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Although situated at the geographic margin of the early modern Atlantic World, the Pacific coast of Peru was an important region in the development of African diasporic material culture. Adopting an interdisciplinary material historical approach, we present the first systematic discussion of the known Afro-Atlantic-style tobacco pipes to be archaeologically recovered in Peru. Eighteen Afro-Atlantic-style tobacco pipes or pipe sherds dating to Peru's Spanish colonial period have been identified across sites in the coastal cities of Lima and Trujillo and from a vineyard hacienda in rural Nasca. Tobacco pipes are among the most recognized and debated forms of early modern Atlantic African and diasporic expressions of material culture, as such, they present a powerful entry point to understanding the aesthetic consequences of colonial projects and diverse articulations across the Atlantic World. The material history of Afro-Atlantic smoking culture exemplifies how aesthetics moved between localities and developed diasporic entanglements. In addition to the formal analysis and visual description of the pipes, we examine historical documentation and the work of nineteenth-century Afro-Peruvian watercolorist Francisco (Pancho) Fierro to better understand the aesthetics of Afro-Andean smoking culture in Spanish colonial and early Republican Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco quickly found favour in Japan after its introduction in the late sixteenth century, leading to the development of the kiseru—a distinctive Japanese tobacco pipe. Building upon a long-standing tradition of concealing weapons within a variety of mundane objects, tobacco pipes and smokers' accessories were soon modified to incorporate hidden spikes, blades, and even firearms. This short article, believed to be the first detailed assessment in the English language, explores the fascinating world of these covert self-defence tools. Through the examination of select artefacts, historical sources, and popular culture, this study provides a concise overview of these objects, shedding light on their design and purpose, and situating them within the broader Japanese arms and armour tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of waterpipe tobaccos available for retail sale on the US market are relatively unknown compared with more popular products such as cigarettes. Indeed, the phrase "waterpipe tobaccos" is used only in some governmental regulations and in journal articles dealing with regulatory aspects of those products. Commercially, the terms "shisha", "hookah tobaccos", and "flavored tobaccos" are used. In addition to the differences in commercial terminology, there is also confusion about the composition of such tobaccos, with the term "waterpipe tobacco" also being applied to products on the market that do not contain enough glycerol to prevent combustion during use. Therefore, during the past several years, 40 samples of shisha products on the US market were sent to an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory for the determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, fructose, glucose, and sucrose, in addition to the usual tobacco analytes and water using the Karl Fischer method. Moreover, two surrogate samples of shisha tobacco, one based on flue-cured tobacco and the other based on dark air-cured tobacco, were analyzed by the same laboratory along with samples of the starting tobaccos. The main finding from these analyses was that there were two very different types of shisha tobaccos on the market. One type was based on dark air-cured tobacco and the other type was based on flue-cured tobacco. Among the brand-styles based on flue-cured tobacco, some had higher levels of glycerol and lower levels of added sugars than others that had higher added sugars and lower levels of glycerol. Another important point of differentiation was that the products based on dark air-cured tobacco had much smaller tobacco particle sizes than did those based on flue-cured tobacco. The results of this research as well as other research that will be presented in two subsequent reports showed that waterpipe tobaccos cannot be considered as a single product category. This is particularly true for the determination of emissions using the instrumentation specified in ISO 22486:2019 (Water pipe tobacco smoking machine — Definitions and standard conditions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although situated at the geographic margin of the early modern Atlantic World, the Pacific coast of Peru was an important region in the development of African diasporic material culture. Adopting an interdisciplinary material historical approach, we present the first systematic discussion of the known Afro-Atlantic-style tobacco pipes to be archaeologically recovered in Peru. Eighteen Afro-Atlantic-style tobacco pipes or pipe sherds dating to Peru’s Spanish colonial period have been identified across sites in the coastal cities of Lima and Trujillo and from a vineyard hacienda in rural Nasca. Tobacco pipes are among the most recognized and debated forms of early modern Atlantic African and diasporic expressions of material culture, as such, they present a powerful entry point to understanding the aesthetic consequences of colonial projects and diverse articulations across the Atlantic World. The material history of Afro-Atlantic smoking culture exemplifies how aesthetics moved between localities and developed diasporic entanglements. In addition to the formal analysis and visual description of the pipes, we examine historical documentation and the work of nineteenth-century Afro-Peruvian watercolorist Francisco (Pancho) Fierro to better understand the aesthetics of Afro-Andean smoking culture in Spanish colonial and early Republican Peru.

