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Hina Qamar,1 Sumbul Rehman,2 Dushyant Kumar Chauhan,1 Ashok Kumar Tiwari,3 Vikramaditya Upmanyu3 1Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2Department of Ilmul Advia (Unani Pharmacology), A.K. Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India; 3Biological Standardization Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaCorrespondence: Dushyant Kumar ChauhanDepartment of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut 250001, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaTel +91 941 270 8983Email drdushyant.zoology@gmail.comBackground: In the emerging field of nanotechnology, copper oxide (CuO) nanomaterials are considered to be one of the most important transition metal oxides owing to its fascinating properties. Its synthesis from green chemistry principles is gaining importance as next-generation antibiotics due to its simplicity, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. In the present study, CuO nanorods (CuO NRs) were synthesized from the aqueous fruit extract of Momordica charantia and characterized using different analytical techniques. Further, the biomedical therapeutic potential was evaluated against multi-drug resistant microbial strains.Materials and Methods: To synthesize CuO NRs, 0.1M of CuSO4.5H2O solution was added to aqueous extract of Momordica charantia in a 1:3 (v/v) ratio (pH=11) and heated at 50°C followed by washing and drying. The synthesized CuO NRs were subjected to characterization using different analytical techniques such as UV visible spectroscopy, zeta sizer equipped with zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, the application as a biomedical therapeutic potential was evaluated in vitro using well diffusion method against eleven multidrug-resistant clinical bacterial strains, a fungus- Trichophyton rubrum and in ovo against the R2B virus using haemagglutination (HA) test.Results: Characterization was preliminarily done by the spectral study that confirms the absorbance band at 245nm. FTIR analysis at 628 cm− 1 peak identified copper oxide vibration. SEM analysis revealed agglomerated particle clusters. However, with TEM clear nanorods of average diameter of 61.48 ± 2 nm were observed. EDAX confirmed CuO formation while XRD showed a typical monoclinic structure with 6 nm crystallite size. Biological screening of CuO NRs showed significant results against both in vitro and in ovo methods. Significant inhibitory activity (p< 0.0001) was noted against most of the resistant human pathogenic strains including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest efficacy was observed against Bacillus cereus with a 31.66 mm zone of inhibition. Besides, the therapeutic potential of CuO NRs against Corynebacterium xerosis, Streptococcus viridians and R2B strain of Newcastle disease is reported for the first time.Conclusion: Based on the present results, it could be expected that green synthesized CuO NRs would find potential applications in the field of nanomedicine.Keywords: copper oxide nanorods, CuO NRs, biosynthesis, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, Trichophyton rubrum, multidrug-resistance, TEM, R2B Newcastle disease virus

INTRODUCTION: Infected nonunion of long bones is a chronic and debilitating disorder. It is more difficult to deal with when the implant used for internal fixation itself becomes a potential media for infection because of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Traditionally, it is managed by two- stage procedure for controlling the infection first and then treating the nonunion. This study has been undertaken to explore antibiotic cement coated nailing as single stage treatment modality for treating infection and achieving stability at the same time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (above 18 years age) with infected nonunion of tibia with bone gap less than 2 cm were managed using antibiotic cement coated K-nail. Antibiotic cement nail was prepared using endotracheal tube method. Antibiotics used were a combination of vancomycin and teicoplanin. RESULTS: Infection was controlled in 95% of the patients. Bony union was achieved in 12 of 20 (60%) patients with antibiotic cement nailing as the only procedure with average time of union of 32 weeks. Remaining 8 patients required additional procedures like bone grafting or exchange nailing and these were done in six patients, with union of fracture. Two patients refused to undergo further procedures. Complications encountered were difficult nail removal in three cases, broken nail in two cases, and bent nail in one case. Recurrence of infection was observed in two patients. Average period of follow-up was 13 months. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic cement impregnated nailing is a simple, economical and effective single stage procedure for the management of infected nonunion of tibia. It is advantageous over external fixators, as it eliminates the complications of external fixators and has good patient compliance. The method utilizes existing easily available instrumentation and materials and is technically less demanding, and therefore can be performed at any general orthopaedic center.

