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Fully dense (Zr, Ti)C-(Ti, Zr)B 2 composites were sintered via reactive pressureless sintering of ZrB 2 and TiC based on the in-situ reaction and solid solution coupling effects. The effects of TiC content and sintering temperature on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were explored. Elongated (Ti, Zr)B 2 platelets were observed, stemming from the in-situ reaction between ZrB 2 and TiC, and exhibited a high aspect ratio with the increase of TiC content. Besides, phase decomposition structures featuring semi-coherent interfaces were identified in the ZrB 2 -70mol.% TiC system sintered at 2200 °C, attributed to the chemical miscibility gap. High values of hardness (27.0 GPa), flexural strength (533 MPa), and fracture toughness (4.6 MPa m1/2) are found in ZrB 2 -70 mol.% TiC composite sintered at 2200 °C. The low porosity, solid solution strengthening, grain refinement caused by carbide phase decomposition, and high dislocation densities and strain concentration at the semi-coherent interfaces of carbide phase decomposed structures play an important role on hardening and strengthening. Furthermore, the presence of in-situ synthesized (Ti, Zr)B 2 platelets with a high aspect ratio significantly contributes to toughening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid expansion of industrialization has resulted in the release of multiple ecological contaminants in gaseous, liquid, and solid forms, which pose significant environmental risks to many different ecosystems. The efficient and cost‐effective removal of these environmental pollutants has attracted global attention. This growing concern has prompted the synthesis and optimization of nanomaterials and their application as potential pollutant removal. In this context, MXene is considered an outstanding photocatalytic candidate due to its unique physicochemical and mechanical properties, which include high specific surface area, physiological compatibility, and robust electrodynamics. This review highlights recent advances in shaping titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXenes, emphasizing the importance of termination groups to boost photoactivity and product selectivity, with a primary focus on engineering aspects. First, a broad overview of Ti3C2Tx MXene is provided, delving into its catalytic properties and the formation of surface termination groups to establish a comprehensive understanding of its fundamental catalytic structure. Subsequently, the effects of engineering the morphology of Ti3C2Tx MXene into different structures, such as two‐dimensional (2D) accordion‐like forms, monolayers, hierarchies, quantum dots, and nanotubes. Finally, a concise overview of the removal of different environmental pollutants is presented, and the forthcoming challenges, along with their prospective outlooks, are delineated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of ultrasonic vibration during Friction Stir Vibration Processing (FSVP) on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of AZ31/TiC surface composites was investigated. Specifically, Titanium Carbide (TiC) particles were introduced as a reinforcement (15 vol%) into the magnesium alloy AZ31 using both Friction Stir Processing (FSP) and FSVP. Comprehensive examinations were carried out to analyse the microstructure, hardness, and tensile behaviour of the resulting composites. The study revealed significant improvements in mechanical properties due to the application of ultrasonic vibration during FSP. Firstly, the stir zone region was found to be free from voids, enhancing material flow and promoting even dispersion of TiC powders within the matrix. Secondly, refinement of grains was observed due to dynamic recrystallization and the pinning effect imposed by TiC particles, leading to the formation of more dislocations in the composite and indicating a considerable alteration in the material's structure. Importantly, the vibration during FSP introduced an auxiliary energy source, resulting in a remarkable enhancement in both hardness and tensile strength. Compared to the AZ31/15 vol% TiC FSP composite, the composites produced via FSVP exhibited a grain size reduction of about 64% and improvements in hardness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of about 55% and 21%, respectively. Notably, these improvements were achieved without compromising the ductility of the composite, which remained at appreciable levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, TiB 2 –TiC, TiB 2 –TiC-GNP, and TiB 2 -TiC-BN composites were produced via spark plasma sintering (SPS). The densification and sintering behavior, phase and Raman spectroscopy analyses, microstructural properties, Vickers microhardness, and wear behavior of the binary and ternary composites were investigated. The addition of various amounts of TiC to TiB 2 resulted in nearly complete densification. The TiB 2 –TiC-GNP specimens exhibited a relative density of more than 99 %; in contrast, the addition of BN did not contribute to the densification. The Vickers hardness of the GNP-added composites was ∼25 GPa, whereas hBN addition to the matrix decreased the hardness to ∼22 GPa (∼9 % decrease). According to the wear test, the addition of GNPs did not result in a significant change in the TiB 2 –TiC matrix; however, the addition of hBN increased the specific wear rate of the matrix by ∼100 %. The GNPs did not have a negative effect on the densification, microstructural, or mechanical properties, such as the Vickers hardness and wear resistance. Hence, they were determined to be a more suitable sintering aid for matrix composition than hBN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research involves the synthesis of a hybrid composite by adding titanium carbide (TiC) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) powders in certain weight ratios (2.5–5%) to pure aluminum (Al) powder. When previous studies were examined, it was seen that TiC and hBN powders were added separately to Al matrix powders; however, a hybrid composite was not produced as in this study. The obtained hybrid composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Microstructure, hardness and wear tests were carried out under 3 different loads (10 N, 20 N and 30 N) and dry conditions. Weight loss and coefficient of friction measurements were obtained for each hybrid composite during the wear tests. The TiC–hBN-reinforced specimen exhibited a significantly higher hardness value of 37.08% compared to the pure Al composite. It was also found that the synthesized Al–TiC–hBN hybrid composite exhibited a 59% reduction in the wear loss value for 10 N load, 30% for 20 N load and 60% for 30 N load compared to the pure Al sample. It is believed that the hybrid composites produced in this study have the ability to compete with Al matrix materials and exhibit the potential for longer durability and cost reduction in industries that use the production of aluminum parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous grain boundary α (CGB-α) usually causes degradation of mechanical properties in titanium alloys. Here, we propose to employ dislocation network in an additively manufactured titanium alloy for GB engineering to suppress CGB-α. A C-bearing titanium alloy was selectively laser melted to produce homogeneously distributed TiC flakes and a dislocation network that links them to GBs. Upon solution treatment, the dislocation network promotes dissolution of intragranular carbides and formation of discrete GB TiC particles. These GB carbides suppress the formation of CGB-α during ageing treatment, which together with the formation of high-density intragranular α leads to excellent strength-ductility synergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes due to their structural and optical characteristics rapidly emerged as the preferred material, particularly in catalysis and energy applications. On the other hand, because of its enormous surface/volume ratio and porosity, Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs) show promise in several areas, including catalysis, delivery, and storage. The potential to increase the applicability of these magic compounds might be achieved by taking advantage of the inherent flexibility in design and synthesis, and optical characteristics of MXenes. Thus, coupling MOF