This paper chronicles how Indigenous-made stone "vasiform" smoking pipes from Ontario foster fresh perspectives on archaeological and anthropological approaches to representation and meaning. These discussions often undervalue the material world, whereas recent emphases on "things themselves" tend to neglect issues of representation, meaning, and symbolism. Variations in smoking pipe form, including several examples of pipes that resemble fish, point to the importance of more-than-representational approaches. Considering how and why a few pipes "grew fins" while the majority remained "bedded down" speaks to the importance of beginning discussions of representation and meaning from postanthropocentric vantages that recognize the vibrancy of matter. The pipes offer an opportunity to revisit the long-standing tension between matter and meaning, providing new angles of articulation with two complementary lines of thought—assemblage theory and Peircean semiotics. Both theories align with "nonrepresentational" critiques, postanthropocentrism, and relational ontologies, but archaeologists rarely consider the two together. The emergent relationship between vasiform pipes, assemblage theory, and Peircean semiotics documented in this article offers useful ways to continue challenging the deep-seated matter-meaning dualism in archaeological thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction e-cigarettes have been touted as a safer alternative to classic cigarettes and other combustible tobacco products. However, a growing body of evidence finds that any risk reduction associated with e-cigarette use is eliminated when individuals use "both" e-cigarettes and other tobacco products. Recent analyses from the Health Related Behaviors Survey suggest that rates of e-cigarette use are higher among active component service members than in the general population. However, little is known about the frequency and health behaviors associated with the dual use of e-cigarettes and other tobacco products among service members. Data and Method Using data from the 2018 Health Related Behaviors Survey, this paper investigates whether active component service members who use both e-cigarettes and other tobacco products are more likely to engage in other types of substance use or negative health behaviors. Results We find that the dual use of e-cigarettes and other tobacco products is associated with poorer physical and mental health, higher rates of alcohol misuse, and higher rates of insufficient sleep. Conclusion The association between the dual use of e-cigarettes and tobacco products suggests that these individuals represent an important target group for health-related resources and attention in DoD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Tobacco smoking using a hookah (i.e., waterpipe) is a global epidemic. While evidence suggests that sexual minorities (SM) have higher odds of hookah use compared to heterosexuals, little is known about their hookah use patterns and transitions. We sought to examine transitions between hookah smoking and use of other tobacco and electronic (e-) products among SM adults aged 18 years of age and older versus their heterosexual counterparts.Methods: We analyzed nationally representative data of ever and current hookah smokers from Wave 1 (2013-2014; ever use n = 1014 SM and n = 9462 heterosexuals; current use n = 144 SM and n = 910 heterosexuals) and Wave 2 (2014-2015; ever use n = 901 SM and n = 8049 heterosexuals; current use n = 117 SM and n = 602 heterosexuals) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Comparisons between groups and gender subgroups within SM identity groups were determined with Rao-Scott chi-square tests and multivariable survey-weighted multinomial logistic regression models were estimated for transition patterns and initiation of electronic product use in Wave 2.Results: Ever and current hookah smoking among SM adults (ever use Wave 1: 29% and Wave 2: 31%; current use Wave 1: 4% and Wave 2: 3%) was higher than heterosexuals (ever use Wave 1: 16% and Wave 2: 16%; current use Wave 1: 1% and Wave 2: 1%; both p < 0.0001). Among SM adults who reported hookah use at Wave 1, 46% quit hookah use at Wave 2; 39% continued hookah use and did not transition to other products while 36% of heterosexual adults quit hookah use at Wave 2 and 36% continued hookah use and did not transition to other products. Compared with heterosexuals, SM adults reported higher use of hookah plus e-products (Wave 2 usage increased by 65 and 83%, respectively).Conclusions: Compared to heterosexuals, in addition to higher rates of hookah smoking, higher percentages of SM adults transitioned to hookah plus e-product use between 2013 and 2015. Results have implications for stronger efforts to increase awareness of the harmful effects of hookah as well as vaping, specifically tailored among SM communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Water pipe smoking (WPS) is re-gaining widespread use and popularity among various groups of people, especially adolescents. Despite different adverse health effects of WPS, many of the WPS interventions have failed to control this type of tobacco smoking. This study was conducted to identify experienced management interventions in preventing and controlling WPS worldwide.Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted. Electronic databases were searched for recordes which were published from beginning 1990 to August 2018. Studies aiming at evaluating, at least, one intervention in preventing and controlling WPS were included in this review, followed by performing the quality assessment and data extraction of eligible studies by two independent investigators. Finally, interventions that were identified from the content analysis process were discussed and classified into relevant categories.Results: After deleting duplications, 2228 out of 4343 retrieved records remained and 38 studies were selected as the main corpus of the present study. Then, the identified 27 interventions were grouped into four main categories including preventive (5, 18.51%) and control (8, 29.62%) interventions, as well as the enactment and implementation of legislations and policies for controlling WPS at national (7, 25.92%) and international (7, 25.92%) levels.Conclusion: The current enforced legislations for preventing and controlling WPS are not supported by rigorous evidence. Informed school-based interventions, especially among adolescents can lead to promising results in preventing and controlling WPS and decreasing the effects of this important social and health crisis in the global arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a multi-level intervention on hookah smoking frequency and duration among Iranian adolescents and adults.Methods: In this study, two comparable cities in Iran were selected to participate in an intervention program based on a social-ecological model (SEM). In each city, 133 hookah smokers in coffee houses were selected. Environmental changes in coffee houses such as serving light foods and games were conducted. A virtual group named "no hookah" was established on the Telegram application to train participants in the intervention group. Messages, pictures, and short videos were sent to the participants through that virtual network. The frequency and duration of hookah consumption were assessed in both groups at baseline and after the intervention.Results: The frequency of hookah consumption decreased in 72.6% of participants in the intervention group (vs. 6.3% in the control group), and the duration of hookah consumption per session decreased in 39.5% of participants in the intervention group (vs. 5.5% in the control group).Conclusions: Using multi-level interventions through a social-ecological model can reduce hookah consumption in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(En) The Azov museum-reserve (Azov city, the Russian Federation) hold more than 1000 examples (intact ones and fragments) of clay tobacco pipes. All of them are from the excavations carried out on the territory of the former Ottoman fortress Azak (Azov old district) and its surroundings. Until recently, this archeological material has been left unstudied and has not been put into scientific use. The great bulk of finds (over 80%) are Muslim (Turkish) tobacco pipes. These are pipes made by the ceramics craftsmen on the territory of the former Ottoman Empire (Asia Monor, the Crimea, Balkans). They were widely used by the military garrison of the Turkish fortress Azak in private daily life. All in all, Muslim tobacco pipes were discovered by the archeologists in Azov in the cultural layers of XVII – the beginning of XIX centuries. The pipes from four “closed” complexes (three pits and a burial) discovered in 1998-2004 are dated by the end of XVII – the beginning of XVIII centuries according to the coin material. The majority of the tobacco pipes are abundantly ornamented splendid examples of the Muslim ceramics art. Some of them have stamps of their makers and Ottoman inscriptions made in Arabic calligraphy. The variety of pipe “fashions” is highly considerable. A number of the pipes are flower-shaped: as a tulip, a lily, a narcissus, a chrysanthemum. The pipes’ dimensions vary from the smallest (3.8х2.3 cm) to fairly big (6.0х4.2 cm) ones. (Ar) مجموعة من مجامر الشُبُک العثمانية المحفوظة فى متحف آزوف للآثار بروسيا الشُبُک: في الترکية "جُبوق" و "جوبوق" بالجيم المشربة وفيها: الأنبوبة، والعصا، والماسورة، والقصبة، وشُبُک الدخان عبارة عن أنبوبة في أحد طرفيھا مبسم، وفي الطرف الآخر مجمرة أو حجر يوضع بھا التبغ والفحم، أى أن شبک الدخان يتکون من ثلاثة أجزاء، ھي: الفم ويُطلق عليھا الترکيبة أو المبسم، والقصبة ويُطلق عليھا العود أو الأنبوبة، والحجر، الذي يُعرف أيضًا بالمجمرة، کما عرف الشبک أيضا باسم الغليون، والجمع: غلايين، وغلاويين. ويذخر متحف مدينة آزوف للآثار بروسيا الاتحادية بالعديد من مجامر الشُبک المصنوعة من الفخار مابين قطع مکتملة وأخرى مهشمة تتعدى فى عددها الألف قطعة، جميعها مستخرجة من الحفريات التى أجريت فى قلعة آزاک العثمانية والمنطقة المحيطة بها (منطقة آزوف القديمة)، والتى لم يتطرق لها أحد من الباحثين بالدراسة العلمية السليمة سواء بتأريخها أو بدراستها دراسة وصفية وتحليلية متأنية. وأکثر من 80 % من مجامر الشُبک المکتشفة فى هذه المنطقة يمکن نسبتها للمسلمين الأتراک، تلک التى تم تصنيعها على يد الصناع والحرفيين الأتراک على أراضى الإمبراطورية العثمانية المترامية الأطراف فى ذلک الوقت (الأناضول، القرم، الببلقان)، والتى کانت تستخدم على نطاق واسع فى الحياة اليومية الخاصة من قِبل الحامية العسکرية للقلعة الترکية آزاک. وبصفة عامة فإن مجامر الشُبک المکتشفة فى منطقة آزوف على يد علماء الآثار الروس والتى تم استخراجها تؤرخ فى الفترة من القرن 11هـ-17م حتى بداية القرن 13هـ-19م، أما المجموعة موضوع الدراسة والتى عثر عليها فى أربعة مواقع مختلفة (ثلاثة حفر ومقبرة) خلال الفترة من 1998 وحتى 2004م، ويمکن تأريخها وفقاً للعملات المعدنية التى عثر عليها بجوارها بنهاية القرن 11هـ-17م، ونهاية القرن 12هـ-18م. وتُعد هذه المجموعة من أهم النماذج التى تعبر عن روعة الفن الإسلامى فى هذه المناطق بما تحمله من کتابات عربية عبارة عن توقيعات لبعض الصناع أو عبارات ذات صلة بالشُبُک، وکذلک والنقوش والزخارف الإسلامية ورسوم الوريدات والزهور التى تنوعت بين زهرة التيوليب والنرجس والزنبق والأقحوان، کما اختلفت أحجامها وأبعادها فمنها الصغير الحجم بأبعاد (3.8 × 2.3 سم) ومنها الأکبر نسبياً بأبعاد (6.0 × 4.2 سم).

