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Background: India is one of the countries where addiction to tobacco smoking is rampant. The consumption of tobacco products is quite high in the Bhavnagar region in the western part of India. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional hospital-based study among 112 current tobacco smokers aged ≥18 years in April-May 2019 at Sir Takhtsinhji hospital in Bhavnagar. Fourteen smokers from each ward of the hospital were enrolled from eight randomly selected wards. Dependence was assessed using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, with a score of ≥5 labelled as high dependence. Results: Among the 112 current smokers, 79% (95% confidence interval 70%-85%) were dependent on tobacco smoking. One-fourth of the smokers belonged to the age group of 51-60 years.“Mawa” (a mixture of tobacco, betel nut and lime) was the most commonly consumed smokeless form of tobacco among the smokers. Mean expenditure on tobacco smoking was Indian Rupees 460. Those who had stress had 7 times higher odds (95% CI 3-23) of being dependent on tobacco smoking than their counterparts. Conclusion: We conclude from the study that patients attending our hospital are highly dependent on tobacco smoking. Tobacco cessation activities in the form of provider-initiated counselling and treatment is warranted. Further research should focus on evaluating the implementation modalities and effectiveness of such provider-initiated activities.

The concept of tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a speculative and controversial topic in the context of the international battle against the use of all types of tobacco. This concept involves providing tobacco users who are unable or unwilling to quit smoking or using other types of tobacco (snuff, chewing), with modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) for continued use. Skepticism about THR is huge and is associated with the negative experience of tobacco companies to produce cigarettes with a low content of tobacco tar/nicotine, which should have had significantly lower health risks than conventional cigarettes. Paradoxically, such an experience served as a springboard to an increase in the number of tobacco products that potentially have the properties of MRTP. Moreover, some members of the anti-smoking coalition, including WHO, consider the transition of tobacco smokers to MRTP as a strategy with great potential. However, the European Group of Experts believes that the MRTP strategy does not work and will lead to another generation of young people getting used to tobacco. In this article, we have critically analyzed the history of the past and present of tobacco products, myths and contradictions around them. We have tried to evaluate the modern concept of S THR as objectively as possible, which has a high potential for a real reduction in the number of deaths associated with smoking.

Introduction Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable cause of death worldwide and a major risk factor for several non-communicable diseases. Tobacco smoking has both acute and chronic effects on hematological parameters. The study aims to assess the effects of smoking intensity on exhaled breath carbon monoxide (eCO), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb%) and hematological parameters. Methods Adult male daily smokers (n=360) and matched non-smoking males (n=180) from Colombo district, Sri Lanka, were selected. Sociodemographic data, smoking habits and anthropometric data were recorded. An automated Smokerlyser (Smokerlyser®, Bedfont) was used to estimate eCO and COHb% in exhaled breath and Brinkman index was used to quantify the level of smoking exposure. A venous blood sample was analyzed for a full blood count. Smokers were compared with the non-smoking group. Results Smokers had significantly higher values of eCO, COHb%, Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), total White Blood Cell total count (WBC), Lymphocyte count, Monocyte count, and Granulocyte count. The number of cigarettes per day, duration of smoking, and Brinkman index were positively correlated with eCO and COHb%. MCV and MCH were positively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking duration, and Brinkman index. Conclusions The severity of smoking can be quantified by the exhaled breath CO and blood COHb% levels as these parameters correlate with the severity of smoking. Hematological parameters of smokers were affected with continued long-term low-intensity smoking.