with Ti3C2 MXenes to construct hybrid composites is considered promising in a variety of applications, including energy conversion and storage. This paper presents a systematic discussion of current developments in Ti3C2 MXenes/MOF composites for photocatalytic reduction of CO2, and production of hydrogen through water splitting. Initially, the overview and characteristics of MXenes and MOFs are independently discussed and then a detailed investigation of efficiency enhancement is examined. Different strategies such as engineering aspects, construction of binary and ternary composites and their efficiency enhancement mechanism are deliberated. Finally, different strategies to explore further in various other applications are suggested. Although Ti3C2 MXenes/MOF composites have not yet been thoroughly investigated, they are potential photocatalysts for the production of solar fuel and ought to be looked into further for a range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantage of combustion synthesis is the ability to produce composites from powders in a single technological step, using the heat of an exothermic reaction, in a fast and energy-efficient manner. Ceramic-metal composites TiC–High-Entropy Alloy (HEA) CoCrFeNiMn were fabricated by combustion synthesis from granular mixtures. The content of the metal binder components varied from 10 to 30 wt% and the combustion velocity and temperature gradually decreased as the binder content increased. Scaling up synthesis requires clarification of the parametric range for implementing a safe combustion mode. The impurity gas content and the range of safe conductive combustion were determined from known theoretical models and experimental combustion velocities of samples of granules of 0.6 and 1.1 mm size. The main phases of the product were titanium carbide with up to 3 at. % Cr and HEA CrCoFeNiMn with a reduced Mn content compared to the equimolar composition. The content of secondary phases Cr 7 C 3 and carbon did not exceed 5 wt%. The use of granular mixtures solved the problem of significant sintering of exothermic powder mixtures containing metal binder during combustion. After synthesis, the granules retain their size and do not sinter together, making it easy to grind the sample and obtain a TiC-HEA composite powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the influence of titanium carbide (TiC) content on the processing, microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of Inconel 718/TiC composites produced by binder jetting additive manufacturing. It was found that increasing the amount of TiC required an increase of the drying intensity during printing due to a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the powder mixture. The sintering process also depended on the TiC content. The most optimal modes were 1270 °C for 10 h for samples with 0 and 3% TiC and 1280 °C for 5 h for samples with 5 and 10% TiC. The hardness of the materials increased as the proportion of reinforcement increased. The best tensile properties, also at high temperatures, were possessed by samples with 3% TiC, showing high strength and, in addition, satisfactory plasticity. The maximum wear resistance was achieved by the composite material containing 5% TiC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA hybrid material composed of aluminum hydroxide oxide (AlOOH) and titanium carbide (Ti3C2) nanosheets was synthesized and used for electrochemical sensing of quercetin. The Ti3C2 nanosheets were synthesized using a selective etching technique, followed by the hydrothermal growth of AlOOH on the nanosheet surfaces. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were performed to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the AlOOH@Ti3C2 nanocomposites. Under optimal conditions, the AlOOH@Ti3C2 modified electrode exhibited wide linearity and high sensitivity. The practicality of the sensor was verified through an interference study and real sample analysis. Additionally, the sensing platform exhibited outstanding operational and storage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a density functional theory with dispersion correction (DFT‐D) calculations that focus on the intercalation of ionic liquids (ILs) electrolytes into the two‐dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx MXenes. These ILs include the cation 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (Emim+), accompanied by three distinct anions: bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSA−), (fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSA−) and fluorosulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (FTFSA−). By altering the surface termination elements, we explore the intricate geometries of IL intercalation in neutral, negative, and positive pore systems. Accurate estimation of charge transfer is achieved through five population analysis models, such as Hirshfeld, Hirshfeld‐I, DDEC6 (density derived electrostatic and chemical), Bader, and VDD (voronoi deformation density) charges. In this work, we recommend the DDEC6 and Hirshfeld‐I charge models, as they offer moderate values and exhibit reasonable trends. The investigation, aimed at visualizing non‐covalent interactions, elucidates the role of cation‐MXene and anion‐MXene interactions in governing the intercalation phenomenon of ionic liquids within MXenes. The magnitude of this role depends on two factors: the specific arrangement of the cation, and the nature of the anionic species involved in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors developed on MXene‐enabled Titanium Carbide (TiC) impurities‐based electrodes with novel electrolytes are the point of focus in this work. Five different electrodes are prepared with different TiC content and symmetric supercapacitors are fabricated with three electrolytes named acrylamide, N,N′‐Dimethylacrylamide, and 2‐Hydroxyethyl methacrylate to achieve flexibility and improved energy storage. Before electrode fabrication, all the samples are tested with the X‐ray Diffraction technique. Cyclic voltammetry is performed at a potential window from −1 to 1 V to evaluate the specific capacitance of fabricated supercapacitors at multiple scan rates. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed to study the Randles circuit, and Rs values are calculated to examine the maximum physical area used for the evaluation of supercapacitors. Open‐circuit and short‐circuit tests are performed after charging the capacitor at 1 V for 2 min each time and compatibility of electrodes with different electrolytes is analyzed. The figures of merits for all the techniques used are discussed in detail. The highest values of the specific capacitances reported in our work are 50 and 79 F/g with novel electrolytes termed as N,N′‐Dimethylacrylamide and 2‐Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the microstructure, hardness, density, viscosity, and surface tension of molten pure Ti with TiC particles were studied via electrostatic levitation experiments, where the electrostatic levitation experiment involved container-less processing, which can suppress heterogeneous nucleation via crucibles. Microstructural observation revealed long needle-shaped α-grains across the whole area in the pure Ti sample. On the other hand, smaller needle-shaped α-grains were found in the samples with TiC particles. However, the detailed microstructural analysis of Ti + 0.7vo l%TiC sample revealed that the fine α-grains observed in the Ti + 0.7vo l%TiC are transformed from single grain of prior β phase. This is because the TiC particles dissolve into the molten Ti during the electrostatic levitation experiment. Instead, Ti–rich TiC precipitates formed by cooling can act as pinning sites rather than heterogeneous nucleation sites, which results in a finer microstructure for the samples with TiC particles during the electrostatic levitation experiment. The density of the samples is linearly related to the temperature, and it decreases with increasing temperature. In addition, a higher density is observed for the samples with TiC particles. Although linear relationships between the surface tension and temperature were found, the addition of TiC particles had no notable effect on the viscosity of the molten pure Ti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerating climate warming requires fast methods