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Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt Zukunftsbilder Öffentlicher Bibliotheken in Deutschland im Jahr 2040 in Form von explorativen Szenarien vor. Diese werfen den Blick in mögliche Zukünfte. Szenarien dienen als Denkwerkzeuge, die helfen, in Alternativen zu denken. Sie sind aber weder Vorhersagen noch Prognosen, sondern bestehen aus plausiblen Annahmen und Trends, die kombiniert werden. Die Entwicklung der vier Szenarien folgt einem mehrstufigen methodischen Vorgehen, das auf einer qualitativen Erhebung von Trends unter den Leitungspersonen deutscher Bibliotheken basiert. Ziel der hier vorgestellten Szenarien ist es, zur Diskussion anzuregen und dazu einzuladen, die eigene Perspektive durch das Denken in Alternativen zu erweitern.

Die aktuelle Situation, in der sich die Welt einer Pandemie ausgesetzt sieht, zeig einmal mehr, dass sich die Zukunft nicht vorhersagen lässt. Zukunftsforschung bietet Bibliotheken jedoch die Chance, zukünftige Folgen der Pandemie besser einzuschätzen, sich auf möglicherweise eintretende Ereignisse vorzubereiten und bereits heute Strategien für morgen zu entwickeln. Der folgende Beitrag präsentiert verschiedene Methoden der Zukunftsforschung und gibt Antwort darauf, was Zukunftsforschung für Bibliotheken leisten kann. Zudem werden Trends aus Zukunftsreports vorgestellt, die sich momentan am Horizont der Bibliothekswelt andeuten. The current situation in which the world is facing a pandemic shows once again that the future is unpredictable. Futurology offers libraries the opportunity to better assess the future consequences of the pandemic, to prepare for possible events and to develop strategies for tomorrow today. The following article presents various methods of futurology and provides answers to what futurology can do for libraries. It also presents various trends from futures reports that are currently emerging in the library world.

Flying insects employ elegant optical-flow-based strategies to solve complex tasks such as landing or obstacle avoidance. Roboticists have mimicked these strategies on flying robots with only limited success, because optical flow (1) cannot disentangle distance from velocity and (2) is less informative in the highly important flight direction. Here, we propose a solution to these fundamental shortcomings by having robots learn to estimate distances to objects by their visual appearance. The learning process obtains supervised targets from a stability-based distance estimation approach. We have successfully implemented the process on a small flying robot. For the task of landing, it results in faster, smooth landings. For the task of obstacle avoidance, it results in higher success rates at higher flight speeds. Our results yield improved robotic visual navigation capabilities and lead to a novel hypothesis on insect intelligence: behaviours that were described as optical-flow-based and hardwired actually benefit from learning processes. Autonomous flight is challenging for small flying robots, given the limited space for sensors and on-board processing capabilities, but a promising approach is to mimic optical-flow-based strategies of flying insects. A new development improves this technique, enabling smoother landings and better obstacle avoidance, by giving robots the ability to learn to estimate distances to objects by their visual appearance.

We investigated the formation of Artemia franciscana swarms of freshly hatched instar I nauplii larvae. Nauplii were released into light gradients but then interrupted by light-direction changes, small obstacles, or long barriers. All experiments were carried out horizontally. Each experiment used independent replicates. Freshly produced Artemia broods were harvested from independent incubators thus providing true replicate cohorts of Artemia subjected as replicates to the experimental treatments. We discovered that Artemia nauplii swarms can: 1. repeatedly react to non-obstructed light gradients that undergo repeated direction-changes and do so in a consistent way, 2. find their way to a light source within maze-like arrangements made from small transparent obstacles, 3. move as a swarm around extended transparent barriers, following a light gradient. This paper focuses on the recognition of whole-swarm behaviors, the description thereof and the recognition of differences in whole-swarm movements comparing non-obstructed swarming with swarms encountering obstacles. Investigations of the within-swarm behaviors of individual Artemia nauplii and their interactions with neighboring nauplii are in progress, e.g. in order to discover the underlying swarming algorithms and differences thereof comparing non-obstructed vs. obstructed pathways.

ZusammenfassungDer mit der Digitalisierung verbundene gesellschaftliche Transformationsprozess wirkt sich auch auf die Gestaltung von Studiengängen aus. Basierend auf Erkenntnissen der Ad-Hoc-AG „Curriculum 4.0“ des Hochschulforums Digitalisierung sowie ihrer Curriculumentwicklungsprojekte im Rahmen der Förderlinie „Curriculum 4.0“ des Stifterverbands für die Deutsche Wissenschaft diskutieren die Autorin und der Autor dieses Beitrags drei Herausforderungen für die Weiterentwicklung von Curricula: den Stellenwert der Digitalisierung als kompetenzorientierter Lerninhalt (2), die Flexibilisierung von Curricula innerhalb von Akkreditierungszyklen zur Integration von digitalkompetenzorientierten Lernzielen und Lehr-Lern-Formen (3) sowie die digitale Kompetenzentwicklung der Lehrenden (4). Der Beitrag bietet einen fachlichen Überblick sowie Reflexionsimpulse für die praktische (Weiter-)Entwicklung von Studiengängen.