Aim: to investigate the effect of nicotine-containing vapes in comparison with traditional tobacco smoking on markers of vascular wall damage: high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), albuminuria (AU), and ankle-brachial index (ABI).Material and Methods: We examined 369 young subjects without cardiovascular diseases (age median 21 [20;21] years) (159 men and 210 women). The hsCRP levels in the serum were assessed by immunochromatographic express method. AU was investigated in daily urine by a quantitative reflex photometry. ABI was determined by plethysmography.Results: All subjects were divided into groups: non-smokers (n=196, 53.1%), smokers of traditional cigarettes (n=83, 22.5%) and smokers of nicotine-containing vapes (n=90, 24.4%). The groups did not differ in main anthropometric data. Median hsCRP levels in smokers (14.30 [11; 16.5] mg/l in tobacco-smokers and 13.15 [9.65; 17.5] mg/l in vapers) were significantly higher vs nonsmokers (3.0 [2; 5.6] mg/l). In tobacco-smokers (33.0 [21.5; 60] mg) and vape smokers (45.0 [20; 115] mg), the median AU was statistically significantly higher than in non-smokers (12.0 [10; 20] mg). ABI levels were significantly lower in the groups of tobacco smokers (0.98 [0.91; 0.99]) and vapers (0.85 [0.79; 0.93]) when compared with nonsmokers (1.125 [1.01; 1.18]), and the median ABI in vapers was lower than in tobacco smokers (pConclusion: In smokers, both traditional and vapers, the levels of hsCRP, AU are significantly higher, and the ABI is lower than in healthy young nonsmokers. The most significant influence on the level of hsCRP is exerted by the experience of tobacco and vape smoking; to the AU level – the experience of tobacco and vaping and the daily inhaled nicotine dose, and by the value of the ABI – the experience of vaping.

Summary Background Universally, smoking cessation rates among established smokers are poor. Preventing young people from starting use of and becoming addicted to tobacco products remains a key strategy to end the tobacco epidemic. Previous country-specific studies have found that initiation of smoking tobacco use occurs predominantly among young people and have found mixed progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use among young people. Current and comparable estimates for all countries are needed to inform targeted interventions and policies. Methods We modelled two indicators: prevalence of current smoking tobacco use among young adults aged 15–24 years, and the age at which current smokers aged 20–54 years in 2019 began smoking regularly. We synthesised data from 3625 nationally representative surveys on prevalence of smoking and 254 on age at initiation. We used spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to produce estimates of the prevalence of smoking and age of initiation by sex, for 204 countries and territories for each year between 1990 and 2019. Findings Globally in 2019, an estimated 155 million (95% uncertainty interval 150–160) individuals aged 15–24 years were tobacco smokers, with a prevalence of 20·1% (19·4–20·8) among males and 4·95% (4·64–5·29) among females. We estimated that 82·6% (82·1–83·1) of current smokers initiated between ages 14 and 25 years, and that 18·5% (17·7–19·3) of smokers began smoking regularly by age 15 years. Although some countries have made substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use among young people, prevalence in 2019 still exceeds 20% among males aged 15–24 years in 120 countries and among females aged 15–24 years in 43 countries. Interpretation The fact that most smokers start smoking regularly before age 20 years highlights the unique window of opportunity to target prevention efforts among young people and save millions of lives and avert health-care costs in the future. Countries can substantially improve the health of their populations by implementing and enforcing evidence-based tobacco control policies that prevent the next generation from initiating smoking. Funding Bloomberg Philanthropies.

Aims: Develop and analyze a mathematical model of the effect of inpatient rehabilitation of tobacco smokers on tobacco smoking using Kenya as a case study. Perform stability analysis on the smoking free equilibrium point and endemic equilibrium point of the model. Use numerical simulation to investigate the impact of inpatient rehabilitation of tobacco smokers on smoking. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, School of Pure and Applied Sciences (SPAS), Kenyatta University, Kenya, between May 2019 and September 2020. Tobacco smoking is a serious burden in Kenya and the world at large. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and affects the overall health of a person. Despite the overwhelming facts about the consequences of tobacco smoking, it remains a bad wont which is socially accepted and widely spread. In this research we numerically analyze the dynamics of smoking incorporating the impact of inpatient rehabilitation to curb the smoking habit. We first present a three-compartment model incorporating inpatient rehabilitation, then develop the system of ordinary differential equations governing the smoking dynamics. The basic reproduction number is determined using next generation matrix method. The model equilibria were computed and the stability analysis carried out. The results of stability analysis indicate that the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) is both locally and globally asymptotically stable for RS < 1 while the endemic equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable for RS > 1. Numerical simulations of model carried out with the help of MATLAB shows that, when rehabilitation is implemented effectively, it helps in minimization of smoking in the community.