to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Here, we converted carbon dioxide into titanium carbide using four magnetrons which were sequentially operated to emit microwave on titanium swarf. Carbon dioxide molecules dissociated in the plasma to react with ionized titanium atoms to form a stable titanium carbide product, using a microwave frequency is 2.3 gigahertz and 800 watts electrical power for each magnetron. Results show a reduction of carbon dioxide concentration from 2000 to 385 ppm within 30 s. Titanium carbide could be further functionalized as a three-dimensional printed gas sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition (LCVD) is a process in which fibers are deposited from a gaseous precursor to a solid phase under a traversing laser focal point. Here, we grow titanium carbide (TiC) fibers and tubes dependent upon a hyperbaric hydrogen-rich, hydrogen-balanced, and hydrogen-lean environment referenced to a titanium tetrachloride and ethylene gas mixture under three different laser intensities. X-ray diffraction confirms the deposition of TiC with energy dispersive spectroscopy noting a radial compositional gradient of titanium and carbon in the diameter of the deposit. Depending on the hydrogen concentration, the TiC encased a core carbon-rich fiber or formed a hollow tube, with these formations explained by thermophoresis. Furthermore, depending on the gas mixture and laser intensity, the carbon-rich interior and TiC outer shell exhibited different morphologies that are discussed in terms of growth rate regimes. The collective outcomes demonstrate the complex processing space in forming ceramic materials by LCVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of research devoted to studying the effect of the type of reinforcing phase on the structure and properties of an aluminum matrix composite material (AMCM) obtained by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in a melt. In the course of the research, an analysis is carried out and a choice is made to use titanium carbide and titanium diboride as reinforcing phases. During the experimental synthesis of SHS in the melt, AMg2–10% TiC and AMg2–10% TiB2 composite materials are obtained. In the course of further studies, microstructural, micro-X-ray spectral, and X‑ray phase analyses have been carried out, according to the results of which it is revealed that the technology used leads to the formation of the target TiC phase in the AMg2–10% TiC composite and TiB2, Al3Ti phases in the AMg2–10% TiB2 composite. On synthesized samples of composite materials, an assessment is made of physical and mechanical characteristics: hardness, porosity, and electrical conductivity. It is found that the hardness of AMCM obtained by the SHS method based on the AMg2 industrial alloy reinforced with titanium carbide is higher than the hardness of AMCM reinforced with titanium diboride by 44 MPa. Also, the porosity of the AMg2–10% TiC composite is lower than that of the AMg2–10% TiB2 composite by 6%. This paper also shows the effect of heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of AMg2–10% TiC and AMg2–10% TiB2 composite materials. Carrying out additional heating leads to an increase in the hardness values of composite materials, as well as a decrease in porosity. According to the results of a complex of studies, the use of titanium carbide is recommended as a reinforcing phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using powder metallurgy methods by sintering in vacuum at temperatures from 1300 to 1500°C, materials with porosity from 67.5 to 82.5% are obtained from mixtures of titanium carbide powders and ammonium bicarbonate as a pore-forming agent. Using X-ray phase analysis, it is established that the crystal lattice parameter of the resulting porous materials decreases with increasing sintering temperature. This indicates a decrease in the content of bound carbon C/Ti in titanium carbide. As a result of a comparative study of the strength characteristics of materials synthesized from nano- and submicron titanium carbide powders obtained from bending tests, it is found that they have similar values. Ultimate bending strength is in the range from 2.6 to 18.1 MPa. As the porosity of the material increases, the tensile strength decreases. The destruction is fragile. In the fracture of materials obtained from titanium carbide nanopowder, destruction is observed both along the body and along the grain boundaries regardless of the sintering temperature. In materials obtained by sintering submicron titanium carbide powder at 1500°C, destruction occurs predominantly along the body of the grains. It is revealed that, under the same sintering conditions, the density of porous material obtained from titanium carbide nanopowder is higher than that of the material obtained from submicron powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the fabrication and application of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites. The remarkable mechanical properties of graphene have led to a substantial enhancement in the strength of titanium-based composites reinforced with graphene nanosheets. However, the occurrence of severe interfacial reactions remains one of the most challenging issues in graphene-reinforced titanium matrix composites. This study, grounded in first principles, investigates the interfacial bonding between pure titanium and graphene across two distinct crystal structures, as well as the impact of vacancy defects on the composite's interfacial structure. The bond strength between beta titanium and graphene is found to be relatively weaker, which may facilitate a reduction in the reactivity between graphene and titanium. Furthermore, the presence of vacancy defects is identified as a crucial factor influencing the formation of titanium carbide. This study presents a novel approach to enhance the interfacial adhesion between graphene and titanium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamic equilibria in the Al-Ti-C ternary system are considered as applied to synthesizing titanium carbides in an aluminum medium using the CALPHAD method. A set of calculated isothermal sections of the corresponding state diagram is obtained. Using the results of the thermodynamic analysis of the system, a physically substantiated semi-empirical mathematical computer model was developed that describes the kinetics of TiC synthesis processes in the aluminum medium for the Al-TiC two-phase equilibrium region. Based on the simulation results, it was found that with increased aluminum content in the system, the exothermic burst during TiC synthesis is characterized by lower temperatures and becomes more diffuse in time. The dependence of the dispersity of titanium carbide particles on the aluminum content in the mixture is nonlinear. An increase in the aluminum content slows down the growth of TiC particles. It is shown for the Ti-Al-C system that there is a certain threshold value of the aluminum content (about 30-40%), the excess of which leads to a noticeable dispersion of the sizes of the synthesized titanium carbide grains, which makes it possible to obtain submicron TiC particles. The results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acoustic catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) was studied using silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires and commercial TiO2 (P-25). SEM images show that the average diameter of SiC nanowires is less than 500 nm and the length is up to tens of microns. XRD patterns and FTIR spectra confirmed the high purity of SiC in the catalyst. The catalytic performance of the two catalysts is better under alkaline conditions. The Kapp values (pseudo-first-order kinetics) of the synergistic effects of ultrasonic treatment and adsorption processes using SiC and TiO2 are 1.36 and 1.31 times the sum of the Kapp values of the two separate processes, respectively. This finding indicates that acoustic catalysis can improve the photocatalytic performance of SiC and TiO2 on MB. Compared with TiO2, SiC nanowires exhibit better acoustic catalytic performance, and hydroxyl radicals are more significant in the acoustic catalytic degradation of SiC to MB. Meanwhile, hydroxyl radicals play a leading role in the degradation process of MB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the development and characterization of an Inconel 625 (IN625) reinforced with 2 wt.