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The cosmetics and personal care industry has emerged as one of the most prominent and fastest-growing markets, especially among millennials worldwide. The halal cosmetics industry is also important to today's young generation. They and social media technology have become an important part of consumer research. This study explores the factors determining the millennial generation's choice of halal cosmetics. This study used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) method with 202 millennial respondents from Indonesia and Malaysia. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test result is 0.723%, indicating a middling sampling. The Bartlett test result shows a value of 1848,828 with a significance level of 0.0000 < 0.05, indicating a correlation between the variables. There are no statements with a score of less than 0.5 after the communalities checking. As a result, every statement can be used more thoroughly in this research. Based on the results, six main factors can increase the millennial generation's interest in making choices about halal cosmetics: social media campaign, influencer trustworthiness, halal awareness, brand curiosity in social media, cosmetics advertisement language, and brand trust and product quality.

The COVID-19 outbreak demonstrates how unprepared the world is for a different type of crisis, especially non-physical calamities. Revitalizing community involvement in disaster management is essential for making a community resilient. Due to differing sociocultural contexts, the resilience perceptions of communities in different parts of the world may vary. This study aims to understand community resilience factors after the COVID-19 disaster in Indonesia and Malaysia. Data from 2034 questionnaires using 5-interrelated domains in the Communities Advancing Resilience (CART) Toolkit Survey were collected. This study was conducted across Indonesia and Malaysia from March to April 2022. A quantitative-based cross-sectional study design and convenience sampling were applied. Respondents for this study were Indonesian and Malaysian citizens above 18 years of age who met the inclusion criteria. A total of 2034 respondents, 715 from Indonesia and 1,315 from Malaysia responded to the survey. The results suggest that Indonesian and Malaysian communities’ Transformative Potential and Informative-Communication domains differ significantly. Indonesian communities demonstrated a higher mean value on Transformative Potential domains than Malaysian communities did, while Malaysian communities indicated a higher mean value on Informative-Communication domains. This study concludes that compared to Malaysian communities, Indonesian communities have a more significant potential for transformation because they can frame collective experiences, gather, and analyze pertinent data, evaluate community performance, and develop resilience-building abilities. On the other hand, Malaysian communities are more resilient in providing information and communication. We found the need to develop a community resilience model that incorporates specific cultural and local requirements. Cooperation between the two countries would open many possibilities to emphasize the capability to bounce back sooner after a catastrophe such as the COVID-19 pandemic and achieve Sustainable Development Goals.

The many demands faced by first-year medical students can impact mental health. For students to function well, resilience is needed. This study aimed to determine the relationship between resilience knowledge and the mental health of first-year medical students. This quantitative study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Bandung, in October 2022. Respondents were 92 students in the first 2022/2023 academic year—data collection method was by distributing two Google Forms links. The first contains a pre-test regarding resilience knowledge, while the second includes the self-reporting questionnaire-29 (SRQ-29). Univariate analysis used distribution assumptions, frequency distribution (median, mean, standard deviation), and proportion distribution (percentage, 95% CI). Bivariate analysis used the ttest, Wilcoxon test, and chi-square test. Most respondents were female, 59% (95% CI=52.62, 72.37). The majority of respondents were 18 years old. The highest order of mental health screening was post-traumatic stress disordersymptoms at 59% (95% CI=48.27, 68.39), mental-emotional disorder (anxiety and depression) symptoms at 37% (95% CI=27.62, 47.37), and psychotic symptoms at 27% (95% CI 18.98, 37.28). No respondents experienced symptoms of narcotic or psychotropic drugs. Respondents who indicated mental health disorders were more significant than those who did not, namely 60% (95% CI=49.35, 69.39). There was no relationship between resilience knowledge and mental health (p=0.75). Respondent's understanding of resilience was good, but more indicated mental health disorders.

Abstract Background Vaccines are effective and reliable public health interventions against viral outbreaks and pandemics. However, hesitancy regarding the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine is evident worldwide. Therefore, understanding vaccination-related behavior is critical in expanding the vaccine coverage to flatten the infection curve. This study explores the public perception regarding COVID-19 vaccination and identifies factors associated with vaccine hesitancy among the general adult populations in six Southeast Asian countries. Methods Using a snowball sampling approach, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among 5260 participants in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam between February and May 2021. Binary logistic regression analysis with a backward conditional approach was applied to identify factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Results Of the total, 50.6% were female, and the median age was 30 years (range: 15–83 years). The majority of the participants believed that vaccination effectively prevents and controls COVID-19 (81.2%), and 84.0% would accept COVID-19 vaccines when they become available. They agreed that health providers’ advice (83.0%), vaccination convenience (75.6%), and vaccine costs (62.8%) are essential for people to decide whether to accept COVID-19 vaccines. About half (49.3%) expressed their hesitancy to receive the COVID-19 vaccines. After adjustment for other covariates, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was significantly associated with age, residential area, education levels, employment status, and family economic status. Participants from Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam were significantly more likely to express hesitancy in receiving COVID-19 vaccines than those from Philippines. Conclusions In general, participants in this multi-country study showed their optimistic perception of COVID-19 vaccines’ effectiveness and willingness to receive them. However, about half of them still expressed their hesitancy in getting vaccinated. The hesitation was associated with several socioeconomic factors and varied by country. Therefore, COVID-19 vaccination programs should consider these factors essential for increasing vaccine uptake in the populations.

BackgroundPoor compliance with infection prevention and control (IPC) measures has been a longstanding issue globally. To date, healthcare workers (HCWs) have been the primary target for policy and strategy revisions. Recent studies exploring the contributing factors to the spread of COVID-19 across countries in Asia have suggested that the scope of focus should be extended to family carers who provide patient care activities. This study aimed to explore factors affecting patients' and their family carers' IPC compliance in hospitals in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and South Korea.MethodA qualitative study incorporating 57 semi-structured interviews was conducted in five tertiary-level hospitals across the three focus countries between July 2019 and February 2020. Interviews were undertaken with: (1) patients, family carers and private carers; and (2) healthcare workers, including nurses, doctors, and hospital managers. Drawing upon the principles of grounded theory, data were inductively analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsA total of three main themes and eight subthemes are identified. Key themes focused on the assumptions made by healthcare workers regarding the family/private carers' level of understanding about IPC and training received; uncertainty and miscommunication regarding the roles of family/private carers; variations in carer knowledge toward IPC and healthcare-associated infections, and the impact of cultural values and social norms.ConclusionThis exploratory study offers novel findings regarding the factors influencing IPC compliance among patients and their family/private carers across various cultural settings, irrespective of resource availability. The role of cultural values and social norms and their impact on IPC compliance must be acknowledged when updating or revising IPC policies and guidelines.

IntroductionIt is clear that medical science has advanced much in the past few decades with the development of vaccines and this is even true for the novel coronavirus outbreak. By late 2020, COVID-19 vaccines were starting to be approved by national and global regulators, and across 2021, there was a global rollout of several vaccines. Despite rolling out vaccination programs successfully, there has been a cause of concern regarding uptake of vaccine due to vaccine hesitancy. In tackling the vaccine hesitancy and improving the overall vaccination rates, digital health literacy (DHL) could play a major role. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the digital health literacy and its relevance to the COVID-19 vaccination.MethodsAn internet-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to August 2021 using convenience sampling among people from different countries. Participants were asked about their level of intention to the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants completed the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI), which was adapted in the context of the COVID Health Literacy Network. Cross-tabulation and logistic regression were used for analysis purpose.ResultsOverall, the mean DHL score was 35.1 (SD = 6.9, Range = 12–48). The mean DHL score for those who answered “Yes” for “support for national vaccination schedule” was 36.1 (SD 6.7) compared to 32.5 (SD 6.8) for those who either answered “No” or “Don't know”. Factors including country, place of residence, education, employment, and income were associated with the intention for vaccination. Odds of vaccine intention were higher in urban respondents (OR-1.46; C.I.-1.30–1.64) than in rural respondents. Further, higher competency in assessing the relevance of online information resulted in significantly higher intention for vaccine uptake.ConclusionPriority should be given to improving DHL and vaccination awareness programs targeting rural areas, lower education level, lower income, and unemployed groups.