What started as a seemingly straightforward consultation request from the Yale Peabody Museum (YPM) to the Brothertown Indian Nation turned into a politics of recognition that relied on the connection between the Federal Acknowledgment Process (FAP) and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). The consultation was meant to discuss a pipe that qualified for disposition to the Brothertown, the same pipe that was requested for repatriation by the Mohegan Tribe of Connecticut under NAGPRA. As the tribal historic preservation officer (THPO) for the Brothertown, I was charged with corroborating the historical connection between the Brothertown and the pipe that was established initially by the YPM. Corroborating affiliation of the pipe with the Brothertown was only the first step in a plan to draft our own request for disposition of the pipe. However, along the way, the information gathered was being used in a political game of authenticating Indianness using not only federal standards but also the tribal standards of each of the two Native nations involved. This case study tracks the methodology for making repatriation requests on behalf of a federally unrecognized tribe by outlining the process of gathering historical records to establish affiliation. Broadly, this article explores the precarious nature of petitioning for repatriations on behalf of an unrecognized tribe and how institutions exploit the recognition status of tribes in an effort to maintain control over cultural items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье публикуются материалы раскопок поселения Белое Юго-Восточное из культурных слоев Некрасовского селения 40—70-х гг. XVIII в. на правобережье Старой Кубани. Феномен поселений казаков-некрасовцев рассматривается в контексте церковного раскола, русской колонизации, усиления Российского государства с последующей ликвидацией угрозы на южных рубежах путем присоединения Прикубанья и Крыма. Анализируются стратиграфия памятника, немногочисленные хозяйственные ямы и погребение, массовый материал (керамика, кости животных), монеты и прочие находки. Аналогии им встречены повсеместно на территории южной, центральной, северной России, Урала и Сибири. Реконструируется этно-территориальная принадлежность населения, особенности хозяйства, быта, мясного потребления и денежного обращения. По состоянию исследованного участка поселка, наличию многочисленных пушечных ядер, а также по данным письменных источников устанавливаются обстоятельства и дата его гибели. Главным итогом статьи является определение узко датируемых материалов поселений казаков-некрасовцев в качестве реперных для датировки и изучения древностей позднего средневековья — нового времени в Приазовском и Причерноморском регионах. / The article for the first time describes the materials of «South-East Beloye» settlement’s excavations from cultural layers 1740—1770th of Necrasovskoye seleniye on the right bank of Old Kuban river. The phenomenon of the Nekrasov Cossack’s settlements considered in context of Raskol of the Russian Orthodox Church, Russian colonization and strengthening of the Russian State with subsequent liquidation of menace for the south frontier standing by joining of Kuban and Crimea regions. The stratigraphy of archaeological site, the rubbish-heaps and burial, mass materials (a broken pottery and animal bones), coins and other artefacts are analyzed. Their analogs are founded everywhere on the area of Southern, Central and Northern Russia, Ural and Siberia. The nationality of settlers, the character of their economy, domestic life, nutrition and circulation of coins are reconstructed in the article. The character of the cultural layer, a lot of cannonballs, and the information from written sources permited to establish the circumstances and time of the settlements blight. The main conclusion of the article is ascertainment of narrowly dated Necrasov Cossack’s settlements as basic for dating and investigating of the late Middle Age and Modern times antiquities of the coast of Azov and Black seas.