Introduction About 80% of the 1.1 billion people who smoke tobacco worldwide reside in low- and middle-income countries. Evidence-based approaches to promote cessation include brief advice from health professionals and referrals through quitlines. This study assesses cessation behaviors and the use of cessation services in the past 12 months among current tobacco smokers in 31 countries who attempted to quit. Methods Data came from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, a household-based survey of non-institutionalized adults aged ≥15 years. Surveys were conducted in 31 countries during 2008–2018; sample sizes ranged from 4,250 (Malaysia) to 74,037 (India), and response rates ranged from 64.4% (Ukraine) to 98.5% (Qatar). In 2019, data from the 31 countries were assessed in June 2019, and indicators included self-reported current (daily or less than daily) tobacco smoking, past-year quit attempts, and cessation methods used in the past 12 months. Results Current tobacco smoking prevalence ranged from 3.7% (Ethiopia) to 38.2% (Greece). Overall, an estimated 176.8 million adults from the 31 countries made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, with country-level prevalence ranging from 16.4% (Greece) to 54.7% (Botswana). Most individuals who made a quit attempt did so without assistance (median=74.4%). Other methods were less prevalent, including quitlines (median=0.2%) and counseling (median=7.2%). Conclusions In the assessed countries, the majority of those who currently smoked tobacco and made a quit attempt did so without assistance; very few reported using quitlines, partly because of the lack of quitlines in some countries. In resource-limited settings, quitlines can play a greater role in helping people quit smoking as part of a comprehensive approach.

Smoking causes an increase in cholesterol in the blood. It is well known that tobacco contains nicotine has a considerable influence on the increase of blood lipid levels. Normally, lipids play an important role in all aspects of biological life, but excessive cholesterol causes changes in lipid composition, induces ROS formation and lipid oxidation. This process can also cause damage to proteins and DNA, changing cellular function, which causes tissue damage. This research using analytic survey, with analytic cross sectional design with 30 subjects. The mean cholesterol level between tobacco smokers is 210.0 mg / dl and electric smokers is 123.73 mg / dl. The average difference in cholesterol levels among smokers was tested using One way ANOVA, p value = 0.000 (p

Background The best treatment approach for wide oral leukoplakia (OL) remains to be determined. Aims To evaluate the outcomes of using an allograft dermal matrix (ADM) for reconstructing large oral epithelial defects following resection of OLs. Patients and methods A total of 27 OLs in 26 patients were excised, and residual large lingual and buccal epithelial defects were reconstructed using an ADM, which ranged in size from 3.0 × 5.0 to 6.0 × 6.0 cm. The patients were classified into mild (n = 1), moderate (n = 13), and severe dysplasia (n = 12) groups; 57.7% of the patients were tobacco smokers, 46.2% were alcoholics, 47.2% were both smokers and alcoholics, and 11.5% were both smoking and betel quid chewers. Patients who underwent surgery were advised to quit smoking, drink alcohol in moderation, or quit betel quid chewing. Results Two patients developed slight hematomas that resolved spontaneously within 2 weeks. A total of 76.9% of the smokers followed the advice to quit smoking, 83.3% of the alcoholics followed the advice to drink in moderation, and all three betel quid chewers followed the advice to quit chewing betel quid. The mean follow-up was 26.7 months. No MT occurred and recurrence was seen in two patients. Conclusions Large epithelial defect reconstruction using an ADM following resection of wide lingual and buccal OLs was safe and reliable for preventing MT of OL. The recurrence of OL may be related to patient habits such as tobacco smoking or/and drinking alcohol.

Aim: Most tobacco smokers have attempted to quit smoking, but they find it challenging to succeed in these attempts. Still, some people do manage to stop. The present study was set to explore the n...

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) belongs to the spectrum of diffuse interstitial cystic pneumonias; it affects young people of both sexes and occurs almost exclusively in tobacco smokers or co-users of tobacco and cannabis. The management of this severe chronic disease is undertaken in specialized centers. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease has opened up prospects for targeted therapies. However, supporting the abstinence from inhaling noxious materials which determine its prognosis remains the cornerstone of treatment. Patients with PLCH who persist in smoking despite the diagnosis may be very dependent on tobacco, experience significant difficulties in stopping smoking, and must have access to specialist smoking cessation clinics.