IntroductionSeveral studies exhibited varying reports of perception toward vaccine effectiveness, vaccine hesitancy, and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. As this fluctuated with evidence generation, this study explored the perception toward vaccine effectiveness in rural and urban communities among various countries.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted online from April to August 2021 using convenience sampling among people from different countries approved by the Asia Metropolitan University Medical Research and Ethics. We adapted the questionnaire from the World Health Organization's (WHO) survey tool and guidance on COVID-19. The logistic regression models were performed to show perception toward vaccine effectiveness.ResultsA total of 5,673 participants responded to the online survey. Overall, 64% of participants agreed that the vaccine effectively controlled viral spread, and 23% agreed that there was no need for vaccination if others were vaccinated. Males had 14% higher odds of believing that there was no need for vaccination. Less social media users had 39% higher odds of developing the belief that there is no need for vaccination than all other people vaccinated.ConclusionPeople's perceptions toward vaccine acceptance have fluctuated with the information flow in various social media and the severity of COVID-19 cases. Therefore, it is important that the current scenario of peoples' perception toward vaccine acceptance and determinants affecting the acceptance are explored to promote the vaccination approach against COVID-19 prevention and transmission effectively.

The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the agent of tuberculosis (TB) to live in the air is generally very dependent on environmental factors, which can cause bacteria to last long in the air and increase the risk of transmission of TB. The research purpose was to analyze the relationship between the physical environment condition and the number of germs in the bedroom of TB patients. This cross-sectional research was conducted in Kupang city, East Nusa Tenggara province, in January–June 2022 with 77 TB patients as samples, whose TB patients' rooms would be observed based on research variables for physical environmental conditions. Data were collected directly by observing and measuring directly from the variables studied and then analyzed using a correlation test and linear regression test to see the relationship between variables and the effect of the physical environmental condition on germ number in the bedroom. The correlation test shows the variables related to the bedroom germ number (p

BackgroundMass vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced the COVID-19 burden. However, vaccine hesitancy has posed significant global concerns. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics that influence perceptions of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, acceptability, hesitancy and decision making to take vaccine among general adult populations in a variety of socioeconomic and cultural contexts.MethodsUsing a snowball sampling approach, we conducted an online cross-sectional study in 20 countries across four continents from February to May 2021.ResultsA total of 10,477 participants were included in the analyses with a mean age of 36±14.3 years. The findings revealed the prevalence of perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccine's effectiveness (78.8%), acceptance (81.8%), hesitancy (47.2%), and drivers of vaccination decision-making (convenience [73.3%], health providers' advice [81.8%], and costs [57.0%]). The county-wise distribution included effectiveness (67.8-95.9%; 67.8% in Egypt to 95.9% in Malaysia), acceptance (64.7-96.0%; 64.7% in Australia to 96.0% in Malaysia), hesitancy (31.5-86.0%; 31.5% in Egypt to 86.0% in Vietnam), convenience (49.7-95.7%; 49.7% in Austria to 95.7% in Malaysia), advice (66.1-97.3%; 66.1% in Austria to 97.3% in Malaysia), and costs (16.0-91.3%; 16.0% in Vietnam to 91.3% in Malaysia). In multivariable regression analysis, several socio-demographic characteristics were identified as associated factors of outcome variables including, i) vaccine effectiveness: younger age, male, urban residence, higher education, and higher income; ii) acceptance: younger age, male, urban residence, higher education, married, and higher income; and iii) hesitancy: male, higher education, employed, unmarried, and lower income. Likewise, the factors associated with vaccination decision-making including i) convenience: younger age, urban residence, higher education, married, and lower income; ii) advice: younger age, urban residence, higher education, unemployed/student, married, and medium income; and iii) costs: younger age, higher education, unemployed/student, and lower income.ConclusionsMost participants believed that vaccination would effectively control and prevent COVID-19, and they would take vaccinations upon availability. Determinant factors found in this study are critical and should be considered as essential elements in developing COVID-19 vaccination campaigns to boost vaccination uptake in the populations.

Proper sanitation will ensure the community is healthy and reduce most infectious diseases' transmission, especially water-borne diseases. Open defecation has a significant effect on public health. Sanitation coverage data from the Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia in 2018 shows that open defecation is still high, including in Bandung city. This study aims to analyze the implementation of environmental health management programs that have been implemented in Tamansari village in Bandung city. This research is a qualitative research conducted in Tamansari village in Bandung city. The data were collected from May to August 2021 through Focus Group Discussion with cadres and in-depth interviews with informants from the village head, a representative from a non-governmental group, and cadres. The results of this study indicate that the process of planning, organizing, mobilizing, and controlling has been running according to the theory. Obstacles faced by the village in achieving open defecation free include funds, land, community understanding, and sub-optimal supervision. PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN UNTUK MENCAPAI BEBAS BUANG AIR BESAR SEMBARANGAN DI KELURAHAN TAMANSARI BANDUNG Sanitasi yang layak akan memastikan masyarakat berada dalam lingkungan yang sehat dan mengurangi sebagian besar penularan penyakit infeksi terutama penyakit yang ditularkan melalui air. Buang air besar (BAB) sembarangan memiliki efek yang sangat besar bagi kesehatan masyarakat. Data cakupan sanitasi dari Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia tahun 2018 menunjukkan bahwa perilaku BAB sembarangan masih tinggi termasuk di Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis penerapan program manajemen kesehatan lingkungan yang telah dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Tamansari Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang dilakukan di Kelurahan Tamansari Kota Bandung. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Mei hingga Agustus 2021 melalui Focus Group Discussion dengan kader dan wawancara mendalam dengan lurah, perwakilan kelompok swadaya masyarakat, dan kader. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penggerakan, dan pengawasan sudah berjalan sesuai dengan teori. Kendala yang dihadapi oleh kelurahan dalam mencapai bebas BAB sembarangan antara lain dana, lahan, pemahaman masyarakat, dan pengawasan yang belum optimal.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a shift in learning methods to online. The obstacles felt by college students can have an impact on mental health. However, data on student mental health in Indonesia during the pandemic is still limited. This study describes the depression, anxiety, and stress of college students in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research method is descriptive, conducted on college students in Indonesia from July to August 2021. Sampling is done by voluntary sampling collection, with 258 respondents. The research instrument is a questionnaire of characteristics and depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS) 42 in the form of Google Form. Data analysis using Microsoft Excel. The results of the research on the characteristics of the most respondents, namely, age in the range of 20–24 years (85.3%), female (64.7%), from Java (60.8), third grade (66.7%), living with parents (74.8%), and from the faculty of medicine (23.3%). More college students are not depressed (55.0%) or not stressed (57.4%) than those who are depressed or stressed. However, more college students experience anxiety than those who are not anxious, 60.1%. Based on the level, most college students experienced moderate depression (12.8%), very severe anxiety (20.9%), and severe stress (13.6%). This study concludes that most college students experience moderate depression, very severe anxiety, and severe stress. The success of online education depends on several factors, such as basic technical skills and the ability to access hardware and software, good self-motivation, and the availability of a conducive learning environment. This problem can have an impact on the mental health of college students. TINGKAT DEPRESI, KECEMASAN, DAN STRES PADA MAHASISWA DI INDONESIA SELAMA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan peralihan metode pembelajaran menjadi daring. Terdapat manfaat dan kendala pada pembelajaran daring. Kendala yang dirasakan mahasiswa dapat berdampak pada kesehatan mental. Data kesehatan mental mahasiswa di Indonesia selama pandemik masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan depresi, kecemasan, dan stres pada mahasiswa di Indonesia selama masa pandemi COVID-19. Metode penelitian adalah deskriptif yang dilakukan pada mahasiswa di Indonesia pada Juli hingga Agustus 2021. Pengambilan sampel dengan cara sampling sukarela dengan jumlah responden 258 orang. Instrumen penelitian berupa kuesioner karakteristik dan depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS) 42 dalam bentuk Google Form. Analisis data menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Hasil penelitian karakteristik responden yang terbanyak, yaitu usia pada rentang 20–24 tahun (85,3%), perempuan (64,7%), berasal dari Pulau Jawa (60,8), tingkat tiga (66,7%), tinggal bersama orangtua (74,8%), dan dari fakultas kedokteran (23,3%). Lebih banyak mahasiswa yang tidak depresi (55,0%) atau tidak stres (57,4%) daripada yang depresi atau stres. Namun, lebih banyak mahasiswa yang mengalami kecemasan daripada yang tidak cemas, yaitu 60,1%. Berdasar atas tingkatannya, mahasiswa paling banyak mengalami depresi sedang (12,8%), kecemasan sangat berat (20,9%), dan stres berat (13,6%). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah sebagian besar mahasiswa mengalami depresi sedang, kecemasan sangat berat, dan stres berat. Keberhasilan pendidikan daring bergantung pada beberapa faktor seperti keterampilan teknis dasar dan kemampuan mengakses perangkat keras dan lunak, motivasi diri yang baik, serta ketersediaan lingkungan belajar yang kondusif. Terkendalanya hal ini dapat berdampak pada kesehatan mental mahasiswa.