% of sub-micrometrical TiC particles produced by the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. IN625 and IN625 2 wt.% TiC microstructural evolution was evaluated in the as-built, solution-annealed (2 h at 1150 °C), and prolonged heat-treated (2 h at 1150 °C + 100 h at 1000 °C) conditions. The IN625 and IN625 + TiC samples were successfully produced with low residual porosity (<0.15%). In the as-built conditions, both materials developed mainly columnar grains elongated to the building direction with melt pools, fine dendric structures, and small fractions of recrystallized grains. Some TiC segregations were observed in the composite, preferentially located at the melt pool boundaries. The heat treatments led to a different microstructural evolution between the base alloy and the composite. After solution annealing, the IN625 alloy was subjected to full recrystallization with a drastic reduction in hardness. Afterward, the prolonged thermal exposures for 100 h at 1000 °C provoked the formation of carbides, increasing the hardness. On the contrary, the composite retained the as-built microstructure with columnar grains in the solution-annealed and prolonged heat-treated conditions, revealing a limited formation and growth of carbides, thus resulting in a reduced hardness variation. The addition of TiC inside the IN625 enhanced the microstructural stability of the composite, preventing the recrystallization and the growth of phases occurring under prolonged thermal exposures. The current study therefore reported the effect of TiC particles on the microstructural stabilization of LPBFed IN625, with a peculiar focus on the prolonged thermal exposure at 1000 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia (ZrO 2) ceramics have excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature conductivities. However, ZrO 2 ceramics do not possess room-temperature conductivity, which significantly limits their application as functional components in smart communication devices and wearable smart products. To achieve room-temperature conductivity in ZrO 2 ceramics, this study prepared a network-structured TiC–ZrO 2 composite conductive ceramic with a low titanium carbide (TiC) addition using pressureless sintering. The influence of the TiC addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical properties of the TiC–ZrO 2 composite material was investigated. The results showed that the composite material consists of cubic zirconia (c-ZrO 2), tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO 2), and titanium carbide (TiC) phases. When the TiC content was 11 vol %, the relative density, open porosity, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of the sample were 98.6 ± 0.1 %, 0.16 ± 0.06 %, 383 ± 38 MPa, and 4.66 ± 0.26 MPa m1/2, respectively. The electrical percolation threshold of the TiC–ZrO 2 composite was between 8.0 and 11.0 vol %. When the TiC content is 18.8 vol %, the sample exhibited the lowest room-temperature resistivity of 3.00 × 10−5 Ω m. The electrical resistance of the TiC–ZrO 2 composite material is mainly attributed to the grain boundary effect. With increasing TiC content, the resistivity of the composite material decreased, exhibiting linear conductivity and achieving conductive percolation characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum and magnesium were welded by friction stir welding while Zinc was used as interlayer and Titanium carbide nanoparticles were applied as reinforcement. The microstructure examination and phase constitution of interfacial zones showed that the base materials reaction successfully proceeded. The changes in heat input and stir action had a very significant effect on microstructural development, the distribution of nanoparticles, wettability at the interface, and intermetallic compound formation (Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17). Aluminum solid solution, MgZn2, Magnesium/Aluminum/Zinc Intermetallic Compounds and Magnesium were the much important Compounds in the nugget zone. The best joint with the highest tensile strength and elongation percentage of 182 MPa and 1.5%, respectively, was made at transverse speed of 45 mm/min and rotation speed of 750 rpm with presence of Titanium carbide particles and Zinc interlayer material. Meanwhile, the hardness of 185 Hv with relative ductile fracture was detected for the optimized weld sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries with similar working principles, cell structures, and material systems. However, attaining long‐term stability and high‐capacity performance of SIBs at ultrahigh rates remains a significant challenge due to the large ionic radius and slow kinetic behavior of Na+. Herein, a novel robust anode with a dual‐biomimetic gradient hierarchical architecture is proposed and provide a simple strategy to fabricate this sulfur‐doped mesoporous carbon concave hollow sphere/Ti3C2Tx MXene (SCMX) anode. In addition, Cu2S nanoparticles are in situ embedded into the SCMX architecture by electrochemical induction during the cycling process to act as active sites, which enhances the rate performance and cycling stability. Relying on its hybrid architecture and in situ formed Cu2S, this SCMX anode can achieve high ion accessibility, rich active sites, rapid charge transfer, and favorable structure stability, as disclosed by in/ex situ characterizations. As a result, it exhibits high reversible capacity (745.6 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), ultrahigh‐rate capability (380.5 mAh g−1 at 50.0 A g−1), and long cycling stability (98.2% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles at 80.0 A g−1). This work is anticipated to accelerate the development of high‐performance SIBs and offer distinctive inspiration for the design of electrode structures/systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient hydrogen production relies on cost-effective and durable non-noble metal electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, a liquid metal-assisted solid-flame combustion synthesis (SF-CS) method was used to create transition metal carbide TMC) nanocrystals with exposed facets. The TMCs include TiC, VC, NbC, TaC, Ta 2 C, WC, and Mo 2 C. In acidic solutions, the TMC nanocrystals show enhanced conductivity and superior HER performance, as evidenced by their lower Tafel slope, higher current density, and decreased overpotential. In particular, Mo 2 C nanocrystals exhibit an overpotential of 95 mV and a Tafel slope of 26 mV dec−1. These findings highlight a noteworthy improvement over previously reported nanostructures in recent years in terms of the HER properties of Mo 2 C with particular facets. This improvement is attributed to the unique surface characteristics, such as energy and active sites, which are impacted by various factors and require more investigation to meet the intended goals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental toxicity caused by heavy metal ions is always taken seriously. Capacitive deionization (CDI), as an emerging and effective treatment method, is widely studied. Among them, the rational design and development of efficient electrodes based on high theoretical capacitance, high conductivity, and high stability have great prospects for CDI applications. In this study, a series of 2D titanium carbide oxide flakes (2D TCOs) are synthesized using a cation‐giving modulation strategy, and the interlayer spacing of materials is successfully controlled by confining cations (tetraalkylammonium hydroxides, TAAH) with different radii between layers. Interestingly, these TCOs exhibit widely varying electrochemical properties due to their different interlayer spacings. Among them, titanium carbide oxide flakes‐tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TCOs‐TPAH) with the maximum interlayer spacing exhibits the best performance in sodium ion embedding and de‐embedding, with a capacity of 53.11 mg g−1. In addition, the capacitive removal efficiency of heavy metal ions (Fe3+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+) can reach over 97% within 2 h. This work presents a simple and creative strategy for the bottom‐up synthesis of oversized 2D nanomaterials, thus supporting the further development of high‐performance 2D materials in the fields of environmental and energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerospace and automotive industries, among others, utilize reinforced aluminium metal matrix composite materials extensively. Aluminium alloy 5052 matrix was reinforced with tungsten carbide and titanium dioxide particulate reinforcements by varying their weight fractions, to fabricate the hybrid composites. The melt‐stir casting route was used to process the materials, and their characteristics were determined by measuring Vickers microhardness, tensile strength and peak elongation. The cost‐effectiveness and productivity of the melt‐stir casting route led to its selection. Investigations were carried out to assess how reinforcement particles were mixed into the aluminium alloy matrix using scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis. The microstructure of aluminium alloy 5052 showed a distinct homogenous structural integrity. Adding tungsten carbide and titanium dioxide particles to aluminium alloy 5052 led to a 6.57 % rise in the Vickers microhardness value. The tensile strength of the hybrid composites made of aluminium, tungsten carbide, and titanium dioxide increased by as much as 8.7 %. The findings demonstrated that all of the hybrid composites failed due to particle fracture and ductile fracture in the case of the as‐cast aluminium alloy 5052. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of two‐dimensional (2D) titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx), with the name of MXene, by etching Ti3AlC2 (MAX) for different times 20 (v/v) % hydrofluoric acid (HF) at 40 °C was carried out. The influences of time, temperature and source of MAX on the synthesis of MXene were researched. The MXenes produced were characterized by fourier‐transform ınfrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy technique, energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG) instruments. Above 390 °C, MXene layers were considerably oxidizing and forming anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 under air atmosphere. The resistance of MAX and MXene was 3.6 Ω and 116 Ω, respectively. However, the resistance of the residual part of MXene heated to 620 °C considerably increased to 17850 Ω. This behavior is another important piece of evidence showing that the MXene crystal structure has changed significantly and transformed into a new chemical structure containing anatase and rutil titanium oxide (TiO2). The dielectric loss (ϵ") and alternating conductivity (δac) of the MAX and MXenes were determined from their impedance measurements. The ϵ" and δac values of MXene were compared with those of MAX. Direct curent conductivities of MAX and MXene produced for 24 h were found to be 0.016 S/cm and 0.0023 S/cm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, crack-free TiC/Ti composites with TiC content ranging from 0 to 15 wt.% were successfully fabricated using Direct Energy Deposition with a dual-feeder system that concomitantly delivered different amounts of both constituents into a high-power laser beam. The samples were investigated to evaluate the morphologies and distribution behavior of TiC. The microhardness values of the samples obtained under optimal processing conditions increased from 192 ± 5.3 HV0.2 (pure Ti) to 300 ± 14.2 HV0.2 (Ti + wt.% 15 TiC). Also, TiC has a significant impact on the Ti matrix, increasing the strength of TMCs up to 725 ± 5.4 MPa, while the elongation drastically decreased to 0.62 ± 0.04%. The wear rate is not proportionally affected by the rise content of TiC reinforcement; the hypoeutectic region of TMCs exhibited a wear rate of 2.45 mm3/N·m (Ti + wt.% 3 TiC) and a friction coefficient of 0.48 compared to the ones from the hypereutectic region, which measured a wear rate of 3.02 mm3/N·m (Ti + wt.% 15 TiC) and a friction coefficient of 0.63. The improved values of mechanical properties in the case of TMCs as compared to pure Ti are provided due to the solid solution strengthening of carbon and the fine grain strengthening. This work outlines a method for changing TiC morphologies to improve the hardness and tensile strength of TMCs fabricated starting from micro-scale powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fe-(TiC, Mo) composite coating was laser clad onto the surface of Q235 steel, and the study delved into the impact of (TiC, Mo) content (x) on the coating’s microstructure, microhardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The results revealed that as x varied from 0 to 10, 20 and 30 wt.%, the phase composition shifted from α-Fe to α-Fe+γ-Fe+TiC. This transition was accompanied by a constant variation in the proportion of different phases, with a continuous increase in in situ TiC particle content. The microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the coating displayed an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease with the increase in x, reaching their optimal values at 20 wt.%. This enhancement in microhardness and wear resistance, up by 4.34 and 8.27 times, respectively, can be attributed to fine crystal strengthening, dispersion strengthening, and solid solution strengthening. Furthermore, the incorporation of (TiC, Mo) in the coating facilitated the formation of a dense and uniform passivation film, while grain refinement mitigated the galvanic corrosion effect. As a result, the coating exhibited remarkable corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-growing need for advancement in data storage technology demands materials that can be controlled by as many degrees as possible. In this regard, multiferroic materials that show response both in electric and magnetic dimensions are of great interest especially when being investigated in two-dimensional materials that have their potential applications. In this study, we have incorporated Lanthanum (La) doped Bismuth Ferrite (BLFO), and La and Selenium (Se) co-doped BFO (BLFSO) with two-dimensional layered titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x) from the class of MXene as hybrid composites. The structural, optical and morphological investigation validated the successful etching of MXene from MAX, successful hybrid formation with conserved crystal structure and new phases of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) detected when the samples underwent heat treatment. This heat treatment was performed in order to enhance the multiferroic properties owing to the presence of TiO 2. Our results showed that the heated BLFSO-embedded Ti 3 C 2 T x hybrid composite showed maximum remnant polarization and higher dielectric response when measured with respect to the varying electric field and at different frequencies. The prepared samples also exhibited tunable polarization response at an applied static magnetic field, unveiling their magnetoelectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the Young's modulus (E) and strength of titanium alloys, we designed titanium matrix composites with interconnected microstructure based on the Hashin-Shtrikman theory. According to the results, the in-situ reaction yielded an interconnected microstructure composed of Ti2C particles when the Ti2C content reached 50vol%. With widths of 10 and 230 nm, the intraparticle Ti lamellae in the prepared composite exhibited a bimodal size distribution due to precipitation and the unreacted Ti phase within the grown Ti2C particles. The composites with interconnected microstructure attained superior properties, including E of 174.3 GPa and ultimate flexural strength of 1014 GPa. Compared with that of pure Ti, the E of the composite was increased by 55% due to the high Ti2C content and interconnected microstructure. The outstanding strength resulted from the strong interfacial bonding, load-bearing capacity of interconnected Ti2C particles, and bimodal intraparticle Ti lamellae, which minimized the average crack driving force. Interrupted flexural tests revealed preferential crack initiation along the {001} cleavage plane and grain boundary of Ti2C in the region with the highest tensile stress. In addition, the propagation can be efficiently inhibited by interparticle Ti grains, which prevented the brittle fracture of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium carbide (TiC) powder was synthesized by the magnesiothermic combustion of the TiO2-rich alteration product leucoxene and activated carbon (AC) in argon. Leucoxene and C were combined at a