Waterpipe (aka hookah) tobacco smokers are exposed to toxicants that can lead to oxidative DNA and RNA damage, a precursor to chronic disease formation. This study assessed toxicant exposure and biomarkers of DNA [8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)] and RNA [8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo)] oxidative damage during smoking of flavored and non-flavored waterpipe tobacco. Thirty waterpipe smokers completed two counterbalanced 2-h lab waterpipe smoking sessions (flavored vs. non-flavored waterpipe tobacco). Urinary concentrations of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo and expired carbon monoxide (eCO) were measured before and after the smoking sessions. A significant increase in the urinary concentrations of 8-oxodG (from 2.12 ± 0.83 to 2.35 ± 0.91 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.024) and 8-oxoGuo (from 2.96 ± 0.84 to 3.45 ± 0.76 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.003) were observed after smoking the non-flavored and flavored waterpipe tobacco, respectively. Our results also showed that the mean ± SD of eCO increased significantly after smoking the flavored (from 1.3 ± 1.1 to 20.3 ± 23.6 ppm, p < 0.001) and non-flavored waterpipe tobacco (from 1.8 ± 1.2 to 24.5 ± 26.1 ppm, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the means of 8-oxodG (p = 0.576), 8-oxoGuo (p = 0.108), and eCO (p = 0.170) between the flavored and non-flavored tobacco sessions. Smoking non-flavored and flavored waterpipe tobacco leads to oxidative stress and toxicant exposure. Our findings add to the existing evidence about the adverse effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and the need for strong policies to inform and protect young people from the risks of WTS.

BackgroundThe South African Medicines Control Council classifies e-cigarettes as Schedule 3 substances and requires them to be dispensed only within pharmacies. e-Cigarettes are however ubiquitous and are marketed as cessation aids. We investigated the relationship between e-cigarette use and smoking cessation among South African adult smokers.MethodsData came from a 2018 web survey of South African adults aged ≥18 years (n=18 208). Cessation-related attitudes and behaviours were assessed. Using multivariable logistic regression, we measured the association between e-cigarette use and cessation behaviours among ever-established combustible tobacco smokers who tried to quit.FindingsAmong current combustible smokers, more e-cigarette ever versus never users believed e-cigarettes could assist smokers to completely quit (35.5% vs 20.4%) or cut down (51.7% vs 26.5%) (all pConclusione-Cigarette use depressed long-term cessation. These findings can inform restrictions on unsubstantiated claims of e-cigarettes as cessation aids within South Africa.

Aim: To compare the clinical and histopathological presentation of oral leukoplakia among different forms of tobacco users. Material and Methods: This study was carried out among 300 patients with oral leukoplakia, analyzing the corresponding clinical factors and histopathological findings, different forms of tobacco usage and assessing associations between the different clinical presentations and epithelial dysplasia. Results: Out of a total of 300 subjects, most (87.33%) of the subjects were males, among 138 tobacco chewers, maximum (60.87%) were having homogenous leukoplakia, among 85 tobacco smokers, maximum (61.18%) were seen with homogenous leukoplakia and among 77 subjects having mixed habit, maximum of 51.95% were diagnosed as having homogenous leukoplakia. The association between clinical type of leukoplakia and habit type was statistically not significant (Chi-square= 5.0806, p=0.5336). Majority of the cases which were diagnosed clinically diagnosed as leukoplakias presented a histological diagnosis of hyperkeratosis (45%) and mild epithelial dysplasia (33.33%). The association between histopathological type of leukoplakia and habit type was found to be statistically significant (Chi-square= 23.2166, p=0.0007). Conclusion: Most of the patients were having homogenous leukoplakia and majority of the cases which were diagnosed clinically diagnosed as leukoplakias presented a histological diagnosis of hyperkeratosis, mild epithelial dysplasia.

Background: The Aerobic capacity is a well-recognized indicator for cardiopulmonary fi tness, which is aff ected by many factors, including tobacco use. Tobacco smoking is also known for its toxic eff ects on the cardiopulmonary system. Thus, aerobic capacity change is an exciting area for discussion among tobacco smokers, parallel to the cardiopulmonary eff ect. There is signifi cant agreement that aerobic capacity is reduced in tobacco smokers and improves by regular physical exercise in a dose-related manner. Few scattered studies showed minimal or no eff ect of physical exercise on aerobic capacity. Further clinical trials need to assess the impact of physical exercise and related improving & suppresser factors on the aerobic capacity among tobacco smokers.