Die Digitalisierung – in Form von neuen Technologien, intelligenten Systemen, neuen Medienlandschaften und einer Zunahme verfugbarer Daten – hat das Potenzial Arbeit und Gesellschaft tiefgreifend zu verandern. Das Bildungssystem sieht sich durch die Digitalisierung an verschiedensten Stellen herausgefordert

Teamwork and cooperation are important 21st century skills and therefore important parts of the higher education curriculum. Following Kolb's ‘experiential learning cycle' model a combination of project work and moderated reflection can help students to acquire these skills. This article elaborates how LEGO® Serious Play® (LSP) an be used to stimulate and moderate student's reflection on their teamwork skills in the setting of a university course. A focus is placed on the process and goals of the LSP method, the implementation in the workshop and the benefits of using LSP for this reason.

After finishing a traditional (theory/tool-orientated) class on PM, students do not necessarily understand the connection between the phases and the overall need for PM. Therefore, a game was designed to let the students experience and reflect the challenges of project work. The game is an adaptation of the “egg-dropping-challenge” (Cp. e.g. http://eggdropproject.org/). The challenge is to create a structure for a raw egg that protects it from cracking at a specific height of a fall. This challenge is in my version integrated in a comprehensive project cycle. The pen portrait describes the idea of the game and the implementation.

The conventional quantitative method for the analysis of inorganic elements in polymer matrices is a complex and time consuming process that presents a significant risk for error. Typically, polymers are digested in a microwave oven or other devices under high temperature and pressure for several hours while employing different mixtures of high purity acids. In many cases, particularly when high concentrations of doped elements are present, the digestion is often incomplete and therefore the reproducibility depends strongly on the type of polymer and additives used. A promising alternative technology that allows for the direct analysis of these polymers without digestion is laser ablation ICP-MS. Due to a lack of available reference materials and the presence of matrix dependent effects, a precise calibration cannot be obtained. In order to compensate for the matrix dependent effects the use of internal standardization is necessary. In this study the correlation between the carbon released during the ablation process and the 13C signal detected by ICP-MS and its use as an internal standard are investigated. For this purpose, twenty-one virgin polymer materials are ablated; the released carbon is determined and correlated with the corresponding integrated 13C signal. The correlation resulted in a direct relationship between the ablated carbon and 13C signal demonstrating the potential ability to neglect at least some of the matrix dependent and transport effects which occur during the laser ablation of virgin polymers.

Der Begriff der Kompetenz umfasst eine Reihe an Dimensionen: komplexes Wissen, Fertigkeiten, Fähigkeiten sowie motivationale Orientierungen und (Wert-)Haltung. Während die ersten drei genannten Dimensionen stets Teil des Diskurses über Kompetenzen sind, werden Motivation und (Wert-)Haltung allzu häufig übersehen. Gerade mit Blick auf sich verändernde Kompetenzprofile im Zuge des digitalen Wandels erhält diese Dimension allerdings einen zentralen Stellenwert.

Im Text wird beschrieben, wie die Nutzung der Historischen Methode Studierende aller Fächer beim kompetenten Umgang mit nicht genuin wissenschaftlichen Quellen aus dem WWW unterstützen kann.

Desert ants Cataglyphis fortis have been shown to be able to employ two mechanisms of dis- tance estimation: exploiting both optic Xow and propri- oceptive information. This study aims at understanding possible interactions between the two possibly redun- dant mechanisms of distance estimation. We ask whether in Cataglyphis the obviously minor contribu- tion of optic Xow would increase or even take over completely if the ants were deprived of reliable propri- oceptive information. In various experimental para- digms ants were subjected to passive horizontal displacements during which they perceived optic Xow, but were prohibited from active locomotion. The results show that in desert ants active locomotion is essential for providing the ants' odometer and hence its path integrator with the necessary information.

Eine der Grundvoraussetzungen fur erfolgreiches agiles Arbeiten ist eine gelungene Kommunikation zwischen den beteiligten Stakeholdern. Im Beitrag wird mit LEGO Serious Play (LSP) eine Methode vorgestellt, die sich fur die Gestaltung von Kommunikationsprozessen im agilen Umfeld eignet. Zunachst werden der theoretische Hintergrund und das Vorgehen bei LSP vorgestellt. Darauf aufbauend werden (erprobte) Einsatzszenarien aus dem offentlichen Sektor diskutiert.