Bajakah wood contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins with anticancer activity. The discovery and development of new drugs require several stages. In the process, there are many possibilities of adding other substances to form new active substances or as solvents that allow drug preparations to be doubtful of halalness. Hence, it is necessary to analyze the critical point of halal ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the nanoparticles of bajakah wood (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) and to test the anticancer activity in several cancer cell cultures, as well as to analyze the critical point of halalness of the material. This research method is a composition test using chromatography and anticancer activity test using MTT. Analysis of the critical point of halal materials using hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP). The research was carried out at the Indonesian Engineering Nanotechnology Laboratory South Tangerang and the UGM Integrated Laboratory Sleman in July–December 2020. The results showed that bajakah wood nanoparticles contained pure water as a solvent, viscosity 0.08878 cP, scattering intensity 1.1059 cps, diameter 176.1+/−43.7 (nm). Cytotoxic test results showed IC50 against cell culture MCF7 1,063.28 (±114.98) g/mL, HepG2 53.34 (±0.35) g/mL, T47D 150.63 (±8.44) g/mL, WiDR 114.38 (±7.82) μg/mL, HTB 97.50 (±3.49) μg/mL, HeLa 182.95 (±36.22) μg/mL, and Vero 710.10 (±106.46) μg/mL. This study concludes that bajakah wood nanoparticles are not critical in terms of halal ingredients. At the same time, their anticancer activity is weak against breast cancer and uterine cervical cancer, medium categories against liver cancer and lung cancer, and is not toxic to normal cells. ANALISIS TITIK KRITIS KEHALALAN NANOPARTIKEL KAYU BAJAKAH (SPATHOLOBUS LITTORALIS HASSK.) SEBAGAI AGEN ANTIKANKER Kayu bajakah mengandung senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, tanin, dan saponin yang memiliki aktivitas antikanker. Penemuan dan pengembangan obat baru memerlukan beberapa tahapan. Dalam prosesnya terdapat banyak kemungkinan penambahan zat lain untuk membentuk zat aktif baru atau sebagai pelarut yang memungkinkan sediaan obat diragukan kehalalannya. Oleh sebab itu, perlu dilakukan analisis titik kritis kehalalan bahan. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui karakteristik sediaan nanopartikel kayu bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) dan menguji aktivitas antikanker pada beberapa kultur sel kanker, serta menganalisis titik kritis kehalalan bahan. Metode penelitian ini adalah uji komposisi menggunakan kromatografi dan uji aktivitas antikanker menggunakan MTT. Analisis titik kritis kehalalan bahan menggunakan hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP). Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Nanovasi Rekayasa Indonesia Tangerang Selatan dan Laboratorium Terpadu UGM Sleman pada Juli–Desember 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sediaan nanopartikel kayu bajakah mengandung pelarut air murni, viskositas 0,08878 cP, scattering intensity 1,1059 cps, berdiameter 176,1+/−43,7 (nm). Hasil uji sitotoksik menunjukkan IC50 terhadap kultur sel MCF7 1.063,28 (±114,98) μg/mL, HepG2 53,34 (±0,35) μg/mL, T47D 150,63 (±8,44) μg/mL, WiDR 114,38 (±7,82) μg/mL, HTB 97,50 (±3,49) μg/mL, HeLa 182,95 (±36,22) μg/mL, dan Vero 710,10 (±106,46) μg/mL. Kesimpulan penelitian ini bahwa nanopartikel kayu bajakah bersifat tidak kritis dalam kehalalan bahan. Selain itu, aktivitas antikankernya lemah terhadap kanker payudara dan kanker serviks uteri, sedang terhadap kanker hati dan kanker paru, serta tidak toksik pada sel normal.

The COVID-19 pandemic can lead to students' mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression, and stress. The government's policy for study from home exacerbates mental health problems. This study aimed to determine the source of student stress during the study from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study design used qualitative research. The sampling technique uses consecutive sampling. This research involved 36 students from the faculty of psychology and the faculty of medicine in Bandung city who underwent study from home (SFH). Data were collected by interviewing participants in May 2020. This study's results are the dominant thing that participants feel during the study from home is boredom, relaxed, and complicated; the things they missed during learning at home were friends, playing, and chatting; and they feel fear, sadness, and anxiety when heard the news about COVID-19. This study concludes that the source of student stress was being far from friends, limited communication and face-to-face contact with friends and lecturers, and did not get direct attention from friends or lecturers. SUMBER STRES MAHASISWA SELAMA MASA PANDEMIK COVID-19: PENELITIAN KUALITATIF Pandemik COVID-19 dapat mengakibatkan masalah kesehatan mental untuk mahasiswa seperti kecemasan, depresi, dan stress. Kebijakan pemerintah untuk melakukan pendidikan jarak jauh (PJJ) telah memperburuk masalah kesehatan mental. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan sumber stres mahasiswa selama menjalani PJJ di masa pandemik COVID-19. Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah consecutive sampling dengan melibatkan 36 mahasiswa dari fakultas psikologi dan fakultas kedokteran di Kota Bandung yang menjalani PJJ. Data diambil dengan melakukan wawancara kepada partisipan pada bulan Mei 2020. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah perasaan dominan yang dirasakan partisipan selama PJJ adalah bosan, santai dan tidak praktis; hal yang dirindukan selama masa kuliah di rumah adalah teman, bermain dan mengobrol; dan hal yang terlintas ketika mendengar berita tentang COVID-19 adalah takut, sedih dan cemas. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah sumber stres mahasiswa adalah merasa jauh dengan teman, komunikasi dan kontak tatap muka dengan teman dan dosen yang terbatas serta tidak mendapatkan perhatian langsung dari teman dan dosen.

The COVID-19 pandemics caused an unprecedented mortality, distress, and globally poses a challenge to mental resilience. To our knowledge, this is the first study that aimed to investigate the psychological distress among the adult general population across 13 countries. This cross-sectional study was conducted through online survey by recruiting 7091 respondents. Psychological distress was evaluated with COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI). The crude prevalence of psychological distress due to COVID-19 is highest in Vietnam, followed by Egypt, and Bangladesh. Through Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis, the respondents from Vietnam holds the highest level of distress, while the respondents from Sri Lanka holds the lowest level of distress with reference to Nepal.Female respondents had higher odds of having reported psychological distress, and those with tertiary education were less likely to report psychological distress compared to those with lower level of education. The findings indicate that psychological distress is varies across different countries. Therefore, different countries should continue the surveillance on psychological consequences through the COVID-19 pandemic to monitor the burden and to prepare for the targeted mental health support interventions according to the need. The coping strategies and social support should be provided especially to the lower educational attainment group.