Introduction: Tobacco use in any form (smoking or smokeless) has been recognised to be a significant risk factor for the development and progression of periodontal disease. Objective: To assess the nicotine dependence and periodontal status among tobacco users of a dental hospital of Kathmandu Valley and determine their association. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 164 tobacco users visiting a dental hospital of Kathmandu. Nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Their periodontal status was examined using community periodontal index and loss of attachment. Data were entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analysed in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20. Mean, standard deviation, proportion, and percentage were calculated depending upon the nature of data. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to determine the association between different variables. Results: Most of the tobacco smokers (34, 63.0%), chewers (12, 48.0%), and dual users (smoke=55, 64.7%; smokeless= 46, 54.1%) in this study showed low nicotine dependence. Majority of the tobacco users surveyed had periodontal pocket of 4-5 mm (73, 44.5%) and loss of attachment of 6-8 mm (79, 48.2%). Tobacco smokers and chewers having moderate or high nicotine dependence had periodontitis significantly higher than those who had low dependence. Conclusion: The findings in this study conclude that most of the individuals using tobacco in any form have periodontal diseases. Nicotine dependence is significantly associated with increased periodontal breakdown.

BACKGROUND There are approximately 120 million smokers in rural and urban India using cigarettes, bidis, pipes, cigars, hookah and some other forms of tobacco. It is an important modifiable risk factor for respiratory and cardiac diseases. A younger group of subjects was considered not only to assess the impact of smoking on cardiorespiratory functions but also to convey the message that smoking is injurious to health. Aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of smoking on cardio-respiratory functions. METHODS This is an analytical cross-sectional study. We used non-probability criteria convenience sampling method. Smokers and non-smokers groups were registered, and the comparisons were made between the groups for the cardiorespiratory parameters in the two groups. Subjects were in the age group 20 to 55 years. Subjects with more than two years history of smoking and continued smoking five or more cigarettes per day at the time of inclusion in study formed the Smokers group. Detailed clinical history, vitals recording, ECG and Spirometry were done in all the study subjects. RESULTS In the smoker group, the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1), the ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume 1: Forced Vital Capacity, FEF 25 – 75 % and PEFR declined as compared to non-smokers group. Duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked in a day were the criteria responsible for a decline in the values of all the five parameters mentioned above. CONCLUSIONS Adverse effects of smoking on lung function and cardiac function start before the onset of any symptoms. This study will be useful in creating awareness among the youth regarding the harmful effects of smoking.

Tobacco products are conceivably the most accessible addictive substances. Its use contributes to numerous negative health outcomes both in the developed and developing world. The objective of the ...

Even today, the leading cause of visual impairment is age related cataract. Among the risk factors for cataract, tobacco is one of the modifiable risk factors. Association between smoking and increased oxidative stress among cataract patients has been shown by some studies. But studies related to smokeless tobacco use are not done. The aim of the study was to estimate oxidative stress by markers like enzymatic antioxidant Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxiation product Malondialdehyde (MDA) in tobacco user age related cataract (ARC) subjects and compare them with tobacco nonuser age related cataract (ARC) subjects. This cross sectional study was performed in 120 subjects divided into 2 groups – 60 tobacco nonuser age related cataract subjects and 60 tobacco user age related cataract subjects. 60 tobacco user cataract subjects divided into 5 groups - tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, tobacco mishri users, dual tobacco chewers with mishri users and dual smokers with smokeless tobacco users. Oxidative stress was assessed by estimation of erythrocytic SOD and serum MDA. The study showed that in tobacco user group age of cataract patients was significantly less than tobacco nonuser cataract patients (P

The European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) introduced a ban on characterizing flavours in cigarettes (2016), including menthol (2020). The longitudinal data analysis of the EUREST-PLUS International Tobacco Control (ITC) Project Europe Surveys (n = 16 534; Wave 1 in 2016 and Wave 2 in 2018) found significant but small declines in the weighted prevalence of menthol (by 0.94%; P = 0.041) and other flavoured cigarette use (by 1.32%; P