Sunil Sirohi,1 Amit K Tiwari21Laboratory of Endocrine and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, 2Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USAOpioids remain the drug of choice for the clinical management of moderate to severe pain. However, in addition to their most effective analgesic actions, opioids also produce a sense of well-being and euphoria, which may trigger significant concerns associated with their use.1 In fact, there has been an alarming increase in prescription opioid use, abuse and illicit use; and according to the National Center for Health Statistics, the total number of deaths related to opioid overdose has more than tripled from 2011 to 2014.2–5 Although representing 5.0 % of the global population, studies report that Americans consume 80% of the global opioid supply,3 and the United States is experiencing an opioid abuse epidemic.6 Considering this unprecedented rise in opioid consumption, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has listed prescription opioid overdose among one of the 10 most important public health problems in all the 50 states.7

Single-photon emission computed tomography has become a significant imaging modality with huge potential to visualize and provide information of anatomic dysfunctions that are predictive of future diseases. This imaging tool is complimented by radiopharmaceuticals/radiosubstrates that help in imaging specific physiological aspects of the human body. The present study was undertaken to explore the utility of technetium-99m (⁹⁹(m)Tc)-labeled glutamate conjugates for tumor scintigraphy. As part of our efforts to further utilize the application of chelating agents, glutamic acid was conjugated with a multidentate ligand, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). The DTPA-glutamate conjugate [DTPA-bis(Glu)] was well characterized by IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The biological activity of glutamic acid was compared with its DTPA conjugate by radiocomplexation with ⁹⁹(m)Tc (labeling efficiency ≥98%). In vivo studies of both the radiolabeled complexes ⁹⁹(m)Tc-Glu and ⁹⁹(m)Tc-DTPA-bis(Glu) were then carried out, followed by gamma scintigraphy in New Zealand albino rabbits. Improved serum stability of ⁹⁹(m)Tc-labeled DTPA conjugate indicated that ⁹⁹(m)Tc remained bound to the conjugate up to 24 hours. Blood clearance showed a relatively slow washout of the DTPA conjugate when compared with the labeled glutamate. Biodistribution characteristics of the conjugate in Balb/c mice revealed that DTPA conjugation of glutamic acid favors less accumulation in the liver and bone and rapid renal clearance. Tumor scintigraphy in mice showed increasing tumor accumulation, stable up to 4 hours. These preliminary studies show that ⁹⁹(m)Tc-DTPA-bis(Glu) can be a useful radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic applications in single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacologically motivated natural product investigations have yielded a large variety of structurally unique lead compounds with interesting biomedical properties, but the natural roles of these molecules often remain unknown. In the present investigation, a series of benzyl substituted-flavone derivatives have been synthesized from the lead compounds and were screened against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. The resulting activity profiles of these flavone derivatives were compared for degree of similarity to the profile of 1-3. Most of the synthesized derivatives displayed potent activities when compared to the parent compounds. Maximum potencies for DPPH free radical scavenging activity were observed only in compounds containing the 4-hydroxyl substitution and 3-methoxyl group on the phenyl ring. While the 2- and 4-hydroxyl group substitutions on the phenyl ring seem to be crucial for the intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with a strong genetic basis. We analyzed eight GABRG2 and one DRD5 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms for association with SCZ in 109 small nuclear families and 229 independent SCZ case-control pairs. The marker rs183294 in the 5' region of GABRG2 was found to be associated with SCZ in both samples with the C allele over-represented in SCZ cases and over-transmitted in SCZ families (combined z=9.18; p<1 x 10(-3)). Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that GABRG2 may be involved in SCZ susceptibility, but further studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new phenylpropanoid glycoside, dolichandroside-A, together with seven known compounds alpha-lapachone, lapachol, aloesaponarin II, 8-hydroxydehydroiso-alpha-lapachone, beta-sitosterol, 3,8-dihydroxydehydroiso-alpha-lapachone and verbascoside were isolated from the active ethyl acetate soluble extract of heartwood of Dolichandrone falcata. All except for dolichandroside-A are known compounds, but have been isolated for the first time from this plant. The structure of all these compounds was determined on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR spectral data. All the isolates were tested for alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This is the first report identifying DPPH scavenging activity and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity in D. falcata. Furthermore, along with a new compound, dolichandroside-A, this study also assigns for the first time alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity to verbascoside and aloe saponarin-II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulations of traditional medicines are usually made up of complex mixture of herbs. However, effective quality control methods in order to select right quality materials are lacking. Though Piper longum is a widely used herb in several Ayurvedic formulations prescribed for various diseases, there is no analytical method in the literature so far which can help in selecting the right quality material with proper proportions of the active ingredients (alpha-glucosidase-I enzyme inhibitory principles). We employed a systematic bioassay guided fractionation method and isolated pipataline, pellitorine, sesamin, brachystamide B and guineensine as active principles. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to quantify these active principles in the plant material, which can serve as an effective quality control tool. The separation was carried out using a Discovery HS F5 C-18 (ODS) column and the solvent system used was a gradient comprising of (A) acetonitrile and (B) water with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection was performed using a PDA detector. Regression equation pertaining to all the bioactive isolates revealed a linear relationship (r2 > 0.9995). The detection limits (S/N = 3) ranged from 0.005 to 0.001 microg/ml. Of all the active isolates, sesamin was identified to be present in maximum quantities (0.91%) where as brachystamide B was found in minimum quantity (0.01%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensation phenomenon of humid air on solid substrates can occur in many applications, and it is known as one of the most difficult problem to deal with for the improvement of the quality of air in a closed environment. The present study was motivated by the investigation of the coupling between ventilation and condensation inside controlled ecological life support systems (CELSS), as it has an important role for higher plants growth in greenhouses and living conditions in manned spacecraft cabins, particularly in long duration space flights or in future space bases. It is well known that the enhancement of the gas exchange with leaves and the growth of plants are dependent on the organoleptic and/or the surrounding thermo-physical factors. Insufficient air movement around plants and condensation on plant leaves generally limit their growth by suppressing the gas diffusion in the leaf boundary-layer thereby decreasing photosynthetic and transpiration rates. Thus, the optimization of a CELSS will require the control of the airflow and concomitant gas/liquid transfer at the plant surfaces. The experimental and theoretical modeling of CELSS requires a comprehensive understanding of the micro to the macro levels of liquid gas phase transfer. Hence, an experimental set-up was developed at 1-g to evaluate the mass transfer coefficients due to condensation of humid air on specific geometries in well controlled environmental conditions. The goal was to establish correlations between the fluxes of mass and heat, the relative humidity and the mean flow for the development of theoretical models based on local transfer coefficients. The experiments were performed at ambient temperature, with a relative humidity between 35-70% and for a velocity range of 1.0-3.0 m.s−1.

Aim & objective: Combinatorial delivery of Doxorubicin (DOX) and Baicalein (BAC) has a potential to improve breast cancer treatment by mitigating the cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. The nanoformulation has been optimized and subjected to pharmacokinetic studies using LC-MS/MS. Materials & methods: Nanoformulation bearing DOX and BAC was optimized using quality by design approach and method validation was done following USFDA guidelines. Results: The particle size, PDI and zeta potential of developed nanoformulation were 162.56 ± 2.21 nm, 0.102 ± 0.03 and -16.5 ± 1.21 mV, respectively. DOX-BAC-SNEDDs had a higher AUC 0-t values of 6128.84 ± 68.71 and 5896.62 ± 99.31 ng/mL/h as compared with DOX-BAC suspension. Conclusion: These findings hold promise for advancing breast cancer treatment and facilitating therapeutic drug monitoring.

