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Aims. This study aimed to identify and analyze the factors significantly influencing long‐term insulin medication adherence among outpatients and to evaluate whether pharmaceutical interventions targeting these factors can improve patient medication adherence and glycemic control. Methods. A cohort of 180 patients was recruited from a tertiary hospital in Nanjing, China. Factors potentially influencing insulin adherence were scrutinized employing the KAP (knowledge, attitude/belief, and practice) health behavior model. Baseline characteristics were extracted from the hospital information system, while patient knowledge of the disease and medication, medication adherence, medication beliefs, and management self‐efficacy were assessed, respectively, using self‐developed questionnaires, MMAS‐8, C‐DMSES, and BMQ scales. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the impact of these factors on insulin adherence. Following this, participants were randomly allocated to either the intervention or control group. The intervention group received three months of weekly telephone sessions and educational interventions targeting facets such as medication knowledge and beliefs, while the control group received standard care. After the intervention, insulin adherence and glycemic control conditions of both groups were collected and re‐evaluated. Results. After excluding lost‐to‐follow‐up patients, 152 individuals were analyzed (intervention: 75 and control: 77). Multivariate analyses revealed factors influencing insulin adherence, including age, diabetes duration, health insurance status, HbA1c level, disease and medication knowledge, diabetes management self‐efficacy, and medication beliefs (P < 0.05). Before targeted pharmaceutical care, no significant differences existed in insulin adherence, HbA1c levels, management self‐efficacy, knowledge, or medication beliefs between intervention and control groups (P > 0.05). However, subsequent pharmaceutical intervention notably improved adherence, HbA1c levels, self‐efficacy, knowledge, and medication beliefs (P < 0.05). Conclusion. This study examines the impact of glycemic control, health insurance status, management self‐efficacy, level of knowledge, and medication beliefs on improving insulin medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Targeted pharmaceutical intervention can enhance medication adherence, improve glucose control, and promote rational insulin use. This trial is registered with ChiCTR2300074444. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A grapevine shoot extract (GSE) was obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterized. The main phenolic constituents were identified as stilbenoids. Among them, trans-resveratrol and trans-ε-viniferin stood out. The GSE was administered to an isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury animal model. The extract alleviated the associated symptoms of the administration of the drug, i.e., the plasma lipid profile was improved, while the disturbed plasma ion concentration, the cardiac dysfunction markers, the DNA laddering, and the necrosis of myocardial tissue were diminished. This effect could be related to the anti-oxidative potential of GSE associated with its antioxidant properties, the increased levels of endogenous antioxidants (glutathione and enzymatic antioxidants), and the diminished lipid peroxidative markers in the heart. The results also revealed angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity, which indicated the potential of GSE to deal with cardiovascular disease events. This work suggests that not only trans-resveratrol has a protective role in heart function but also GSE containing this biomolecule and derivatives. Therefore, GSE has the potential to be utilized in the creation of innovative functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium europaeum is used as a medicinal herb in many countries. In this study, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water were used as solvents in the extraction of L. europaeum fruits. The contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannins and condensed tannins as well as the biological activities of these extracts were investigated using various in vitro and ex vivo assays. Results showed that all solvent extracts of L. europaeum had no anticancer activity against cancerous (A-549 and DLD-1) and non-cancerous (WS-1) human cells. Methanol and ethyl acetate were the most effective solvent for extraction of phenolic compounds and also exhibited the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The methanol extract of L. europaeum fruits was the richest in phenolic compounds with the predominance of ferulic acid, catechin and narengin. These results supported the use of L. europaeum fruit as natural source of bioactive compound for pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eucalyptus species is traditionally used to cure many diseases. The goal of the present work was to study the phytochemical components of the Eucalyptus camaldulensis seed extract (EC) and to explore the antioxidant and the enzyme inhibitory effects. High-performance liquid chromatography – photodiode array – mass spectrometry analysis (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS) revealed the presence of fifty-seven molecules in the Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract. The main compounds detected were malic acid, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. The results showed that the extract had significant dose–response antioxidant properties and also inhibitory capacity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. These results highlight the importance of Eucalyptus seeds as a source of biomolecules with beneficial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhus tripartitum D.C., Anacardiaceae, has traditionally been used in Tunisia against many illnesses. The present study investigates, for the first time, the protective effects of the methanol extract of Rhus tripartitum fruit (MERT) against C[Cl.sub.4]-induced hepatotoxicity and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicty in Wistar rats. ALT, AST, LDH, GGT, creatinin, urea, and uric acid levels were studied. The changes in antioxidant parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl contents were also determined. The increased levels of MDA (30.97 and 11.50 nmol MDA/mg protein in liver and kidney, respectively) and protein carbonyls (13.4 and 17.95 nmol/mg protein in liver and kidney, respectively) were attenuated by