Introduction: The use of Electronic Cigarettes (ECs) has been increased over the last years but their long term effects on health and microbiota has not yet been explored fully. Aim: To examine the oral and nasal microbial profile and antibiotics susceptibility in the ECs users, smokers and non-smokers and to assess the microbial contamination of the ECs juice. Materials and Methods: Nasal and oral swabs were collected from 30 non-smokers, 30 tobacco smokers and 30 from candidates who have been using ECs for more than six months. Nasal Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and oral Streptococcus viridans and Candida albicans were isolated and identified using standard laboratory methods. ECs juice was also cultured to test for microbial presence and the antibiogram for all isolated bacteria was carried out by disc diffusion or broth dilution methods according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The statistical analysis was performed with Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. Results: MSSA was isolated from 9 (30%) non-smokers, 5 (16.7%) ECs users and 2 (6.7%) smokers, respectively. Only 1 (3.3%) MRSA was isolated from a smoker. Streptococcus viridians was detected in 14 (46.7%) non-smokers, 9 (30%) ECs user and 5 (16.7%) smokers. Candida albicans was isolated from 7 (23.3%) smokers, 3 (10%) ECs users and in 1 (3.3%) non-smokers. When both groups of ECs users and smokers were compared to non-smokers; the statistical intergroups difference in carriage of MSSA and Streptococcus viridans using Chi-Square test was only significant in the smokers group (p-value

A qualitative study was carried out with the objective of documenting the experiences, knowledge, and representations of young people regarding electronic cigarettes. The growth of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), or electronic cigarettes, has prompted regulation concerns among policy makers, although little is known about the short- and long-term public health consequences of e-cigarette use. We conducted 52 individual interviews with adolescents aged 15–17 from February to July 2018. The sample included teenagers from two different regions of France, of various habitation sizes, females and males, and tobacco smokers/non-smokers. The interviews were carried out by two anthropologists. The data were collected and analyzed according to the methodology of the anchored theory. The study demonstrated that 79% of 15–17-year-olds have admitted to already trying electronic nicotine delivery systems due to the influence of their peers, to feel integrated in the group, to enjoy the vapour and play with it. Most of the teens stopped usage after this experience. The majority of participants showed little or no knowledge of the composition of the electronic nicotine delivery systems. Many of them expressed doubts about its safety, unsure that the health effects were less harmful than those of traditional tobacco cigarettes. The adolescents also indicated that they would be more inclined to smoke tobacco compared to e-cigarettes. Young people remain convinced of the role of the traditional cigarette as a factor of social integration in their peer group.

This study examined the prevalence of non-smoking norms in England and their associations with motivation to stop smoking, quit attempts, and cessation. Data were from a representative cross-sectional survey of 1,521 adults (301 combustible tobacco smokers). Descriptive non-smoking norms were endorsed, with just 16% of adults (12% of smokers) believing smoking was uncommon. Injunctive non-smoking norms were more prevalent, with 60–77% of adults (17–48% of smokers) viewing smoking as something of which others disapproved. Personal non-smoking norms were also prevalent among all adults (73% indicated they would prefer to live with a non-smoker) but not smokers (69% had no preference). Smokers who endorsed stronger descriptive non-smoking norms had increased odds of reporting high motivation to stop smoking (ORadj = 1.63, 95%CI 1.06–2.52). Female (but not male) past-year smokers who endorsed stronger injunctive (ORadj = 2.19, 95%CI 1.41–3.42) and personal (ORadj = 1.90, 95%CI 1.29–2.82) non-smoking norms had increased odds of having made a past-year quit attempt. In conclusion, perceived descriptive non-smoking norms are not held by the majority of adults in England. Injunctive and personal non-smoking norms are prevalent among all adults but lower among smokers. There is some evidence that smokers – in particular, women – who endorse stronger non-smoking norms are more likely to be motivated to stop smoking and to make a quit attempt.

Object. The article presents an assessment of the effect of smoking on factors of non-specific resistance of oral mucosa by the reaction of adsorption of microorganisms by epithelial cells. Purpose. is to detect and evaluate changes in non-specific oral mucosa resistance in smoking patients. Methodology. A clinical examination of the oral cavity 120 volunteers (58 women and 62 men) aged 18 to 44 years (average age: 22, 50 ± 2.59) was conducted. Three groups 2 participants have been formed: the main group (75 people) ― smokers and the comparison group (45 people) - non-smoking volunteers. The material taken twice: in smokers - before and 15 minutes after smoking, in non-smokers (for reliability) ― initially and after 15 minutes. A sterile instrument used to cut epithelium off the mucosa portion of the inner surface of the cheek, transfer it to a slide, dry, stain and microscopy the preparations. The integrity of the epithelial cell structure, their size, the intensity of the core staining and the cytoplasm evaluated. Depending on the number of microorganisms adsorbed on their surface, the viewed epithelial cells divided into 4 categories. Results. A change in the adsorption response of microorganisms by epithelial cells indicates a negative influence of tobacco on the oral mucosa. Conclusions. Smoking negatively affects the state of local immunity ― non-specific resistance of oral mucosa. Changes in the adsorption response of microorganisms by oral mucosa epithelial cells can be used in the diagnosis and prevention of diseases of oral organs arising from smoking.