The pandemic of coronavirus (COVID-19) causes another infectious disease such as dengue is neglected in Indonesia. Since the majority of resources, both human and capital, are focusing more on COVID-19, it is still essential to also manage dengue as it is still becoming a threat to the community. This study aims to predict the number of cases of dengue in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This study area is in Kupang city, East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Data regarding monthly dengue reported cases by months from January 2010–December 2019 in Kupang city was collected to describe the temporal patterns of dengue cases. The Box-Jenkins approach is used to fit the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. This model will predict monthly dengue cases for the year 2020 (12 months). Data analyzed using the Minitab program version 18.0. This study shows that seasonality was an essential component for Kupang city, which performed an exploratory analysis of dengue incidence (ln data) for 2010–2019. The linear trend model shows the prediction of dengue cases in 2020 was Yt=36.9−0.131 × t. The forecast tells that dengue will remain high for the whole year. Maintaining a clean environment, reduction of breeding sites, and other protective measurements against dengue transmission are significant to perform. PREDIKSI KASUS DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI KUPANG Pandemi virus corona (COVID-19) mengakibatkan penyakit menular lain seperti dengue terbengkalai di Indonesia karena mayoritas sumber daya, baik manusia maupun permodalan, lebih berfokus pada COVID-19, sedangkan penanggulangan demam berdarah dengue (DBD) masih menjadi hal yang penting karena masih menjadi ancaman bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprediksi jumlah kasus DBD di Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. Wilayah studi ini berada di Kota Kupang, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. Data bulanan kasus DBD yang dilaporkan per bulan dari Januari 2010–Desember 2019 di Kota Kupang dikumpulkan untuk menggambarkan pola temporal kasus DBD. Pendekatan Box-Jenkins digunakan untuk menyesuaikan model auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). Model ini akan memprediksi kasus DBD bulanan untuk tahun 2020 (12 bulan). Data dianalisis menggunakan program Minitab versi 18.0. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa musim merupakan komponen penting bagi Kota Kupang yang melakukan analisis eksplorasi kejadian DBD (dalam data) untuk tahun 2010–2019. Model tren linier menunjukkan prediksi kasus DBD tahun 2020 adalah Yt=36.9−0.131 × t yang memperkirakan DBD akan tetap tinggi sepanjang tahun. Menjaga kebersihan lingkungan, mengurangi tempat berkembang biak, dan tindakan perlindungan lainnya terhadap penularan DBD penting dilakukan.

Case finding and diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) infection are difficult to enforce in the field because not all primary services can do it. The 2016 TB Health Guidelines, the diagnosis of EPTB, is made by clinical, bacteriological, and or histopathological examination from the biopsy. This study analyzed tissue biopsy histopathologically and bacterial of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) slide stained (by Ziehl Neelsen method) associated with histopathological features in patients diagnosed with EPTB. The study conducted in the laboratory of Al Islam Hospital Bandung from November to December 2017. Histopathological diagnosis collected from 1,304 patients, with 760 noninfectious disease patients (58%), 461 infectious disease patients (35%), and 83 (7%) infectious and non-infectious patients. EPTB found in 10% of infectious disease patients. EPTB was mostly originating in neck lymph nodes (18 of 37 patients). The histopathological diagnosis of EPTB infection found that 36 of 37 patients showed granulomas (+), but AFB stained (+) found only in 6 of 37 slides. It is possible because of granulomas is a collection of several inflammatory cells. The lesions develop granulomatous defined by necrosis. There are fewer organisms that usually exist on the periphery both inside and outside the site of infection. This important immune reaction provides the body with protection from antigen recognition, very important in the case of mycobacterial infections. In conclusion, there is no relation between AFB and histopathological examination in patients with EPTB. HUBUNGAN ANTARA BASIL TAHAN ASAM PEWARNAAN ZIEHL NEELSEN DAN HASIL PEMERIKSAAN HISTOPATOLOGI PADA PREPARAT JARINGAN BIOPSI PASIEN TUBERKULOSIS EKSTRAPARU Penemuan kasus dan diagnosis infeksi tuberkulosis ekstraparu (TBEP) sulit ditegakkan di lapangan karena tidak semua layanan primer dapat melakukannya. Berdasar atas Pedoman Kesehatan TB 2016 untuk Pengendalian TB, diagnosis TBEP dapat dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan klinis, bakteriologis, dan atau histopatologis dari biopsi. Penelitian ini menganalisis semua sediaan histopatologis dari biopsi jaringan dan menganalisis pemeriksaan bakteriologis pewarnaan basil tahan asam (BTA) (dengan metode Ziehl Neelsen) terkait dengan gambaran histopatologis pada pasien yang didiagnosis TBEP. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium RS Al Islam Bandung dari November hingga Desember 2017. Diperoleh 1.304 pasien dengan sediaan histopatologis, diagnosis penyakit noninfeksi 760 pasien (58%), penyakit infeksi 461 pasien (35%), penyakit gabungan (infeksi dan noninfeksi) 83 pasien (7%), serta TBEP 10% dari seluruh penyakit infeksi. Sebagian besar TBEP berasal dari kelenjar getah bening leher (18 dari 37 pasien). Hasil diagnosis infeksi TBEP 36 dari 37 pasien ditemukan gambaran histopatologisnya dengan granuloma (+), tetapi dengan pewarnaan BTA (+) hanya 6 dari 37 sediaan. Hal ini mungkin karena granuloma adalah kumpulan beberapa sel inflamasi yang berkembang menjadi nekrosis sehingga lebih sedikit organisme yang biasanya terdapat di dalam maupun di luar lesi. Pembentukan granuloma merupakan reaksi kekebalan yang memberi perlindungan tubuh dari serangan antigen dalam kasus infeksi mikobakterium. Simpulan, tidak terdapat hubungan hasil pewarnaan BTA dengan pemeriksaan histopatologis pada pasien TBEP.

Unripe papaya aqueous extract (UPAE) widely used as lactation stimulator, antidiabetes, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. The utilization of papaya is not known for its safety yet, so it is necessary to research its toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity of UPAE on renal function through measurement of blood urea and creatinine levels. This study was conducted in July 2017 in Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Bandung. This study used pure in vivo experimental design on 11 Swiss Webster mice using the dose of acute toxicity determination based on new recommended methods of 0; 50; 200; 400; 800; 1,000; 1,500; 2,000; 3,000; 4,000; and 5,000 mg/kgBW. After 24 hours, 1 mL blood drawn through the tail examined for blood urea and creatinine levels. The measurement of urea content using kinetic method point and creatinine level using modified Jaffe method. Provision of UPAE at doses of 0, 50, 200, 400, 800, and 1,000 mg/kgBW resulted on blood urea equal to 39, 35, 48, 49, 48, and 32 mg/dL respectively. Blood urea level 23, 22, 28, 34, and 35 mg/dL was obtained at 1,500 UPAE doses; 2,000; 3,000; 4,000; and 5,000 mg/kgBW dosages respectively. After 24 hours of UPAE administration, the creatinine level in various doses using new recommended method of (0–5,000 mg/kgBW) were 0.75, 0.54, 0.53, 0.50, 0.60, 0.54, 0.52, 0.55, 0.42, 0.51, and 0.40 mg/dL. In conclusion, UPAE do not cause acute toxicity on renal function through measurement of blood urea and creatinine levels. TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK AIR BUAH PEPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L.) TERHADAP KADAR UREUM DAN KREATININ DARAH Ekstrak air buah pepaya muda (EABPM) digunakan secara empiris sebagai laktagogum, antidiabetes, antibakteri, dan antiinflamasi. Tingkat keamanannya belum banyak diketahui sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian uji toksisitas akut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui toksisitas akut EABPM terhadap fungsi ginjal melalui pengukuran kadar ureum dan kreatinin plasma. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2018 di Laboratorium Biologi Medis, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Islam Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental murni in vivo terhadap 11 ekor mencit betina galur Swiss Webster dengan penentuan dosis sesuai dengan new recommended method: 0, 50, 200, 400, 800, 1.000, 1.500, 2.000, 3.000, 4.000, dan 5.000 mg/kgBB. Setelah 24 jam, diambil darah melalui ekor mencit sebanyak 1 mL untuk diperiksa kadar ureum dan kreatinin plasma. Pengukuran kadar ureum menggunakan point kinetic method dan kadar kreatinin menggunakan metode Jaffe yang dimodifikasi. Pemberian EABPM pada dosis 0, 50, 200, 400, 800, dan 1.000 mg/kgBB didapatkan kadar ureum plasma 39, 35, 48, 49, 48, dan 32 mg/dL secara berurutan. Kadar ureum plasma 23, 22, 28, 34, dan 35 mg/dL didapatkan pada pemberian dosis EABPM sebanyak 1.500, 2.000, 3.000, 4.000, dan 5.000 mg/kgBB. Kadar kreatinin plasma dalam berbagai dosis (0–5.000 mg/kgBB) adalah 0,75; 0,54; 0,53; 0,50; 0,60; 0,54; 0,52; 0,55; 0,42; 0,51; dan 0,40 mg/dL. Simpulan, EABPM tidak menimbulkan tanda toksisitas akut pada fungsi ginjal melalui pengukuran kadar ureum dan kreatinin plasma.