It has been established that the  confined space created by stacking a two dimensional (2D) surface atop a metal catalyst serves as a nano-reactor. According to recent research, when a graphene (Gr) overlayer encloses a Pt catalyst from above, the activation barrier for the water dissociation reaction, a process with major industrial significance, decreases. In order to investigate how the effect of confinement varies among different two-dimensional (2D) materials, we study the adsorption and dissociation barriers of water molecule on Pt(111) under graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and heptazine-based graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) layers using density functional theory calculations. Our findings reveal that the strength of adsorption does not decrease consistently with a reduction in the height of the 2D overlayer. Furthermore, a smaller barrier is not always the consequence of poorer adsorption of the reactant. We also examine the effect of confinement on the shape of the reaction path, on the frequencies of vibrational modes, and on the rate constants derived using the harmonic transition state theory. Overall, all three of the 2D surfaces cause a decrease in barrier height and a weakening of adsorption, though to differing degrees due to a mix of mechanical, geometric and electronic variables., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: The complement component C4 gene has been identified as a strong marker for schizophrenia (SCZ) risk. The C4 gene has a complex genetic structure consisting of variable structural elements (C4A, C4B, C4L, and C4S) and compound structural forms (C4AL, C4BL, C4AS and C4BS). In addition, the variations in C4 structural forms may have a direct or indirect effect on the brain expression level of C4A and C4B proteins. Previous studies have associated C4AL with higher brain C4A expression and sex-dimorphism of C4 between males and females was observed., Study Design: A total of 613 patients with DSM-IV SCZ or schizoaffective disorder (SCZ-AFF) were recruited to investigate the relationship between C4 gene variants and clinical characteristics of SCZ (age of onset, symptom severity, and global assessment of functioning (GAF)). This study also explored the effect of sex on the association of C4 with SCZ. 434 patients were included in the final analyses after genetic quality control., Results: We observed associations between C4 and clinical characteristics of SCZ (age of onset, symptom severity, GAF) and found significant differences when males and females were examined separately., Conclusion: Overall, our preliminary findings encourage future investigations of C4 in SCZ-related phenotypes, including antipsychotic response and side effects. The study sample was of moderate size; therefore, further studies in larger samples are needed to extend and validate these results., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest JLK is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Myriad Neuroscience (paid). JLK, AKT, and CCZ are authors on several patents relating to pharmacogenetic tests for psychiatric medications. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

One of the main current focuses of global economies and decision-makers is the efficiency of energy utilization in cryptocurrency mining and trading, along with the reduction of associated carbon emissions. Understanding the pattern of Bitcoin's energy consumption and its bubble frequency can greatly enhance policy analysis and decision-making for energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction. This research aims to assess the validity of the random walk hypothesis for Bitcoin's electricity consumption and carbon footprint. We employed both traditional methods (ADF and KPSS) and recently proposed unit root techniques that account for structural breaks and non-linearity in the data series. Our analysis covers daily data from July 2010 to December 2021. The empirical results revealed that traditional unit root techniques did not confirm the stationarity of both bitcoin's electricity consumption and carbon footprint. However, novel structural break (SB) and linearity tests conducted enabled us to discover five SB episodes between 2012 and 2020 and non-linearity of the variables, which informed our application of the newly developed non-linear unit root tests with structural breaks. With the new methods, the results indicated stationarity after accommodating the SB and non-linearity. Furthermore, based on Phillips and Shi (2019)'s test, we identified certain bubble episodes in the bitcoin energy and carbon variables between 2013 and 2021. The major drivers of the bubbles in bitcoin energy consumption and carbon footprint are variables relating to the bitcoin and financial markets activities and risks, including the global economic and political risks. The study's conclusion based on the above findings informs several policy implications drawn for energy