Introduction: Flavored waterpipe (WP) tobacco is the main type of tobacco used by young WP smokers, and a major factor attracting youth to smoke. However, evidence regarding the effect of limiting flavor on WP smokers' experience continues to be lacking. This study aims at evaluating the effect of flavor restriction on WP smokers' toxicant exposure, smoking topography, subjective experiences and harm perception.Methods: Thirty-two WP smokers completed two, 45-minute ad libitum smoking sessions (preferred flavor vs non-flavored tobacco) in a crossover design pilot study. Plasma nicotine concentration and exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) were measured before and after each smoking session. Puff topography was recorded throughout the smoking session. Participants completed survey questionnaires assessing subjective smoking experiences and harm perception.Results: Significant differences were observed in plasma nicotine concentration between the two WP tobacco conditions, with a higher increase in plasma nicotine concentration following the flavored tobacco session. There were no significant differences between the two WP tobacco conditions for eCO and smoking topography measures. Compared with the non-flavored WP tobacco, we documented enhanced subjective smoking measures of satisfaction, calmness, taste, puff liking and enjoyment following the preferred flavored WP tobacco session. Cigarette harm perception was significantly higher among participants after smoking their preferred flavor compared with non-flavored WP tobacco.Conclusions: Limiting tobacco flavor has a substantial effect on WP smokers' nicotine exposure, subjective experience and harm perception. Therefore, eliminating or restricting WP flavors could be an essential element of comprehensive tobacco control policies to reduce the appeal of WP tobacco products for youth.Implications: This study highlights the important role of flavor in shaping WP smokers' experiences and exposures and the potential impact that regulating flavored WP tobacco may have on curbing WP use among youth in the US. Such regulations may reduce the appeal and the interest in WP smoking initiation and continued use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeologists often struggle with the challenge of linking historic-period artifact assemblages with specific communities. In particular, small home sites discovered on historic plantations are often difficult to identify as an African American or white tenant house since the material culture appears similar. The discipline also struggles with how to identify the expression of specific West African cultures in their archaeological assemblages. Here, we discuss how DNA was successfully extracted and analyzed from a clay tobacco pipe stem collected from an African American slave quarter in Maryland, USA, and what this information can and cannot reveal about the people present at the site. We successfully identified DNA from a woman, and genome-wide analyses revealed she was closely related to Mende living in present-day Sierra Leone, West Africa. The ability to recover genetic data from personal artifacts now provides archaeologists a viable tool to address questions about communities and ancestral origins. Furthermore, these findings hold the potential to connect living descendants with their ancestors' homes. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The data presented here show that to provide an estimate of the relative cytotoxicity and therefore potency of e-cigarettes, undiluted aerosol techniques can be used. With the emergence of electronic nicotine delivery systems, fit-for-purpose in vitro screening methods are required. Reconstituted 3D human airway epithelium, was exposed to undiluted aerosols at the air-liquid interface, using a Vitrocell VC 10. TEER, cilia beat frequency and cytotoxic responses were assessed. Using two smoking regimes (ISO and HCI) a 3R4F reference cigarette, produced IC 50 s of 5.2 and 2.1 min, 1458 ng/mL and 1640 ng/mL nicotine respectively. Using an open tank e-cigarette device, a full cytotoxicity dose-response curve was obtained giving an IC 50 of 30 min with corresponding nicotine of 10,957 ng/mL, 6–14 times less cytotoxic than cigarette smoke. A commonly used e-liquid flavourant cinnamaldehyde and known skin sensitizer was added to the standard e-liquid formulation and used as an aerosolised positive control, at 0.1, 0.025, 0.01 and 0%, demonstrating a full dose response. The delivery of undiluted aerosols in vitro has resulted in increased method sensitivity, throughput and quantitative e-cigarette comparisons. A positive control aerosol generated from a 'safe' e-liquid benchmark can inform risk assessments on supportable levels of flavour ingredients. Highlights • Undiluted aerosols were generated using a modified Vitrocell VC10. • Dosimetry analysis showed that the VC10 was unaffected by modifications. • Assay sensitivity increased to allow differences to e-cigarette aerosols to be measured. • Cinnamaldehyde-spiked e-liquids were used as a positive aerosol control. • The use of a 'safe' e-liquid as a benchmark for product risk assessment is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses three catlinite stone pipes which he acquired from the late Lewis Wayne Eulert collection of Paradise, Kansas. He describes the largest of the pipes which is an elbow slant bowl made of Kansas pipestone. He also estimates the time period of the pipes which probably is in the Middle Ceramic period 1000-1500 AD.