Abstract The proximity of urban area provides fertile ground for the exchange of bacteria, virus and other health problem. One of the diseases which have a close relationship with the environment and people interaction is dengue. At present, it still is one of the major health problems for Indonesia. One method to understand the disease is by using spatial analysis that the prevention program can be focusing on the area most affected. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of dengue cases in Bandung city. The method used was the mapping of dengue cases using geographic information system (GIS) with ArcView software. Data were collected from August 2015 to March 2016 in Bandung city. Results showed that dengue cases increased with fluctuated hyperendemic years especially in the year 2009, 2012, and 2013. Spreading pattern of the disease was from north of Bandung to east. The conclusion of this study dengue cases in Bandung city showed an increased trend with fluctuated hyperendemic year especially in the year 2009, 2012, and 2013. Pockets of highest reported cases were found in north to middle and east for the whole year. The spread of this disease, especially in east Bandung, showed wider affected areas in the observed year. Land usage for residential purposes without good development plan might be on factors that increase the disease transmission. Abstrak Kedekatan dalam wilayah urban memberikan kemudahan dalam pertukaran bakteri, virus, dan masalah kesehatan lainnya. Salah satu penyakit yang erat hubungannya dengan kedekatan pemukiman, lingkungan, dan interaksi manusia adalah demam berdarah dengue (DBD). Sampai saat ini DBD masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Pencegahan suatu penyakit akan lebih mudah dilakukan apabila pemahaman mengenai penyakit tersebut sudah dapat dilakukan dengan baik. Dengan pemetaan (distribusi spasial), kasus DBD akan lebih mudah dimonitor sehingga program pencegahan dapat difokuskan pada wilayah dengan angka kejadian yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat gambaran spasial kasus DBD mempergunakan geografic information system (GIS) di Kota Bandung. Metode penelitian ini adalah pemetaan kasus di wilayah tertentu dengan GIS menggunakan ArcView software menggunakan data kasus DBD dan data spasial dilaksanakan pada tahun 2015 di Kota Bandung. Hasil penelitian kasus DBD di Kota Bandung menunjukkan peningkatan dengan pola tahun hiperendemik berfluktuasi terutama pada tahun 2009, 2012, dan 2013. Pola pergerakan kasus tampak berawal dari arah utara menuju timur. Kantong wilayah dengan kasus DBD yang tinggi terkumpul di daerah utara menuju timur Kota Bandung sepanjang tahun. Simpulan penelitian ini, penyebaran kasus di wilayah Bandung menunjukkan daerah sebaran yang semakin besar dari tahun ke tahun. Pemanfaatan lahan sebagai pemukiman memiliki keterkaitan terhadap kejadian DBD.

In 2014, Bandung has the highest number of Dengue Fever cases of 27 districts and cities in West Java. Dengue Fever control efforts have been implemented for several decades. One of the efforts is the eradication of the vector breeding site with community participation. The aim of this study was to assess community participation by identifying Aedes aegypti’s breeding sites, both indoor and outdoor, in Bandung area. Sampling was conducted on houses in 16 villages throughout Bandung area. The sampling points were selected according to the Dengue Fever event number, population density, height, and socio-economic status. The total sample points were 1983 houses. Larvae from sample points were collected from various water containments, both natural and manmade, around the settlement. The larvae samples were then brought to the laboratory to be identified and counted. Results indicated the dominant breeding sites were bathtub (50%), gutter (24%), and dispenser (15%). Entomological survey resulted in 24% HI, 12% CI, and 36% BI. This indicates the lack of community participation in preventing DF by eradicating vector’s breeding sites and Bandung is still potential for DF outbreak.

The number of drinking water refill stations (DWRS) was increased rapidly because high of mid-low urban community need to get affordable drinking water. Water treatment methods in DWRS are varying even many DWRS uses more than one disinfection method to increase the effectiveness. The quality of many DWRS productions was reported unstandardized, however not yet the study to evaluate the effects of the water treatment method used. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of various water treatment methods in DWRS to identify which method is the most effective. The study used a cross-sectional approach conducted in 3 groups of water treatment methods, namely ultraviolet, ultraviolet + ozonization, and a combination of ultraviolet + ozonization + reverse osmosis with each group consisted of 40 DWRS. The survey was conducted in July–September 2017 in Bandung municipality by structured interview. Examination of microbiological parameters of raw and processed drinking water samples using membrane filter method. Water samples from raw water and drinking water from treatment process were taken from each DWRS to be tested for the microbiological parameter by using the membrane filter method. Comparison of the effectiveness was analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and assessment of log removal reduction. The result showed that there was significantly different in the effectiveness of coliform removal between the three groups. The improvement for controlling and training particularly for the procedure and maintenance of water treatment equipment to the owners/workers in DWRS is urgently needed as the concern of related authority. In conclusion, the water treatment method using reverse osmosis and ultraviolet is the most effective disinfection method compared to the ozonization method. The usage of more that one method of water treatment at the same time relate to the lower percentage of the effectiveness compares to the usage of only one method. EFEKTIVITAS ULTRAVIOLET, OZONISASI, DAN REVERSE OSMOSIS SEBAGAI METODE DESINFEKSI DEPOT AIR MINUM ISI ULANG Perkembangan depot air minum isi ulang (DAM) melaju dengan pesat karena masyarakat menengah ke bawah perkotaan membutuhkan air minum dengan harga yang terjangkau. Metode pengolahan air baku menjadi air minum di DAM bervariasi bahkan tidak jarang digunakan lebih dari satu metode desinfeksi untuk meningkatkan efektivitasnya. Kualitas produksi DAM banyak yang dilaporkan tidak sesuai dengan standar, namun belum terdapat penelitian yang mengevaluasi pengaruh metode pengolahan air yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan efektivitas berbagai metode pengolahan air di DAM sehingga dapat diketahui metode apa yang paling efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada 3 kelompok metode pengolahan air, yaitu ultraviolet, ultraviolet + ozonisasi, dan kombinasi ultraviolet + ozonisasi + reverse osmosis dengan tiap-tiap kelompok terdiri atas 40 DAM. Survei dilakukan pada Juli–September 2017 di Kota Bandung dengan melakukan wawancara terstruktur. Sampel air baku dan air minum hasil olahan diambil dari setiap DAM untuk diperiksa parameter mikrobiologinya menggunakan metode filter membran. Perbandingan efektivitas dianalisis menggunakan Wilcoxon rank sum test dan penilaian log removal reduction. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan efektivitas yang signifikan pada ketiga kelompok terutama efektivitas terhadap coliform. Perlu upaya pengawasan dan pelatihan khususnya mengenai teknis pemakaian dan pemeliharaan alat pada pemilik/pekerja DAM yang harus menjadi perhatian pemerintah dan pihak terkait. Simpulan, metode pengolahan air menggunakan reverse osmosis dan ultraviolet merupakan metode desinfeksi yang paling efektif dibanding dengan metode ozonisasi. Pemakaian lebih dari satu metode desinfeksi pada saat yang bersamaan menyebabkan persentase efektivitas menjadi lebih rendah dibanding dengan yang menggunakan hanya satu jenis metode desinfeksi.