Providing an on-site immediate diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and lung age in tobacco smokers could be a motivational tool for smoking cessation. Our aim was to investigate the effects of an abnormal spirometry results on motivational change and subsequent smoking cessation. We conducted a retrospective analysis of smoking status after 3 months of tobacco counseling. Patients were recruited in an addiction outpatient center. Spirometry results were obtained with a portable device during the first visit. The sample was thus divided in 3 groups: COPD, subthreshold-group (no COPD but abnormal lung age) and normal spirometry. Among the three groups, we compared the immediate motivation change, difference in Q-MAT motivation scale score after

Background: Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are a group of hazardous substances produced during combustion of tobacco or high-temperature cooking of meats. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is a major carcinogenic HAA in tobacco smoke. Methods: Urinary AαC, used as a marker of AαC exposure, was analyzed on spot urine samples from adult participants of the 2013–2014 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 1,792). AαC was measured using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Exclusive combusted tobacco smokers were differentiated from nonusers of tobacco products through both self-report and serum cotinine data. Results: Among exclusive smokers, sample-weighted median urinary AαC was 40 times higher than nonusers. Sample-weighted regression models showed that urinary AαC increased significantly with serum cotinine among both exclusive tobacco users and nonusers with secondhand smoke exposure. Among nonusers, eating beef cooked at high temperature was associated with a significant increase in urinary AαC, whereas consuming vegetables was associated with decreased AαC. In addition, smoking one-half pack of cigarettes per day was associated with a significant increase of 23.6 pg AαC/mL calculated at geometric mean of AαC, controlling for potential confounders. In comparison, increase in AαC attributable to consuming the 99th percentile of beef cooked at high temperature was 0.99 pg AαC/mL. Conclusions: Both exclusive smokers and nonusers of tobacco in the general U.S. population are exposed to AαC from tobacco smoke, with additional, lesser contributions from certain dietary components. Impact: AαC is an important biomarker that is associated with tobacco smoke exposure.

Introduction/Objective: Tobacco smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases. In recent years, alternative types of smoking, including vaping, have been becoming popular. The contribution of vape to vascular and renal injury is not known. We studied the relation between smoking of traditional/electronic cigarettes and arterial stiffness and albuminuria, which is also a vascular dysfunction marker. Methods: We examined 270 young volunteers without significant clinical cardiovascular diseases (mean age: 21.2 ± 2.3 years). Twenty-seven percent of the subjects in the study group were smokers; 69.9% of them smoked traditional cigarettes and 30.1% smoked electronic cigarettes. The urine albumin level was assessed by a dipstick test, and the augmentation index was determined by photoplethysmography. A linear correlation test and multiple regression analysis were applied. Results: The study groups did not differ in basic characteristics. The smokers demonstrated generally higher blood pressure levels and were overweight. Most of the smokers were male. In the groups of smokers, albuminuria was more frequent, especially among vapers (94 vs. 79% in tobacco smokers and 29% in nonsmokers). AU values (median [quartile 25; quartile 75]) were significantly higher in vapers (160 mg/L [150; 207.5]) vs. tobacco smokers (115 mg/L [60; 200]) and vs. nonsmokers (20 mg/L [10; 50]) (р < 0.05). Photoplethysmographic results showed relevant higher augmentation indices among tobacco smokers (–4, [–6.6; –1.9]) and vapers (–5.05 [–13.4; –3.3]) compared to nonsmokers (–16.2 [–23.9; –7]) (р < 0.05). Results of multiple regression analysis demonstrate that smoking of both traditional and electronic cigarettes is related to an increase in the albuminuria level and the augmentation index. Conclusions: Smoking of both traditional and electronic cigarettes is related to albuminuria and an increase in the augmentation index, which is a noninvasive marker for arterial stiffness.