih podataka dolazi se do različitih ekonomskih pokazatelja kojima se iskazuje uspešnost poslovanja gazdinstva. Podaci o osnovnim parametrima proizvodnje prikupljeni su metodom ankete, koja je sprovođena poslednjih pet godina (2009-2013.) na odabranih 40 porodičnih gazdinstava veličine do 100 ha, razvrstanih u pet grupa, usmerenih isključivo na ratarsku proizvodnju sa područja dve opštine Južno-banatskog okruga. Efikasnost proizvodnje i racionalnost korišćenja raspoloživih resursa posmatranih porodičnih gazdinstava merena je izračunavanjem njihovog profita sa uključivanjem u obračun državnih podsticaja za poljoprivedu i vrednovanjem sopstvenih resursa angažovanih za proizvodnju.