Abstrak Tahun 2014 merupakan tahun penting bagi dokter di Indonesia karena mulai diberlakukannya Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) dan persiapan menjelang Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) 2015. Alasan tersebut dapat memengaruhi pilihan karir lulusan fakultas kedokteran di Indonesia. Banyak penelitian terkait pemilihan karir kedokteran telah dilakukan di luar negeri, namun penelitian semacam ini belum pernah dilakukan di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Bandung (FK Unisba). Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pilihan karir lulusan Program Pendidikan Profesi Dokter (P3D) FK Unisba tahun 2015. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan deskriptif potong lintang, dilakukan pada bulan April 2015 menggunakan kuesioner dengan sampel 53 orang menggunakan teknik whole sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas lulusan program P3D FK Unisba 2015 adalah perempuan (68%) dan profesi yang paling banyak diminati adalah dokter spesialis (85%). Tempat bekerja yang paling banyak diminati adalah rumah sakit (74%). Lokasi pekerjaan yang paling banyak diminati ialah wilayah urban di Indonesia (68%). Pilihan sektor pekerjaan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara sektor publik (40%) dan swasta (43%). Simpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lulusan P3D FK Unisba 2015 lebih banyak berminat pada profesi dokter spesialis dan bekerja di rumah sakit yang berlokasi di wilayah urban Indonesia.

Abstrak Upaya pemberantasan sarang nyamuk yang dikenal selama ini adalah gerakan 3M, yaitu Menguras-Menutup-Mengubur. Program ini belum berjalan dengan optimal terbukti dengan masih tingginya insidensi DBD dan masih terjadi kejadian luar biasa. Dibutuhkan monitoring yang kuat untuk mencapai keberhasilan 3M. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempergunakan alat bantu berupa kalender 4M (Menguras-Menutup-Mengubur-Monitor) untuk dipergunakan sebagai alat monitoring dalam program pemberantasan sarang nyamuk. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam dan diskusi grup terfokus. Metode sampling yang digunakan adalah maximal variation sampling dengan teknik analisis triangulasi. Informan berasal dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bandung, Puskesmas Tamansari, dan Kader Kesehatan di Kelurahan Tamansari selama bulan Juli 2015. Berdasarkan analisis data didapatkan bahwa masalah yang terjadi adalah pengabaian aktivitas rutin seperti 3M karena tidak terdapat mekanisme monitoring dan feedback. Salah satu keunggulan yang ada di lingkungan adalah motivasi dan partisipasi kader. Simpulan, kalender 4M berhasil dikembangkan sebagai sarana monitoring sekaligus edukasi untuk masyarakat. Kalender 4M merupakan alat bantu yang memfasilitasi keberadaan kader dalam mendukung program 3M.

Abstrak Demam berdarah dengue tidak saja menimbulkan beban penyakit, akan tetapi juga beban ekonomi yang tinggi bagi individu, keluarga maupun negara. Belum terdapat obat atau vaksin yang efektif telah membatasi pilihan dalam melakukan pencegahan dan pengobatan. Program yang dilaksanakan adalah vektor kontrol untuk membatasi transmisi virus yang memerlukan peran serta masyarakat secara terus menerus. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbedaan persepsi tentang penyakit dengan praktik dalam pencegahan demam berdarah di daerah urban (Tamansari) dan daerah rural (Ciparay). Penelitian dilakukan pada total 208 responden di Tamansari Bandung dan 122 responden di Ciparay pada bulan Februari sampai Maret 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi lingkungan di kedua daerah belum baik dengan sanitasi dasar terutama sistem pembuangan air limbah yang belum memadai. Perbedaan tampak dalam hubungan antara persepsi mengenai demam berdarah dan sikap dalam praktik pencegahan. Di Tamansari persepsi mengenai demam berdarah dengue berhubungan dengan sikap dalam memberantas sarang nyamuk (OR 14,297; p0,05). Simpulan, terdapat perbedaan persepsi dengan praktik pencegahan demam berdarah dengue antara responden Tamansari dan Ciparay.

Munculnya kembali demam berdarah sebagai masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama menunjukkan sulitnya mempertahankan kelangsungan program pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyakit ini. Pengetahuan yang memadai mengenai demam berdarah dengue (DBD) dan metode untuk mencegahnya harus dapat dimengerti oleh masyarakat sebelum mereka mau berpartisipasi aktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi DBD berdasar atas peran serta masyarakat, sanitasi dasar, dan program pencegahan dan pemberantasan demam berdarah dengue Penelitian ini adalah survei pada 2.035 rumah tangga di 12 kecamatan dan 16 kelurahan di Kota Bandung pada bulan Mei – Juni 2015 yang dilakukan dengan metode stratified random sampling. Kuesioner digunakan untuk mengetahui karakteristik, pengetahuan mengenai DBD, pengalaman, persepsi risiko dan sikap dalam kejadian DBD, program DBD yang tersedia, serta fasilitas sanitasi dasar. Analisis data menggunakan partial least square (PLS). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa DBD dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan tempat perindukan nyamuk, fasilitas sanitasi dasar terutama sistem pembuangan air limbah (SPAL), Program DBD serta peran serta masyarakat terutama mengenai pengetahuan. Upaya paling efektif untuk mengurangi tempat perindukan ini adalah dengan menyediakan sarana sanitasi dasar yang dapat diakses oleh seluruh masyarakat serta upaya pemberantasan sarang nyamuk PSN yang sebaiknya dilakukan secara serentak.

This is another milestone for our Journal, Global Medical and Health Communication (GMHC). Starting from this volume in August 2018, GMHC will only publish in English. This move is following our mission to be involved in the global arena. The best approach is by publishing in one of United Nation Language official and working languages, and we choose English.

Abstract Traditional healers still play an important part in the daily life of people in Pare-pare municipality. This study was to examine the cultural model for the implementation of tuberculosis control program.This study used qualitative research methods. Semi structured in-depth interview were used to collect the data. Respondents of this study were traditional healer, community leader and TB patients. The findings of the study suggest that traditional healers can play an important part in the tuberculosis program, because people tend to visit them the first instance for health care. The understanding and knowledge about tuberculosis of traditional healers is very limited, they believe God caused it, and only God can cure the disease. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made for enhancing the problem by including socio cultural factors that influence tuberculosis control program in Parepare municipality. They are strengthening the understand and knowledge about tuberculosis, providing health education with a view to balancing traditional beliefs and eradicating harmful beliefs, improving referrals to health clinics, providing health education and better communication in the community. Key words: Health education, spiritual beliefs, tuberculosis program, traditional healer Faktor Sosio Kultural pada Terapi Tuberkulosis Paru: Kasus di Kotamadya Pare-pare Sulawesi Selatan Abstrak Dukun tradisional masih memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat di Pare-pare. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan model budaya dalam implementasi program pencegahan tuberkulosis (TB). Penelititan ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan wawancara terstruktur. Responden pada penelitian ini adalah dukun, tokoh masyarakat, dan penderita TB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dukun dapat memegang peran sangat penting dalam program pencegahan TB karena masyarakat biasanya datang ke dukun sebagai penolong pertama untuk orang sakit. Pengertian dan pengetahuan dukun mengenai TB sangat terbatas. Mereka beranggapan bahwa Tuhan yang menjadi penyebab penyakit dan hanya Tuhan yang dapat menyembuhkan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, beberapa rekomendasi perlu diperhatikan untuk meningkatkan program pencegahan dan pemberantasan TB dengan mengikutsertakan faktor sosial budaya dalam aktivitasnya. Beberapa di antaranya adalah dengan memperkuat pengetahuan dan pengertian dukun tenang TB, memberikan edukasi dengan memperhatikan pandangan kepercayaan lokal, dan menghilangkan kepercayaan yang membahayakan. Selain itu, akses terhadap pelayanan kesehatan serta komunikasi dengan petugas kesehatan perlu ditingkatkan. Kata kunci: Dukun, kepercayaan, pendidikan kesehatan, program TB

