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Chronic nonresolving inflammatory syndrome is a major disease feature in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Systemic inflammation promotes the growth of the JAK2-V617F+ hematopoietic stem cell clone and is associated with constitutive symptoms (eg, fever, cachexia, and fatigue). Therefore, it is being discussed whether anti-inflammatory therapy, in addition to the well-established JAK inhibitor therapy, may be beneficial in the control of constitutive symptoms. Moreover, effective control of the inflammatory microenvironment may contribute to prevent transformation into secondary myelofibrosis and acute leukemia. Given the pivotal role of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in MPN and the distinct roles of TNF-α receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2 in inflammation, we investigated the therapeutic effects of αTNFR1 and αTNFR2 antibody treatment in MPN-like disease using the JAK2+/VF knock-in mouse model. Peripheral blood counts, bone marrow/spleen histopathology, and inflammatory cytokine levels in serum were investigated. αTNFR2 antibody treatment decreased white blood cells and modulated the serum levels of several cytokines [CXCL2, CXCL5, interleukin-12(p40)], as well as of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but they lacked efficacy to ameliorate hematocrit and splenomegaly. αTNFR1 antibody treatment resulted in the mild suppression of elevated hematocrit of −10.7% and attenuated splenomegaly (22% reduction in spleen weight). In conclusion, our studies show that TNFR1 and TNFR2 play different roles in the biology of JAK2-V617F–induced disease that may be of relevance in future therapeutic settings.

Introduction: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are characterized by monoclonal proliferation of myeloid cells. The clinical presentation of classic BCR-ABL negative MPN includes blood count changes, splenomegaly, chronic inflammation and, prognostically relevant, thrombosis. Within polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, the most frequent genetic alteration is the point mutation V617F (VF) in the Jak2 gene. Due to an activation of leucocyte β1 and β2 integrins, in particular on neutrophils, JAK2-VF is driving thrombus formation (Edelmann et al., JCI, 2018). Thus, understanding the role of neutrophils within JAK2-VF-positive MPN is of special interest. We developed a murine JAK2-VF Catchup model of MPN that is characterized by the neutrophil-specific expression of JAK2-VF in combination with the fluorescent protein tdTomato allowing in-vivo two-photon microscopy. Neutrophil-specificity was achieved through a knock-in allele of Cre recombinase and tdTomato replacing exon 1 of Ly6G (Hasenberg et al., Nat Methods, 2015). Methods: The murine JAK2-VF Catchup model was developed by crossing JAK2+/loxP-VF-loxP mice and Ly6G+/Cre-tdTomato CatchupIVM-red mice. Experiments were performed in 12 weeks old JAK2+/loxP-VF-loxP Ly6G+/Cre-tdTomato CatchupIVM-red (JAK2+/VF Catchup) mice (n=5) and JAK2+/+ Ly6G+/Cre-tdTomato CatchupIVM-red (JAK2+/+ Catchup) mice (n=5) as wildtype (WT) controls. Whole blood cell counts and spleen weight were determined. Bone marrow (BM) cells were harvested from hind limbs followed by isolation of granulocytes using negative selection. In order to determine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), BM and spleen cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry (FC). Using ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin, each with and without Fc-tag, adhesion properties of the isolated granulocytes were examined by either FC or microplate reader analysis. The expression of β1 integrin was further analyzed by FC. Results and Discussion: JAK2+/VF Catchup mice showed a slight but significant increase in platelet counts [1544±58.02 Gpt/l; WT: 1190±90.50 Gpt/l; p=0.011], with the mean value still remaining within the normal range. Hematocrit, red blood cell, white blood cell and neutrophil count as well as spleen weight were also within the normal range showing no differences from their WT controls. Interestingly, neutrophil and platelet counts of JAK2+/VF Catchup mice significantly correlated with one another [p=0.0251; R2=0.8529]. MPN-typical changes in number and composition of c-Kit+ HSPCs in either BM or spleen could not be found in JAK2+/VF Catchup mice. Directly compared to reliably MPN-developing Vav-1-Cre JAK2+/VF mice, JAK2+/VF Catchup mice showed significantly less megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP), Lin- Sca1+ c-Kit+ (LSK) and multipotent progenitor cells (MPP) in the BM. In spleen of JAK2+/VF Catchup mice, the fractions of Lin- c-Kit+ (LK) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GMP) were significantly lower compared to Vav-1-Cre JAK2+/VF mice. Thus, the neutrophil-specific JAK2-VF mutation does not lead to apparent numerical or compositional changes of HSPCs. These results show that a neutrophil-specific JAK2-VF mutation is not sufficient to induce a characteristic phenotype of JAK2-VF-positive MPN. The expression of β1 integrin on granulocytes was significantly increased in JAK2+/VF Catchup mice [fold change vs. control; 1.126±0.041; WT: 1.0±0.011; p=0.0194]. Unexpectedly, despite increased β1 integrin expression, the binding of granulocytes from JAK2+/VF Catchup mice to either ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin or P-selectin corresponded to that of their WT controls. Static adhesion and soluble ligand binding assays showed similar results. Since adhesion of granulocytes appeared unchanged in-vitro, we hypothesize that expression of JAK2-VF in neutrophils is not sufficient to overactivate integrins but secondary extrinsic signals (e.g. cytokines) may play a dominant role. Further experimentation is under way to elucidate this molecular mechanism. Conclusions: In order to dissect the properties of JAK2-VF-positive neutrophils, the JAK2-VF Catchup model represents a promising murine model of MPN. Herewith, the initiation of thrombosis and the development of other granulocyte-driven disease manifestations of JAK2-VF induced MPN can be thoroughly examined. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.