and environmental management including the encouragement of green investments in cryptocurrency mining and trading., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest On behalf of all authors included in the manuscript “Do bitcoin electricity consumption and carbon footprint exhibit random walk and bubbles? Analysis with policy implications”, I, Hung Do, declare that there is no financial/personal interest relating to this research project., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A coupled electron-nuclear dynamical study at attosecond time scale is performed on the HD + and H 2 + molecular ions under the influence of synthesized intense two-color electric fields. We have employed ω - 2ω and also, ω - 3ω two-color fields in the infrared/mid-infrared regime to study the different fragmentation processes originating from the interference of n - ( n + i ) ( i = 1, 2) photon absorption pathways. The branching ratios corresponding to different photofragments are controlled by tuning the relative phase as well as intensity of the two-color pulses, while the effect of the initial nuclear wave function is also studied by taking an individual vibrational eigenstate or a coherent superposition of several eigenstates of HD + and H 2 + . By comprehensive analysis, the efficacy of the two different types of synthesized two-color pulses (ω - 2ω and ω - 3ω) are analyzed with respect to one-color intense pulses in terms of controlling the probability modulation and electron localization asymmetry and compared with previous theoretical calculations and experimental findings. Through the detailed investigation, we have addressed which one is the major controlling knob to have better electron localization as well as probability modulation.

India is ranked as the 2nd largest egg producer in the world. Despite the prevalence of backyard poultry (free range), a majority of the commercial egg-laying hens in the country are still housed in battery cages. There is a global shift toward cage-free eggs, due to regulations and increased demand from conscious consumers and food corporations. However, there are very few commercial cage-free facilities in India to meet this demand. The aim of this study was to undertake a needs-assessment survey of Indian egg producers on cage-free production, and understand what support is needed to build the capacities of the cage-free egg production sector to develop it into a viable and sustainable alternative to battery cage eggs. The results showed that nearly all producers agreed on the need for additional support in shifting to, and operating in, the cage-free sector. This included support in the form of financial assistance, technical training, and promotion of the cage-free sector. The results of this study highlight the pressing need for government and private support, in the absence of which cage-free producers are compelled to compete with battery cage poultry producers on prices, which will result in increased losses and failure of the sector, since they have not yet achieved economies of scale., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Rokade, Champati, Sonale, Wadajkar, Madheshwaran, Bhaisare and Tiwari.)

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and ascorbic acid (AA)-loaded transferosomes (TRANS) were developed for brain delivery. The investigation covered EGCG-TRANS, AA-TRANS, and EGCG-AA-TRANS formulations using the film hydration technique. We analyzed the formed transferosomes to confirm the presence of vesicles loaded with the respective drugs and their performance within a living organism. The sizes of the particles for EGCG-TRANS, AA-TRANS, and EGCG-AA-TRANS were measured correspondingly at 174.2 ± 1.80, 132.7 ± 12.22, and 184.31 ± 9.5 nm. The appearance of diffused rings in the scanning electron microscopic image suggests that the payload has a crystalline structure. The atomic force microscope image displayed minimal surface irregularities, potentially indicating the presence of a lipid layer on the surface. Hemolysis results indicated the safety of the vesicles. The results showed 10.23, 7.21, and 8.20% of hemolysis for EGCG-TRANS, AA-TRANS, and EGCG-AA-TRANS, respectively. In the case of EGCG-AA-TRANS, the release of EGCG was determined to be 61.65% ± 4.61 after 72 h when exposed to phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4). In vivo studies show a good response against Alzheimer's disease (AD). EGCG-AA-TRANS (82.166%) exhibited a higher percentage of AChE inhibition in comparison to EGCG-TRANS (66.550%) and AA-TRANS (53.466%). Intranasal delivery of EGCG-AA-TRANS resulted in approximately a 5-fold enhancement in memory. Formulation allowed EGCG and AA to accumulate in various organs, including the brain. The results suggest that EGCG-AA-TRANS could be safe and effective for treating AD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Given that anxiety disorders (AD) are associated with reduced vagally-mediated heart rate variability (HRV), genetic variants related to HRV may provide insight into anxiety etiology. This study used polygenic risk scores (PRS) to explore the genetic overlap between AD and HRV, and investigated whether HRV-related polymorphisms influence anxiety risk. Resting vagally-mediated HRV was measured using a wearable device in 188 European individuals (AD=101, healthy controls=87). AD PRS was tested for association with resting HRV, and HRV PRS for association with AD. We also investigated 15 significant hits from an HRV genome-wide association study (GWAS) for association with resting HRV and AD and if this association is mediated through resting HRV. The AD PRS and HRV PRS showed nominally significant associations with resting HRV and anxiety disorders, respectively. HRV GWAS variants associated with resting HRV were rs12980262 (NDUFA11), rs2680344 (HCN4), rs4262 and rs180238 (GNG11), and rs10842383 (LINC00477). Mediation analyses revealed that NDUFA11 rs12980262 A-carriers and GNG11 rs180238 and rs4262 C-carriers had higher anxiety risk through lower HRV. This study supports an anxiety-HRV genetic relationship, with HRV-related genetic variants translating to AD. This study encourages exploration of HRV genetics to understand mechanisms and identify novel treatment targets for anxiety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest JLK is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Myriad Neuroscience. JLK, AKT, and CCZ are authors on several patents relating to pharmacogenetic tests for psychiatric medications. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Green growth is of great importance in terms of solving environmental problems and achieving sustainable development goals. However, the existing literature has not investigated how green growth affects environmental degradation and environmental sustainability variables. In light of this gap, this study aims to analyse the impact of green growth and institutional quality on CO 2 emissions, ecological footprint and inverse load capacity factor in OECD countries by constructing three different models. The results of the analysis indicate that (i) green growth exerts a significant mitigating and differentiating effect on CO 2 , ecological footprint and inverted load capacity factor in the long run. This is evidenced by a 1% increase in green growth reducing CO 2 , ecological footprint and inverted load capacity factor by 0.563%, 0.373% and 0.198%, respectively. (i) The impact of green growth on CO 2 and inverted load capacity factor in the long run is negative and statistically significant; (ii) the impact of green growth on CO 2 and inverted load capacity factor in the short run is negative and statistically significant; (iii) the impact of institutional quality on deterioration is positive and significant in the long run; (iv) the impact of population on deterioration and sustainability is significant and mixed. The findings indicate that decision-makers in OECD countries should review green energy policies when setting the sustainable development goals, as environmental sustainability is more challenging than reducing pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Understanding of molecular model of oral carcinogenesis has carried cancer chemotherapy far forward from conventional drug therapies. Small molecule inhibitors have gained acceptance as it has fewer adverse effects and also provide targeted drug therapy. The association of HSP 70 (Heat Shock Protein 70) and BCL 2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) proteins with oral precancer and cancer is already established. However, the complex interaction between these two proteins and how they affect each other's expression is still not understood completely. In our study, we aimed to correlate the expression of HSP 70 and BCL 2 with different histopathological grades of oral precancer and cancer tissue samples using tissue immunohistochemistry., Materials and Methods: Tissue samples were taken from a total of 250 patients (100 OPMDs and 150 OSCCs) and subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-human mouse monoclonal antibodies to HSP70 and BCL2. Immunostaining was done, and the immunostaining intensity distribution (IID) index was calculated., Results and Discussion: Immunoreactivity scores for both HSP 70 and BCL 2 correlated with different grades of dysplasia. However, only HSP 70 had a statistically significant association ( p  = 0.066). We also found that HSP 70 showed an inverse correlation, with higher expression majorly seen in well-differentiated OSCCs., Conclusion: Our study unveiled the HSP 70-BCL 2 interaction and provides insights about how this might affect drug designing and help overcome therapeutic lags. However, further studies are needed to provide a comprehensive review of such interactions among various small molecules., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article., (© The Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)