MERT pretreatment (19.35 and 6.1 nmol MDA/mg protein and 9.15 and 12 nmol/mg protein in liver and kidney, respectively). The MERT pretreatment significantly reduced the increased biochemical parameters of liver and kidney caused by C[Cl.sub.4] and cisplatin treatment. The histopathologic observation showed that MERT pretreatment restores the altered tissues. The observed results could be due to the high phenolic content and to MERT's important antioxidant potential. This study supports the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of R. tripartitum. Key words: Rhus tripartitum, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective. Rhus tripartitum D.C., une Anacardiaceae, a ete traditionnellement utilisee en Tunisie contre plusieurs maladies. La presente etude examine pour la premiere fois les effets protecteurs d'un extrait au methanol du fruit de Rhus tripartitum (MERT) contre l'hepatotoxicite induite par le C[Cl.sub.4] et la nephrotoxicite induite par le cisplatine chez les rats Wistar. Les niveaux d'ALT, d'AST, de LDH, de GGT, d'uree et l'acide urique ont ete etudies. Les changements sur le plan des parametres antioxydants comme les contenus en malonaldehyde (MDA) et en proteines carbonylees ont aussi ete determines. Les augmentations des niveaux de MDA (30,97 et 11,50 nmol MDA/mg proteines hepatiques et renales, respectivement) et de proteines carbonylees (13,4 et 17,95 nmol/mg de proteines hepatiques et renales, respectivement) etait attenuees par un pretraitement au MERT (19,35 et 6,1 nmol MDA/mg proteine et 9,15 et 12 nmol/mg proteines hepatiques et renales, respectivement). Le pretraitement au MERT reduisait significativement l'augmentation des parametres biochimiques du foie et du rein causee par le traitement au C[Cl.sub.4] et au cisplatine. L'observation histopathologique montrait que le pretraitement au MERT retablissait les tissus abimes. Les resultats observes peuvent etre dus aux contenus phenoliques eleves et au potentiel antioxydant important du MERT. Cette etude corrobore les effets hepatoprotecteurs et nephroprotecteurs conjoints de R. tripartitum. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: Rhus tripartitum, hepatoprotecteur, nephroprotecteur., Introduction The liver, as a vital organ in the body, plays a pivotal role in the metabolism and detoxification of various dangerous endogenous and exogenous substances. The kidneys serve several [...]

Simple Summary: Although continuous exposure to conventional pesticides has been linked to tissue dysfunction among humans and animals, there is little information regarding the environmental disturbances and their harmful effects on fetuses. In the present study, we investigated the anomalies caused by oral acephate exposure on the kidney function in rat offspring in utero. Moreover, this harmful organic pollutant has been reported to promote the development of various cell injuries and tissue functional disorders, such as reproductive toxicity and diabetes. In addition, we found that exposure to acephate during pregnancy can alter renal integrity and induce nephrotoxicity in rat offspring. Furthermore, acephate exposure aggravated kidney injury by enhancing oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and histopathological alterations. As humans experience increased exposure to agrochemicals worldwide, the obtained data will advance the knowledge of how an unfavorable fetal environment can affect the offspring's health during adulthood. This study examined how maternal exposure to acephate—an organophosphate-based insecticide—affected the renal development in rat offspring during adulthood. Virgin female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to three groups: group 1 (control) received sterile water; groups 2 and 3 were intragastrically exposed to low (14 mg/kg) and high (28 mg/kg) doses of acephate from day 6 of pregnancy until delivery, respectively. Further, the offspring of the adult female rats were euthanized in postnatal week 8. Compared with the controls, the adult rat offspring with exposure to low and high doses of acephate exhibited elevated plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis revealed the upregulation of autophagic marker genes (Beclin-1 and LC-3) in the acephate-treated rat offspring, thereby suggesting the induction of an autophagic mechanism. Notably, the increased malondialdehyde level, decreased glutathione level, and decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities confirmed the ability of acephate to induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in the kidneys of the rat offspring. This may explain the renal histopathological injury detected using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that the mRNA expression levels of the Na+/K+-ATPase and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) genes were significantly higher in the kidney of female offspring than that of controls owing to acephate toxicity. However, there was no significant effect of acephate on the expression of NHE3 in the treatment group compared with the control group. Overall, the present findings suggest that oxidative stress caused by prenatal exposure to acephate causes nephrotoxicity and histopathological alterations in adult rat offspring, likely by actions on renal ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase genes as well as the autophagic markers Beclin-1 and LC-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the current work was to study the phytochemical content of Onosma inexspectata Teppner and O. armenum DC. The antioxidant properties using six assays and the enzyme inhibitory capacities against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and the anti-cholinesterase were also evaluated. The levels of phenolic compounds were approximately 22 and 28 mg gallic acid equivalent/g for O. inexspectata and O. armenum, respectively. Twenty-seven compounds were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Chlorogenic acid, apigenin 7-glucoside, and luteolin 7-glucoside were the major compounds in O. inexspectata. Onosma armenum contained an attractive level of hesperidin. The antioxidant assays showed significant differences between the two species, except for the phosphomolybdenum assay. The results of the inhibitory enzyme assays revealed no significant differences between the extracts, except for α-glucosidase inhibition. The present study may underline the possibility to use O. inexspectata and O. armenum as promising sources of phytochemicals that may serve against many body disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]