Abstract Cervical cancer is the fifth leading cancer cause of women death in Indonesia. Acetogenin, flavonoids, and tannins in sour sop leaves have anti-cancer effects through regulated genes which involved in apoptotic process such as in Caspase-3. This study aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract of sour sop leaves to apoptosis and Caspase-3 gene expression in HeLa cell cultures. This was an in vitro study using HeLa cell culture samples divided into 4 groups. The first group was HeLa cell cultures without sour sop leaves ethanol extract. The 2nd ,3rd, and 4th group were HeLa cells cultures which were given sour sop leaves ethanol extract with concentration of 60 μg/mL, 120 mg / mL, and 240 mg / mL respectivelly. Apoptosis in each group was examined using TUNEL method and the expression of the caspase 3 gene by RT-PCR. One Way ANOVA with confidence level of 95% were used as statistical analysis.The result showed the effect of the sour sop leaves ethanol extract increased the apoptosis percentage in HeLa cells culture but did not affect the gene expression of Caspase-3. Key words: Apoptosis, caspase-3, sour sop leaves Efek Daun sirsak dalam Mekanisme Apoptosis Kanker Serviks Abstrak Kanker serviks adalah penyebab kematian kelima untuk wanita di Indonesia. Asetogenin, flavonoid, dan tannin dalam daun sirsak terbukti mempunyai pengaruh anti kanker melalui regulasi gen melalui proses apoptosis seperti pada caspase-3. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efek ekstrak etanol daun sirsak untuk apoptosis dan ekspresi gen caspase-3 dalam kultur sel HeLa. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian in vitro menggunakan sel kultur HeLa yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Grup pertama adalah sel kultur HeLa tanpa ekstrak etanol daun sirsak sedangkan grup dua, tiga dan empat adalah sel kultur HeLa yang mendapat ekstraks etanol daun sirsak dengan konsentrasi 60μg/mL, 120 mg / mL, dan 240 mg / mL secara bertururt turut. Apoptosis dalam setiap kelompok diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated (TUNEL) dan ekspresi gen caspase-3 dengan menggunakan reverse transciptase-polimerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). One Way analysis of varians (ANOVA) dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% digunakan untuk analisis statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun sirsak meningkatkan persentase apoptosis dari kultur sel HeLa tetepi tidak berpengaruh pada ekspresi gen Caspase- 3. Kata kunci: Apoptosis, caspase-3, ekstrak daun sirsak

Abstrak Tuberkulosis masih menjadi masalah penyakit infeksi di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Walaupun penggunaan Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse Chemotherapy (DOTS) sebagai terapi yang direkomendasikan World Helath Organization (WHO) dipergunakan, kasus drop out masih cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menggambarkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian drop out di Puskesmas Sukamerang, Garut selama tahun 2011. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross sectional dengan instrument penelitian berupa kuesioner yang didasarkan pada petunjuk perawatan TB yang diterbitkan oleh Kementrian Kesehatan. Subjek adalah semua penderita TB yang drop out selama pengobatan di Puskesmas Sukamerang, Garut sejumlah 30 orang. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan statistical programme for social sciense (SPSS) versi 17. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasien TB drop out adalah laki-laki dengan usia < 35 tahun, pendidikan tamat SMP, pendapatan di bawah upah minimum regional dan bekerja sebagai buruh. Tingkat pengetahuan tentang TB paru penderita drop out pengobatan TB paru dan sikap mereka termasuk kurang baik walaupun peran pengawas menelan obat (PMO) telah cukup baik. Masalah tersebut ditambah dengan sulitnya akses menuju pelayanan kesehatan. Upaya penting dalam penanganan kasus TB adalah bagaimana memotivasi penderita agar mereka mau menyelesaikan pengobatan sesuai dengan program yang ditetapkan. Untuk mewujudkan upaya tersebut, diharapkan program penanggulangan TB paru dapat meningkatkan upaya penjaringan penderita TB paru dan meningkatkan strategi pelaksanaan pengobatan TB paru melalui penyebaran informasi tentang pengobatan TB paru dan peningkatan peranan PMO. Kata kunci: Drop out, pengetahuan dan sikap, tuberkulosis (TB) Characteristics of Drop Out Patients During Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Garut Abstract Tuberculosis is still one of the major infectious disease in the world including Indonesia. Although the therapy using Directly Observed Treatment Short course Chemotherapy (DOTS) recomended by World Health Organization has been used, the drop out cases is still high. This study aim was to describe factors contributing to drop out cases in Sukamerang Health Center, Garut during year 2011. This was a cross sectional study using standard questionairres based on Ministry of Health Tuberculosis handbook. Subjects were all , 30 drop out patients during medication at Sukamerang Health Center. Statistical Programee for social science (SPSS) version 17 was used to analize the result. The study results showed that majority of drop out cases were male less than 35 years old with junior high school education and monthly earning of less than IDR 800.000. Knowledge of TB and attitude towards medication were not satisfactory although the role of pengawas minum obat (PMO ) was quite good. The results showed that the problem was heightened by their difficulty to access the health services. The important aspect in the treatment of tuberculosis is determining how to motivate people to complete the treatment in accordance with the established regiment. To achieve that, various pulmonary TB control programs needs to be enhanced to assist pulmonary TB patients. Key words: Drop out, knowledge and attitude, tuberculosis (TB)

Abstrak Kesehatan reproduksi (kespro) menjadi perhatian pemerintah Indonesia sebagai salah satu masalah kesehatan yang perlu ditangani dengan baik. Tingkat pengetahuan tentang reproduksi merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat memengaruhi perilaku seksual remaja. Di beberapa sekolah kesehatan reproduksi telah dijadikan salah satu pengetahuan tambahan untuk siswa, akan tetapi belum semua melakukan hal tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbandingan tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku tentang kesehatan reproduksi pada remaja siswa-siswi SMA swasta (SMA BPI 1) dengan siswa-siswi Madrasah Alliyah Sukamiskin Bandung. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2010 dan subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa-siswi SMA BPI1 dan Madrasah Alliyah Bandung berjumlah 137 responden. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner yang telah divalidasi. Statistical for social science (SPSS) versi 17 dipergunakan untuk mengolah data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komponen pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku antara siswa-siswi SMA dan Madrasah Alliyah mengenai kesehatan reproduksi berbeda pada sikap. Sikap siswa-siswi Madrasah Alliyah mayoritas kurang mendukung kesehatan reproduksi tetapi perbedaan ini tidak signifikan. Pengetahuan mengenai kesehatan reproduksi sebaiknya diberikan secara lebih terarah untuk semua remaja agar mendukung tercapainya kesehatan reproduksi yang baik. Kata kunci: Kesehatan reproduksi, pengetahuan, perilaku, remaja, sikap Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior Regarding Reproductive Health of High School and Madrasah Aliyah' s Students Abstract Reproductive health is one of the program that government's focus on. The level of knowledge about reproductive health is one factor that can influence adolescent sexual behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparative level of knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding reproductive health of adolescent in high school and Madrasah Alliyah. This research used descriptive analytical method with cross sectional approach. The study was conducted in May 2010 and the total subjects of this study were 137 high school students represented by High School (SMA BPI 1) and Madrasyah Alliyah Bandung. Statistical for social science (SPSS) versi 17 was used for analysis of data. The results showed that reproductive health knowledge and behaviors between High School SMA BPI 1 and Madrasah Alliyah Bandung were similar. The difference was only in the attitude. The majority of students from Madrasah Alliyah had little suport for reproductive health, however the diferences was not significant. It is recomended that reproductive health knowledge be given comprehensively to support a better reproductive health in general. Key words: Attitude, behavior, knowledge, reproductive health