BACKGROUND: In cartilage repair, scaffold-assisted single-step techniques are used to improve the cartilage regeneration. Nevertheless, the fixation of cartilage implants represents a challenge in orthopaedics, particularly in the moist conditions that pertain during arthroscopic surgery. Within the animal kingdom a broad range of species has developed working solutions to intermittent adhesion under challenging conditions. Using a top-down approach we identified promising mechanisms for biomimetic transfer. OBJECTIVE: The tree-frog adhesive system served as a test case to analyze the adhesion capacity of a polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffold with and without a structural modification in a bovine articular cartilage defect model. METHODS: To this end, PGA implants were modified with a simplified foot-pad structure and evaluated on femoral articular bovine cartilage lesions. Non-structured PGA scaffolds were used as control. Both implants were pressed on 20 mm × 20 mm full-thickness femoral cartilage defects using a dynamometer. RESULTS: The structured scaffolds showed a higher adhesion capacity on the cartilage defect than the non-structured original scaffolds. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the adhesion ability can be increased by means of biomimetic structured surfaces without the need of additional chemical treatment and thus significantly facilitate primary fixation procedures.

Wie plane ich meine Lehrveranstaltung und was muss ich dabei beachten? Diese Fragen beschäftigen vor Beginn jedes Semesters Lehrende der Geschichtswissenschaft und angrenzender Disziplinen an deutschen Hochschulen. Der vorliegende Band gibt hierzu theoretisch fundierte und praxisorientierte Hilfestellungen. Der komplexe Prozess der Planung wird entlang folgender Schritte strukturiert: • Rahmenbedingungen der geplanten Lehrveranstaltung kennen und Lernziele bestimmen • Lernvoraussetzungen eruieren und Lehre lernorientiert gestalten • Prüfungsmodalitäten festlegen • Lehrinhalte und Lehrmethoden auswählen • Planung des Gesamtsemesters • Planung einzelner Sitzungen • Reflexion und Anpassung im Laufe bzw. nach Ende des Semesters

Qualitative und kulturelle Veranderungen im Bereich Lehre an Hochschulen zu steuern und zu organisieren ist ein komplexes Unterfangen. Die Erfahrungen an deutschen staatlichen Hochschulen zeigen, dass aufgrund der Organisationsform (kollegialer Aufbau, Freiheit von Forschung und Lehre etc.) Druck oft nicht zum Ziel fuhrt. Stattdessen wird vermehrt versucht mit Veranderungsanreizen, wie etwa Incentives oder Lehrpreisen (Tremp, 2010), zu arbeiten und so Veranderungen zu stimulieren. Auf nationaler Ebene hat sich in Deutschland der Stifterverband fur die Deutsche Wissenschaft in den letzten Jahren mit Ansatzen profiliert, die genau diese Zielrichtung verfolgen.

Neuromorphic architectures to robust and adaptive navigation based on visual clues have been proposed as automated landing systems. In particular, constant-optic-flow descents have been studied in relation to their bioinspired nature and to their promise for a substantial hardware and software simplification. The main body of work on the topic considers Earth-based systems as applications, such as micro air vehicles, and has only lately looked at planetary landings, but never in relation to their mass optimality. In this paper, constant-optic-flow descents are studied with respect to optimality, first from a theoretical point of view using Pontryagin’s maximum principle and then performing a numerical investigation on some selected cases (Apollo-like) anda comparison with unconstrained descents. The propellant mass introduced by forcing a constant optic flow during a lunar descent is estimated for typical high-gate/low-gate conditions. The effect of constraining the spacecraft pitch law during the constant-optic-flow descent is also studied, showing that an optimal pitch law is essential to lower the overall mass consumption and that linear or exponential laws may not be adequate. A guidance algorithm is then presented and discussed for use in automated planetary landing when a constant optic flow is regulated.

In the space environment the absence of gravity calls for constant safe attachment of any loose object, but the low-pressure conditions prohibit the use of glue-type adhesives. The attachment system of freely hunting spiders, e.g. Evarcha arcuata, employs van der Waals forces and mechanical interlocking. Furthermore, detachment is achieved passively and requires little force. Hence, the spider serves as a model for a versatile legged robot for space applications, e.g. on the outer surface of a space station. In this paper, we analyse the dry attachment systems ofE. arcuataand geckos as well as the kinematics of freely hunting spiders. We generalise the results of biological studies on spider locomotion and mobility, including the major movement and the position constraints set by the dry adhesion system. From these results, we define a simplified spider model and study the overall kinematics of the legs both in flight and in contact with the surface. The kinematic model, the data on spider gait characteristics and the adhesion constraints are implemented in a kinematic simulator. The simulator results confirm the principal functionality of our concept.

In dry attachment systems of spiders and geckos, van der Waals forces mediate attraction between substrate and animal tarsus. In particular, the scopula of Evarcha arcuata spiders allows for reversible attachment and easy detachment to a broad range of surfaces. Hence, reproducing the scopula's roughness compatibility while maintaining anti-bunching features and dirt particle repellence behavior is a central task for a biomimetic transfer to an engineered model. In the present work we model the scopula of E. arcuata from a mechano-elastic point of view analyzing the influence of its hierarchical structure on the attachment behavior. By considering biological data of the gecko and spider, and the simulation results, the adhesive capabilities of the two animals are compared and important confirmations and new directives in order to reproduce the overall structure are found. Moreover, a possible suggestion of how the spider detaches in an easy and fast manner is proposed and supported by the results.