molar ratio of 1.0 : 1.5, and the effect of magnesium (Mg) fuel in the reaction system was studied at ratios of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0. XRD analysis showed that the as-leached powder from a reactant mixture with a Mg molar ratio of 3.0 has fewer unwanted phases, and that leucoxene, C, Mg mixed at 1.0 : 1.5 : 3.0 produce TiC powder of a higher purity than the other reacted mixtures. The higher purity of the product was due to the more exothermic character of the combustion reaction, which had a higher enthalpy of reaction (ΔH) and adiabatic temperature (Tad). SEM observation of the as-leached powder revealed agglomerated fine particles of sub-micrometer size. The TiC powder was successfully coated with nickel by an electroless plating process. SEM/EDX demonstrated that the Ni-coated TiC powder consists of Ni particles smaller than 500 nm, which are well distributed on TiC particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents research results of the synthesis, phase composition, and structure of products obtained by highly exothermic reactions between Ti and C10H8O4 mixture components, depending on the plastic waste concentration and Ti powder dispersiveness, density of initial samples, and synthesis medium. The dependence of the phase composition and structure of the synthesis products on the concentration of the polymer (plastic) component in the initial Ti -PET (C10H8O4) system was found. When the plastic waste content is 20 wt% to 25 wt %, synthesis products contain TiC0.5O0.5-TiC0.6-0.75 particle agglomerates. Further growth in the polyethylene terephthalate content from 30 wt% to 45 wt% leads to the formation of synthesis products consisting of titanium carbide (TiC0.6-1.0). The gaseous byproduct composition of the exothermic reaction is investigated for the Ti--C10H8O4 mixture composition. It is found that the gaseous by-product mostly contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide as well as impurities of different hydrocarbons (methane, acetylene, ethane, ethene) and carbon dioxide. The maximum adiabatic temperature of the gas combustion temperature is 2080 °C, which demonstrates the possibility of using gas as a fuel for energy generation devices. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to create a basis for a new plastic waste technology to fabricate carbide-containing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work investigates ion implantation of a transition metal (Ag) into MXene/TiO2 films utilizing low energy at different fluence rates of 5 × 1012, 5 × 1013, 5 × 1014, and 5 × 1015 ions-cm−2 respectively. The morphology and crystal structure of the transition metal-implanted MXene/TiO2 samples were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of Ag(I) oxidation state at 5 × 1014 ions-cm−2 fluence, whereas at a higher fluence of 5 × 1015 ions-cm−2, both Ag(I) and Ag(0) states were found. The optical properties of the transition metal-implanted MXene/TiO2 samples were also investigated via UV-visible and photoluminescence studies. The transition metal implantation significantly enhanced the light absorption and reduced the charge recombination owing to the formation of defect states. Finally, the quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) device fabricated with 5 × 1014 ions-cm−2 (Ag_3) exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency of 3.94% versus the unimplanted MXene/TiO2-based QDSSC (2.48%), which is attributed to enhanced absorption and minimization of charge recombinations, as confirmed by photovoltaic characteristics and Nyquist plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal matrix composites tiles based on Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy, reinforced with 10, 20, and 40 (vol%) of either TiC or TiB particles were made using press-and-sinter blended elemental powder metallurgy (BEPM) and then bonded together into 3-layer laminated plates using hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The laminates were ballistically tested and demonstrated superior performance. The microstructure and properties of the laminates were analyzed to determine the effect of the BEPM and HIP processing on the ballistic properties of the layered plates. The effect of porosity in sintered composites on further diffusion bonding of the plates during HIP is analyzed to understand the bonding features at the interfaces between different adjacent layers in the laminate. Exceptional ballistic performance of fabricated structures was explained by a significant reduction in the residual porosity of the BEPM products by their additional processing using HIP, which provides an unprecedented increase in the hardness of the layered composites. It is argued that the combination of the used two technologies, BEPM and HIP is principally complimentary for the materials in question with the abilities to solve the essential problems of each used individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the mechanical properties of the wear-resistant layer of the hob cutter ring in shield construction, the influence of different composite matrix powders on the comprehensive performance of the cladding layer was investigated. In this study, TiC-reinforced Fe-Ni-based cladding layers with different matrix compositions were prepared on a modified H13 steel base material using plasma cladding (PC) technology. The matrix powders included Ni-based alloy powder, iron powder Y, and iron powder R. The two iron powders were mixed in different proportions, and then an equal amount of Ni-based alloy powder and TiC ceramic particles were added to form five kinds of composite cladding layer alloy powders. The cladding layers of five different matrices were obtained by cladding. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite cladding layer were studied using a metallographic microscope (OM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), an electronic universal testing machine, an image processing microhardness tester, and an abrasive belt friction and wear testing machine. The results showed that the cladding layers of different samples had good metallurgical bonding with the base material. And the microstructure gradually refined from the bottom of the cladding layer to the top of the cladding layer. The cladding layer phases were mainly composed of Fe, FeO, TiC, FeNi, and CrNi. With the increase in the iron powder R ratio, the aggregation of alloy elements gradually alleviated. The ratio of iron powder R was increased from 1/10 to 2/5, the longitudinal shear strength between the cladding layer and the matrix was increased from 318 Mpa to 333 Mpa, and the transverse shear strength was increased from 303 Mpa to 342 Mpa. The hardness of the modified wear-resistant layer was better than that of the cladding layer without iron powder R, but the hardness of the cladding layer gradually decreased. After the modification of iron powder R, the wear resistance of the cladding layer was improved to varying degrees. When Y:R was 9:1, its wear resistance was the best, and the change trend of the wear resistance was consistent with that of hardness. The wear forms of different samples were adhesive wear and abrasive wear. And the height difference of the wear surface gradually increased with the improvement in wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study emphasize on the characterization and microstructure evaluation of aluminium composite with different weight fraction of constituents. These composites were produced by incorporating titanium carbide and graphite particles in the aluminium matrix through stir casting technique. The composites were characterized by evaluating the micro hardness, density, tensile strength, peak elongation and impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction tests were performed to investigate uniform dispersion of the reinforcement particles in the matrix. It is evident that the addition of reinforcement particles with aluminium matrix yielded an increase in micro hardness and density by 62.82% and 7.05% respectively when compared to matrix. Tensile tests exposed that there was improvement in ultimate strength from 170 to 239.11 MPa while the elongation was dropped to 7.1%. The microscopic study of the specimen explored the plastic deformation through existence of dimples, ridges in the wrecked surfaces.