Abstrak Hipertensi merupakan masalah kesehatan yang semakin penting, karena prevalensi yang meningkat setiap tahun. Pada tahun 2000 World Health Organization memperkirakan prevalensi hipertensi sebesar 26,4% di dunia, Menurut Riskesdas tahun 2007 memperkirakan prevalensi hipertensi sebesar 31,7%. Faktor risiko hipertensi dapat dibedakan menjadi non modifiable (seperti keturunan, jenis kelamin, dan usia) dan modifiable (seperti kurang olahraga, obesitas, dan garam). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan gaya hidup pasien hipertensi di RS Al-Islam Bandung. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien yang datang ke poli rawat jalan Instalasi Penyakit Dalam RS Al-Islam periode 1 April–31 Juli 2012. Sebanyak 230 subjek mengikuti penelitian terdiri atas 114 pasien hipertensi dan 116 pasien normotensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pasien hipertensi berusia rata-rata 61–70 tahun (38,6%), berjenis kelamin perempuan (68,4%), berpendidikan S-1 (42,1%), ibu rumah tangga 48,2%, memiliki faktor genetik (66,7%), serta tidak rutin melakukan olahraga (47,4%). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan faktor risiko yang mempunyai hubungan dengan hipertensi adalah usia (p=0,0001), jenis kelamin (p=0,007), riwayat hipertensi (p=0,048), tidak rutin olahraga (p=0,004), dan tidak melakukan pencegahan (p=0,0001). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah kejadian hipertensi dipengaruhi oleh usia, jenis kelamin, faktor risiko, dan kebiasaan olahraga rutin. Hasil ini diharapkan dapat dipergunakan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang faktor risiko hipertensi sehingga dapat menurunkan kejadian hipertensi di masyarakat. Kata kunci: Gaya hidup, hipertensi, karakteristik Characteristic and Lifestyle of Hypertension Patients at Al-Islam Hospital Bandung Abstract Hypertension is an increasingly important health problem, showed by an increasing prevalence every year. In 2000 the World Health Organization estimates that the prevalence of hypertension in the world were 26.4%. According to Riskesdas in 2007 it was estimated that the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia was 31.7%. Risk factors for hypertension can be divided into nonmodifiable (such as heredity, gender, and age) and modifiable (such as lack of exercise, obesity and salt). This study aimed to investigate the patient's characteristics and lifestyle. This is a descriptive study using cross sectional analytic approach. Subjects were patients attending the outpatient clinic at Al-Islam Hospital, Internal Medicine Department during 1st April to 31st July 2012. A total of 230 subjects completed the study with 114 subjects diagnosed as hypertensive and 116 normotensive. The results showed that majority of hypertensive patients were 61–70 years old (38.6%), female (68.4%), university graduate (42.1%), housewives 48.2%, has genetic factor (66.7%), and doing exercise irregularly (47.4%). The results showed that risk factors associated with hypertension were age (p=0.0001), gender (p =0.007), genetic factors (p=0.048), irregular exercise (p=0.004), and no prevention of hypertension (p=0.001). The conclusion of this study is the incidence of hypertension is influenced by age, sex, genetic factors and regular exercise habits. These results are expected to be used to increase knowledge about risk factors for hypertension that may be used to help decreasing the incidence of this disease in the community. Key words: Characteristics, hypertension, lifestyle

Abstract The development of textile industry in Indonesia can potentially increase some occupational diseases that caused by waste products. One of those waste products from textile industry is cotton dust, which can cause byssinosis. There are several ways to reduce cotton dust exposure, such as using face mask. This research aim to describe the relationship between employee's knowledge about byssinosis with face mask utilization in spinning department of a textile factory.This research is a descriptive study with cross sectional approach. The subjects of this research are employees working on Spinning Department. Data gathered using questionnaire about byssinosis and the habit of using face mask.The result of this research shows that 52 (78.79%) of 66 respondents have excellent knowledge about byssinosis, meanwhile the other 14 (21.21%) show just enough knowledge. Almost all wear a face mask during working hour (92.42%). The result of chi square method shows that the relation between employee's knowledge about byssinosis and face mask utilization is really weak (p=0,001, contingency coefficient = 0,381). The result of this research indicates that besides knowledge of byssinosis, there are other factors that can affect face mask utilization. Key word: Byssinosis, knowledge, face-masks

Sebuah perjalanan yang cukup panjang telah ditempuh oleh jurnal Global Medical and Health Communication (GMHC) yang berawal di tahun 2012 untuk memberikan ruang bagi para peneliti, dosen, dan pemerhati masalah kesehatan dalam menyampaikan hasil penelitian maupun ide dan metode terbarunya. Diterbitkan oleh Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Bandung, jurnal GMHC telah terakreditasi Direktorat Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan, Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia Nomor 2/E/KPT/2015 tertanggal 1 Desember 2015. Selain itu, jurnal ini telah terdaftar pula dalam Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) tanggal 9 Mei 2017. Pencapaian ini telah mendapatkan respons positif dari para peneliti dan pemerhati masalah kesehatan terutama di Indonesia terbukti dengan semakin banyak artikel yang dikirimkan. Dibanding dengan awal pendiriannya pada tahun 2012 sampai tahun 2017 ini jumlah artikel yang dikirimkan menjadi tiga kali lipat banyaknya. Sebagai dukungan penyebaran informasi terutama hasil penelitian maka penerbitan GMHC yang sejak tahun 2013 cukup 6 bulan dalam setahun pada tahun 2017 menjadi setiap 4 bulan dalam setahun. Setelah menjadi jurnal terakreditasi nasional, jurnal GMHC mempersiapkan diri untuk berperan lebih di arena global. Jurnal GMHC bertekad dengan dukungan para penulis, pembaca, dan pemerhati untuk mulai menjadi sarana bagi bangsa Indonesia agar dapat berkiprah di tingkat dunia terutama dalam bidang kesehatan.

Background: Eating habits are formed from childhood and develop into adulthood. Unhealthy eating habits will persist into adulthood and can lead to various diseases. Healthy eating and behaviour should be taught using engaging tools. The study aims to pilot nutrition education using the game-based learning approach, implementing a specially designed learning board game entitled 'Gastronot'. Methods: A mixed-method study was used in two stages. The first stage was an FGD with 14 informants and in-depth interviews with six informants to develop the game. The second stage was the game's development, and a pre and post-test were conducted on 88 children to evaluate the game—the study was conducted from August 2019 to July 2020. Results: Results showed almost half the children (49%) never heard about Balanced Nutrition Diet Pyramid. There was a significant difference between respondents' knowledge before and after playing the game with a p-value of 0.021. The game was able to engage participants in the active learning process. Conclusions: We concluded that the game-based learning utilizing the Gastronot board game demonstrated good results as a method for teaching primary school students about food and healthy eating habits.

Background: Eating habits are formed from childhood and develop into adulthood. Unhealthy eating habits will persist into adulthood and can lead to various diseases. Healthy eating and behaviour should be taught using engaging tools. The study aims to pilot nutrition education using the game-based learning approach, implementing a specially designed learning board game entitled 'Gastronot'. Methods: A mixed-method study was used in two stages. The first stage was an FGD with 14 informants and in-depth interviews with six informants to develop the game. The second stage was the game's development, and a pre and post-test were conducted on 88 children to evaluate the game—the study was conducted from August 2019 to July 2020. Results: Results showed almost half the children (49%) never heard about Balanced Nutrition Diet Pyramid. There was a significant difference between respondents' knowledge before and after playing the game with a p-value of 0.021. The game was able to engage participants in the active learning process. Conclusions: We concluded that the game-based learning utilizing the Gastronot board game demonstrated good results as a method for teaching primary school students about food and healthy eating habits.