Although real alcohol prices have plummeted over the last two decades, cigarette prices have increased substantially, especially after the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) in 1998. I study the effect of increases in cigarette prices following the MSA on alcohol consumption among 18- to 24-year olds to determine the economic relationship between cigarettes and alcohol among young adults. I perform analyses at both the conditional mean and quantiles and find that increases in cigarette prices reduce drinking participation among young adults at the extensive margin. However, conditional upon one’s decision to drink, higher cigarette prices increase alcohol consumption. Such a pattern of substitution is concentrated between the 40th and 50th conditional quantiles. The results suggest that caution should be exercised when considering cigarettes and alcohol as complements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William Samson Vaux, Esq., was an enthusiastic nineteenth-century collector of minerals, artifacts, and coins. Passionately interested in the sciences, particularly archaeology and geology, he amassed an unparalleled collection of Native American artifacts that he later donated to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Today these finds are housed by Bryn Mawr College. Included in the collection is a noteworthy Mississippian effigy pipe. Carved from stone, the pipe depicts a Birdman encircled by rattlesnakes and holding a chunkey stone. This article examines the pipe in its cultural, historical, and religious contexts. It also explores the larger question of the pipe’s authenticity. Ultimately, we argue that the pipe is almost certainly an original Mississippian pipe and an important addition to the corpus of known Mississippian effigy pipes. Moreover, its study highlights the potential of museum collections to provide new information about both past societies and the history of archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows disproportionate availability of tobacco retailers in disadvantaged neighborhoods, but little is known about the neighborhood correlates of e-cigarette specialty retailers (i.e., "vape stores"). We compiled addresses for all vape stores in Orange County (OC) (n = 174), CA, using a systematic internet search. Using American Community Survey data, we investigated the spatial structure and census tract correlates of vape store count. 23.4% of census tracts had at least one vape store, and those areas had higher percentage Hispanic population. Multivariate zero-inflated Poisson regressions revealed a higher incidence rate of vape stores in tracts with larger proportions of Hispanics, lower population density, and greater tobacco retailer density, net of other sociodemographic factors and zoning. These results suggest nicotine control initiatives in the age of e-cigarettes must consider the locational strategies of e-cigarette retailers, which are more common in Hispanic communities and areas already marked by tobacco retail activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dokha is known to be one of the most rapidly spreading alternative tobacco products (ATPs) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It is smoked using a pipe known as Midwakh. There is no scientific research published on the chemical composition of dokha and only very little was done to investigate its impact on human health. Three different types of dokha were included in this study. The trace metals content in the dokha samples were analyzed using inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-scanning electron microscope. Dokha smoke was generated using a device that simulates human smoking/puffing. The smoke samples were collected on Tenax and activated carbon adsorbent tubes followed by chemical analysis using thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed the presence of toxic metals in dokha samples such as cobalt, cadmium, chromium, and lead in amounts classified as harmful to human health. In addition, the presence of several potentially harmful and even toxic organic compounds in dokha smoke was identified based on the available clinical data. These included 22 irritants, 3 known carcinogens, and 5 central nervous system (CNS) depressants in addition to several other compounds with miscellaneous effects. The findings of this work demonstrate evidence for the presence of potentially harmful and toxic metals and compounds in dokha tobacco as well as dokha smoke. More research is required to further investigate the clinical impact of dokha on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Waterpipe smoking is addictive and harmful. The determinants of waterpipe smoking may differ from those of cigarette smoking; therefore, behavioral approaches to support quitting may also differ between these two tobacco products. While some evidence exists on effective behavioral change techniques (BCTs) to facilitate cigarette smoking cessation, there is little research on waterpipe smoking cessation.Methods: Twenty-four experts were selected from the author lists of peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials on waterpipe smoking cessation. They were invited to two rounds of a consensus development exercise using modified Delphi technique. Experts ranked 55 BCTs categorized further into those that promote; "awareness of harms of waterpipe smoking and advantages of quitting" (14), "preparation and planning to quit" (29), and "relapse prevention and sustaining an ex-smoker identity" (12) on their potential effectiveness. Kendall's W statistics was used to assess agreement.Results: Fifteen experts responded in round 1 and 14 completed both rounds. A strong consensus was achieved for BCTs that help in "relapse prevention and sustaining ex-smoker identity" (w = 0.7; p < .001) and a moderate for those that promote "awareness of harms of waterpipe smoking and advantages of quitting" (w = 0.6; p < .001) and "preparation and planning to quit" (w = 0.6; p < .001). Providing information on the consequences of waterpipe smoking and its cessation, assessing readiness and ability to