Producing powder compositions using conventional processing technology can lead to the formation of large agglomerates and, therefore, makes it difficult to obtain a uniform microstructure. The production of composites by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis can reduce costs and the number of technological stages, as well as lead to obtaining composites that are more homogeneous. Synthesis by the combustion of mixtures of powder reagents of sodium azide (NaN3), fluoroplastic (C2F4), aluminum and titanium with different ratios of reagents in a nitrogen gas atmosphere at a pressure of 4 MPa was used for the production of a highly dispersed powder ceramic AlN–TiC composition. Thermodynamic calculations have confirmed the possibility of synthesis of AlN–TiC compositions of different formulations in combustion mode. The dependences of temperature and combustion rate on the composition of the initial mixtures of reagents were experimentally determined for all stoichiometric reaction equations. The study have shown that the experimentally found dependences of combustion parameters on the ratio of the initial components correspond to the theoretical results of thermodynamic calculations. The formulation of the synthesized composition differs from the theoretical composition by a lower content of target phases and the formation of Al2O3, Na3AlF6 and TiO2 side phases. The powder composition consists of aluminum nitride fibers with a diameter of 100–250 nm and ultradisperse particles of predominantly equiaxed and lamellar shapes with a particle size of 200–600 nm. As the combustion temperature increases to produce the largest amount of titanium carbide phase, the particle size increases to the micron level.

Metal matrix composites tiles based on Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64) alloy, reinforced with 10, 20, and 40 (vol%) of either TiC or TiB particles were made using press-and-sinter blended elemental powder metallurgy (BEPM) and then bonded together into 3-layer laminated plates using hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The laminates were ballistically tested and demonstrated superior performance. The microstructure and properties of the laminates were analyzed to determine the effect of the BEPM and HIP processing on the ballistic properties of the layered plates. The effect of porosity in sintered composites on further diffusion bonding of the plates during HIP is analyzed to understand the bonding features at the interfaces between different adjacent layers in the laminate. Exceptional ballistic performance of fabricated structures was explained by a significant reduction in the residual porosity of the BEPM products by their additional processing using HIP, which provides an unprecedented increase in the hardness of the layered composites. It is argued that the combination of the used two technologies, BEPM and HIP is principally complimentary for the materials in question with the abilities to solve the essential problems of each used individually.

The paper presents research results of the synthesis, phase composition, and structure of products obtained by highly exothermic reactions between Ti and C10H8O4 mixture components, depending on the plastic waste concentration and Ti powder dispersiveness, density of initial samples, and synthesis medium. The dependence of the phase composition and structure of the synthesis products on the concentration of the polymer (plastic) component in the initial Ti -PET (C10H8O4) system was found. When the plastic waste content is 20 wt% to 25 wt%, synthesis products contain TiC0.5O0.5–TiC0.6–0.75 particle agglomerates. Further growth in the polyethylene terephthalate content from 30 wt% to 45 wt% leads to the formation of synthesis products consisting of titanium carbide (TiC0.6–1.0). The gaseous byproduct composition of the exothermic reaction is investigated for the Ti–C10H8O4 mixture composition. It is found that the gaseous by-product mostly contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide as well as impurities of different hydrocarbons (methane, acetylene, ethane, ethene) and carbon dioxide. The maximum adiabatic temperature of the gas combustion temperature is 2080 oC, which demonstrates the possibility of using gas as a fuel for energy generation devices. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to create a basis for a new plastic waste technology to fabricate carbide-containing materials.