quit, and making people aware of the withdrawal symptoms, were the three highest-ranking BCTs.Conclusion: Based on expert consensus, an inventory of BCTs ordered for their potential effectiveness can be useful for health professionals offering cessation support to waterpipe smokers.Implications: Waterpipe smoking is addictive, harmful, and gaining global popularity, particularly among youth. An expert consensus on behavior change techniques, likely to be effective in supporting waterpipe smokers to quit, has practice and research implications. Smoking cessation advisors can use these techniques to counsel waterpipe smokers who wish to quit. Behavioral and public health scientists can also use these to develop and evaluate behavioral support interventions for this client group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Smoking tobacco via a waterpipe (WP) is on the rise, particularly among college students. One reason for this may be normative perceptions of WP tobacco smoking (WTS) among this population. The current study examined the perceived and actual descriptive and injunctive norms of WTS among a college student sample.Methods: Participants were 894 college students enrolled at a large, Midwestern university. Participants completed measures of WTS frequency and quantity and perceived/actual descriptive and injunctive norms of WTS.Results: Over one-third of the sample reported ever trying WTS, while only 2% reported current (past month) use. When comparing ever and never WP smokers, ever smokers reported greater perceived peer approval of WTS. Both males and females overestimated WTS frequency of same-sex students at their university.Discussion: The current study is one of the first to investigate descriptive and injunctive norms of WTS among college students. Students who report WTS are more likely to overestimate descriptive norms of WTS among their peers, suggesting corrective normative feedback regarding actual use by peers may be an important target for WTS intervention among college students. Future research should investigate the temporal association between normative perceptions and WTS behaviors among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: There is very little insight into the psychosocial characteristics of young adults susceptible to waterpipe tobacco use and their reactions to messages about harms of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS). We investigated how young adults who were or were not susceptible to WTS differed on various characteristics and their reactions to messages about WTS harms.Methods: Young adults ages 18 to 30 who had never used waterpipe tobacco were recruited through an online crowdsourcing site. Participants were stratified on susceptibility status (susceptible or not) and randomized to receive messages about harms and addictiveness of WTS or a control condition that received no messages. Participants' perceptions of risk and worry, their attitudes toward, and willingness/curiosity to try WTS were assessed.Results: Compared to nonsusceptible participants, susceptible participants perceived themselves to be at lower risk and worried less about harms and addictiveness of WTS, had more positive attitudes toward use, and expressed a greater willingness and curiosity to try it. Among susceptible participants, messages decreased willingness/curiosity to try WTS; messages had no effect on nonsusceptible participants. The message effects among susceptible participants were explained by more negative attitudes and less ambivalence toward WTS.Conclusions: Susceptible young adults' psychosocial characteristics place them at high risk for future uptake of WTS. Brief public health messages about harm and addiction may deter susceptible young adults' willingness to try WTS and prevent WTS initiation and progression.Implications: Findings suggest that in order to curb the initiation of WTS among susceptible young adults, interventions should target risk appraisals and attitudes toward WTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco smoking and exposure to tobacco secondhand smoke (SHS) can cause lung cancer. We determined uptake of NNK (4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone), a tobacco specific potent pulmonary carcinogen, in hookah smokers and non-smokers exposed to hookah tobacco SHS. We analyzed data from a community-based convenience sample of 201 of adult (aged ≥18 years) exclusive hookah smokers (n = 99) and non-smokers (n = 102) residing in San Diego County, California. Participants spent an average of three consecutive hours indoors, in hookah lounges or private homes, where hookah tobacco was smoked exclusively. Total NNAL [the sum of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides], the major metabolites of NNK, were quantified in spot urine samples provided the morning of and the morning after attending a hookah event. Among hookah smokers urinary NNAL increased significantly (p < 0.001) following a hookah social event; the geometric mean doubled, from 1.97 to 4.16 pg/mg. Among non-smokers the increase was not significant (p = 0.059). Post hookah event urinary NNAL levels were highest in daily hookah smokers, and significantly higher than in non-daily smokers or non-smokers (GM: 14.96 pg/mg vs. 3.13 pg/mg and 0.67 pg/mg, respectively). For both hookah smokers and non-smokers, pre-to-post event change in urinary NNAL was not significantly different between hookah lounges and homes. We suggest posting health warning signs inside hookah lounges, and encouraging voluntary bans of smoking hookah tobacco in private homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have examined the extent of inhalation or dermal contact among bystanders following short-term, secondhand e-cigarette exposure.Objective: Measure PM2.5 (particles < 2.5 microns), UF (ultrafine particles < 100 nm), and nicotine in air and deposited on surfaces and clothing pre-/during/post- a short-term (2-hour) e-cigarette exposure.Methods: E-cigarettes were used ad libitum by three experienced users for 2 hours during two separate sessions (disposable e-cigarettes, then tank-style e-cigarettes, or "tanks") in a 1858 ft3 room. We recorded: uncorrected PM2.5 (using SidePak); UF (using P-Trak); air nicotine concentrations (using air samplers; SKC XAD-4 canisters); ambient air exchange rate (using an air capture hood). Wipe samples were taken by wiping 100 cm2 room surfaces pre- and post- both sessions, and clean cloth wipes were worn during the exposure and collected at the end.Results: Uncorrected PM2.5 and UF were higher (p < .0001) during sessions than before or after. Median PM2.5 during exposure was higher using tanks (0.515 mg/m3) than disposables (0.035 mg/m3) (p < .0001). Median UF during exposure was higher using disposables (31 200 particles/cm3) than tanks (25 200 particles/cm3)(p < .0001). Median air nicotine levels were higher (p < .05) during both sessions (disposables = 0.697 ng/L, tanks = 1.833 ng/L) than before (disposables = 0.004 ng/L, tanks = 0.010 ng/L) or after (disposables = 0.115 ng/L, tanks = 0.147 ng/L). Median accumulation rates of nicotine on surface samples were 2.1 ng/100 cm2/h using disposables and 4.0 ng/100 cm2/h using tanks; for cloth samples, it was 44.4 ng/100 cm2/h using disposables and 69.6 ng/100 cm2/h using tanks (p < .01). Mean room ventilation rate was ~5 air changes per hour during both sessions.Conclusions: Short-term e-cigarette use can produce: elevated PM2.5; elevated UF; nicotine in the air; and accumulation of nicotine on surfaces and clothing.Implications: Short-term indoor e-cigarette use produced accumulation of nicotine on surfaces and clothing, which could lead to dermal exposure to nicotine. Short-term e-cigarette use produced elevated PM2.5 and ultrafine particles, which could lead to secondhand inhalation of these particles and any chemicals associated with them by bystanders. We measured significant differences in PM2.5 and ultrafine particles between disposable e-cigarettes and tank-style e-cigarettes, suggesting a difference in the exposure profiles of e-cigarette products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of e-cigarettes as alternative for tobacco cigarettes has become increasingly popular, even though their safety has not yet been scientifically established. One of the frequently raised concerns is the potential toxicity of certain flavours present in the e-liquids, such as diacetyl and acetylpropionyl. It is therefore important to be able to identify and quantify both compounds. Numerous analytical methods have been published for determining e-liquid compositions, but concerns exist with respect to the lack of analytical evaluation. Hence in this study, a new HS/GC–MS-based method was developed for the screening and quantification of diacetyl and acetylpropionyl in e-liquids. This method was fully validated using the ‘total error’ approach. The LOQ of the analytical method was 5 ppm for diacetyl and acetylpropionyl. The obtained accuracy profiles show that the β-expectation tolerance intervals did not exceed the acceptance limits of ± 10%, meaning that 95% of future measurements will be included in the [-10%, 10%] bias limits. As proof of applicability, the validated method was successfully applied on a small set of e-liquid samples, indicating that this methodology could be used for routine quality control analyses of e-liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During summer 2010, the Illinois State Archaeological Survey (ISAS) completed investigations on Lot 23 of the French Cahokia Village site (11S1802) in St. Clair County, Illinois. This work resulted in the discovery and excavation of a portion of a post on sill domicile associated with the occupation of the property by Francois Trotier during the mid-eighteenth century. The location of the dwelling is verified on a map drawn by Britich Ensign Thomas Hutchins around 1770. The site additionally produced a modest assemblage of ca. 1760-1820s material culture including French ceramics, glass containers, gun hardware, clothing items, and stone tobacco pipe fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Water pipe use is becoming increasingly common among Iranian adolescents. This study examined the prevalence and predictors of water pipe use among public high schoolchildren aged 14-17 in Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade public high schoolchildren in Sanadaj City, capital of Kurdistan province of Iran during the academic year 2012-2013. Cluster sampling was used to select a sample from 8 public high schools. The data were collected using validated self-administrated questionnaire that included questions on water pipe use, socio-demographic characteristics, smoking-related knowledge, attitude toward smoking, normative believes regards perceived prevalence water pipe use among peer and adults, perception of harm, self-esteem and refusal skill. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess predictors of water pipe use. Results: A total of 1837 students participated in this study. Students' ages ranged from 14 to 17 years (mean age±15.09; SD±0.82 years). The overall prevalence of ever water pipe use was 36.2% (43.1% in male and 29.2% in female, (p<0.001). Age, gender, living arrangement, pocket money, academic grade, parental history of smoking, attitude, and normative believes regards perceived prevalence water pipe use among peer and adults were predictors of water pipe use among study participants. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of water pipe is high among high school children in Sanandaj. Age, gender, pocket money, academic grade, parents smoking, attitude toward smoking and normative believes were identified as the most important predictors increasing the risk of water pipe use in the studied students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a disc pipe, a multi-level pipe design that has on top a disc with a central hole that is placed above an elongated keel base in which the stem hole is drilled. It informs that the pipes are made from catlinite, which with use develops a deep dark patina. It cites the book "Tobacco Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Indians" by George A. West that features several thousand exhaustively researched pipes.