[Display omitted] • MoS 2 nanosheets were grown on the surface of Ti 3 C 2 /MXene cross-linked with CNTs. • Ti 3 C 2 /CNTs dual skeleton can dramatically improve the structural stability during the cycling process. • N 2 plasma induced the phase transition of MoS 2 from 2H to 1T. • Expanded interlayer spacing of 1T-MoS 2 greatly promotes the Li+ diffusion. • P-MoS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 /CNTs anodes for LIBs delivered a remarkable lithium storage performance. MoS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 MXene composite has emerged as a promising anode material for lithium storage due to the synergistic combination of high specific capacity offered by MoS 2 and conductive skeleton provided by Ti 3 C 2 MXene. However, its two-dimensional/two-dimensional (2D/2D) structure is susceptible to collapse after long cycles, while the inherent low conductivity of MoS 2 limits its rate performance. In this study, we developed a novel approach combining plasma-induced phase engineering with dual skeleton structure design to fabricate a unique P-MoS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 /CNTs anode material featuring highly conductive 1T phase MoS 2 and a stable one-dimensional/two-dimensional (1D/2D) architecture. Within this architecture, growth of MoS 2 nanosheets on the surface of Ti 3 C 2 cross-linked by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was achieved. The resulting Ti 3 C 2 /CNTs dual skeleton not only provides robust mechanical support to prevent structural collapse during long cycles but also offers increased specific surface area and additional Li+ storage space, thereby enhancing the lithium storage capacity of the composite. Subsequent N 2 plasma treatment induced a phase transition in MoS 2 from 2H to 1T configuration. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the induced 1T-MoS 2 exhibits higher conductivity and lower Li+ diffusion barrier compared to 2H-MoS 2. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, our P-MoS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 /CNTs anode demonstrated remarkable electrochemical performance including a high reversible specific capacity of 1120 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, excellent cycling stability with a specific capacity retention of 670 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 1 A/g, and superior rate performance with a specific capacity of 614 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1. This combined modification strategy will serve as guidance for designing other energy storage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the research is the laser bonding process that joins the laser diode silicon chip with the head gimbal assembly (HGA) slider in the hard disk drive. This study introduces a new technique for Au–Sn bonding using continuous wave (CW) laser transmission. The laser beam is transmitted through a quartz crystal to heat Alumina titanium carbide (AlTiC). The absorbed laser energy melts the Au–Sn substrates, effectively joining them. Key quality characteristics for ensuring bond quality and long-term reliability include shear strength, pitch angle, and gap of the bonded joint. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to investigate the influence of process parameters such as y-stage position, x-stage position, laser power, bonding time, and bonding force on quality characteristics. Multi-response surface optimization was then carried out to achieve optimal settings for all these characteristics simultaneously. The optimal process parameters were determined to be y-stage at − 0.0166°, X-stage at − 0.0660°, laser power at 3.8 W, time at 245 ms, and force at 13 kgf. Finally, empirical model validation was performed, resulting in slight differences between the predicted and actual values of shear strength, pitch angle, and gap, which were 2.00%, 3.70%, and 0.09%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present investigation is to assess the impact of AlMg1SiCu alloys with soft and hard microparticle reinforcements affects the dry sliding wear behavior of metallic composites at elevated temperatures. Traditional fabrication techniques of melt-stir casting were employed for processing the ex-situ-synthesized hybrid composites. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and Titanium carbide (TiC) microparticles were added in different quantities varying from 1 to 3% MoS2 to a constant 8% TiC. Materials underwent testing across a range of temperatures to simulate wear conditions prevalent at elevated temperatures: 453 K, 473 K, 493 K, and 513 K. Wear tests at elevated temperatures were systematically conducted under consistent parameters, encompassing a sustained load 24.5 N, sliding speed 3.14 m/s and sliding distance of 2000 m for each trial. The comparative analysis with the AlMg1SiCu matrix material, Observations revealed an enhancement of wear resistance at the temperature range of 513 K for the chosen hybrid composites. A comprehensive discussion was undertaken regarding high temperature dry sliding characteristics of the matrix material and hybrid composites. The study of the worn surfaces revealed the high-temperature wear behaviour of hybrid composites encompassed adhesive, delamination, and oxidation wear processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a highly effective cationic polymer, Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), was used to bond Titanium Carbide (TiC) nano-particles (NPs) non-covalently with matrix polyaryletherketone (PAEK). Functionalization of PDDA to TiC NPs was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Zeta potential, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Both TiC NPs (3 wt%) (untreated and PDDA-treated) were added to PAEK, as a filler for reinforcement and elevating friction. The addition of TiC NPs (untreated and treated) in the PAEK led to an improvement in selected performance properties such as thermal stability (by 11 and 13 °C), surface free energy (17 and 29%), and lap shear strength (LSS) (116 and 161%) respectively. Plastic deformation, cup formaion and micro-striation formation were the major failure mechanisms. PDDA treatment to TiC NPs resulted in better and more uniform deagglomeration in the PAEK matrix, strengthened particle-matrix interface, higher surface energy, and hence more adhesion with the adherend. The improved strengthening of both the interfaces (NPs with the matrix and nanocomposite with the metallic adherend) led to an enhanced performance by the treated NPs.

Nanostructure titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) was modified with KH2PO4 and chitosan to effectively remove strontium from nuclear wastewater. Nuclear waste includes radionuclides of uranium, thorium, strontium, and cesium, which are classified depending on the concentration of radionuclides. Nuclear waste with a high strontium concentration is the production waste of radiopharmaceutical production centers. Ti3C2Tx was synthesized from Ti3AlC2 using HF40% and HF in situ (MILD-Ti3C2Tx) in 24 h at 313.15 and 333.15 K. Morphology, structure, and functional groups were investigated using the XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and BET analyses. The Sr(II)'s adsorption capacity on Ti3C2Tx-HF and Ti3C2Tx-HF in situ was obtained as 61.9 and 253.5 mg g−1, respectively (temperature, 298.15 K; pH, 7.00; contact time, 180 min; and Sr(II) concentration, 150 mg l−1). Ti3C2Tx-HF in situ showed fourfold adsorption due to more hydroxyl functional groups and larger interlayer spacing. Ti3C2Tx was modified with KH2PO4 and chitosan to investigate the mechanism of change of Sr(II)'s adsorption capacity, which increased to 370 and 284 mg g−1, respectively. The structural results of modified Ti3C2Tx showed that the surface functional groups increased when modified with chitosan. In addition, modification with KH2PO4, through encapsulating large amounts of KH2PO4 between Ti3C2Tx layers, increased the possibility of Sr(II) diffusion between layers and electrochemical interactions with hydroxyl groups, and thus, increased its adsorption. Some experiments were designed to investigate the effect of parameters like initial concentration of Sr(II), contact time, temperature, and pH solution, as well as modified- and unmodified-Ti3C2Tx on adsorbent. The results revealed that the adsorption process of Sr(II) with pristine and modified-Ti3C2Tx follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich heterogeneous isotherm model. Freundlich model isotherm indicates the presence of various functional groups on the surface and between the pristine and modified Ti3C2Tx layers. Electrostatic reactions and intra-sphere complexation were the two dominant mechanisms of the adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium carbide (TiC) coatings were prepared on the surface of AlFeCoCrNiCu high-entropy alloy blocks using electro-spark deposition (ESD). The microhardness and corrosion resistance of the TiC coatings prepared under different voltage and capacitance process parameters were studied. The research shows that the maximum microhardness of the TiC coating on sample 4 (working voltage of 20 V, working capacitance of 1000 μF) is 844.98 HV, which is 81.5% higher than the microhardness of the substrate. This is because the deposition energy increases with the increase in voltage, and the adhesion and aggregation between the coating and the substrate are enhanced, increasing the hardness of the coating. It is worth noting that excessive deposition energy can increase surface defects and reduce the microhardness of the coating surface. Electrochemical testing analysis shows that the corrosion current density of the TiC coating is the lowest (9.475 × 10−7 ± 0.06 × 10−7), and the coating impedance is the highest (2.502 × 103 Ω·com2). The absolute phase angle value is the highest (about 72°). The above indicates that the TiC coating prepared with a working voltage of 20 V and a working capacitance of 1000 μF has better microhardness and corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]