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The cranefly (Tipuloidea) fauna of the Western Balkans is still poorly known. In this study, occurrence data of 77 species is reported, of which two species are newly recorded for Albania, eight species for Bosnia and Herzegovina, twelve for Croatia, and seven for Slovenia, respectively. A new species, Baeoura neretvaensis Kolcsár & d’Oliveira, sp. nov. is described from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Slovenia. Images of the habitus, wing, and male and female terminalia of the new species are provided. Furthermore, images of male terminalia and wings of thirteen additional species are presented.

Tipula (Sinotipula) longiloba sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B1F88E5A-4CD2-432B-AB50-1D96C7A2AF64 Figs 54–64 Chinese name R叶ṃƛfi Diagnosis Wing variegated dark grey with numerous small cream and black areas, cell r 4 posteriorly with a small cream spot, cream spot of cell r-m long; tergite 9 with a pair of sharp triangular protrusions; caudal lobe of outer gonostylus long. Etymology This species is named after the shape of the caudal lobe of the outer gonostylus, the Latin compound word ‘ lobus ’ means ‘lobe’. Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Sichuan, Xiangcheng County, Fozhuxia (佛ΰ峡); 28°27′00″ N, 100°20′24″ E; 3045 m a.s.l.; 10 Jul. 2020; Bintao Du leg.; sweeping; CAU. Paratypes CHINA • 1♂, 1♀; Sichuan, Daocheng County, Yading ScenicARea (亚TṂffi区); 29°4′44″N, 99°54′48″E; 3135 m a.s.l.; 16 Jul. 2020; Bintao Du leg.; sweeping; CAU. Description Male MEASUREMENTS. Body length 21.2–23.2 mm, wing length 22.2–24.5 mm, antenna length 4.5–4.9 mm (n = 2). HEAD (Figs 54, 56). Mainly dark brown. Occipital stripe olive grey, extended to vertex, an olive-grey line present on vertex extended to frontal tubercle. Rostrum and nasus brown. Setae on head black. Occiput, postgena and posterior margin of eye with grey pruinescence. Antennal scape and pedicel brownish yellow, flagellaR segments gReyish bRown, each flagellaR segment daRk at base. PRoboscis black. Palpal segment 1 black with pale apex, segments 2 and 3 brown, and segment 4 black. THORAX (Figs 54, 56). Mainly brownish yellow to dark brown velvety. Pronotum yellow with dark brown mid-longitudinal and lateral stripes extended to head and mesothorax. Prescutum almost wholly dark brown, with four vague olive-grey stripes, median stripes slightly lighter than lateral stripes, broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly, a faint yellow, narrow stripe present between median stripes, areas of two rows of median hairs with somewhat narrow yellow stripes. Scutum reddish bRown, with fouR vague olive-gRey spots, viRtually confluent, scutum with gRey pRuinescence at posteRioR margin. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown with grey pruinescence. Membrane between prescutum and pleuron yellow, consistent with pronotum. Pleuron mainly brownish yellow, with a reddish-brown stripe extended from head to lower part of calypter. Pleuron with extensive white pruinescence except anepisternum. Katepisternum greyish brown on upper portion. Setae on thorax pale yellow. Legs with coxae yellow and white pruinescent, trochanter with black spot ventrally, femora yellow with brownish black apex, tibiae yellow with brown apex, tarsomere 1 yellow with dark apex, tarsomeres 2–3 yellowish brown, tarsomeres 4–5 dark greyish brown. Claw with a black triangular tooth. Setae on legs dark brown with golden lustre. Wing variegated dark grey with numerous small cream and black areas, veins and cell Sc bright yellow, pterostigma black, petiole of cell m 1 less than ½ as long as discal cell length, M2 with a large obtuse angle, cell r 4 posteriorly with a small cream spot, cream spot of cell r-m long (Fig. 57). Halter mainly brownish yellow, stem dark with pale yellow base, knob greyish brown medially. ABDOMEN (Fig. 54). Mainly brownish yellow, Abdominal tergites 6–9 and sternites 7–9 pitch-black, sternite 6 brownish black at posterior half, all tergites with black lateral stripes, lateral margins of tergites with discontinuous greyish white narrow stripes. Setae on tergites black, but those on sternite golden. HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 55, 60–64). Mainly black, gonostylus dark yellow. Tergite 9 with a quadrate sclerotized toothed plate on ventral surface, four angles of plate each with a subtriangular protrusion, ventral border of plate with some small teeth and a lamellar protrusion. Tergite 10 translucent with a pair of long gonostyli. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 fused. Posterior margin of sternite 9 with short hairs and a pair of lobate, setose protrusions near base. Adminiculum sharp. Inner side of outer gonostylus with many spines, caudal lobe long, about ½ as long as outer gonostylus (Fig. 63). Inner gonostylus with sharp beak, beak wide basally; outer basal lobe stick-shaped (Fig. 64). Female MEASUREMENTS. Body length 29.8 mm, wing length 31.9 mm, antenna length 4.6 mm (n = 1). Body color darker than in male. Pleuron mainly dark brown, with much white pruinescence. Claw without tooth. Cell r 4 posteriorly without cream spot, cell m 1 slightly longer than in male, pterostigma paler than in male. Black stripes of abdomen wide, tergites and sternites black at posterior margin. Other characteristics same as in male (Fig. 58). OVIPOSITOR. Long. Infra-anal plate membranous. Fused valculae obtuse. Hypovalve long, apex obtuse (Fig. 59). Distribution China (Sichuan). Remarks This new species is similar to T. (S.) arjunoides Alexander, 1961 and T. (S.) exquisita Alexander, 1935. However, in T. (S.) arjunoides the lower part of tergite 9 has no protrusions, the outer gonostylus has no spines and the inner gonostylus is clavate (Alexander 1961). In T. (S.) exquisita the prescutum is yellow, the tergite 9 has many small protrusions and the caudal lobe of the outer gonostylus is short (Alexander 1935).

Tipula (Sinotipula) forcipicauda sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8A5F2BC9-3C29-4CEC-AA2C-A4F729FC3939 Figs 25–33 Chinese name Ḃ尾ṃƛfi Diagnosis Prescutum reddish brown; pleuron with a reddish-brown stripe extended from head to lower part of calypter; calypter pitch-black on lower portion; posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of pincer-like protrusions. Etymology This species is named after the shape of the protrusions on sternite 9, the Latin compound word ‘ forcip - cauda ’ meaning ‘pincer-like cauda.’ Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Xizang, Yadong County, Qing Dynasty Customs Site; 27°25′20″ N, 88°55′13″ E; 3137 m a.s.l.; 4 Aug. 2020; Yuetian Gao leg.; light trap; CAU. Paratype CHINA • 1 ♂; Xizang, Yadong County, Boluoka (ȃê卡); 27°23′3″ N, 88°58′22″ E; 2774 m a.s.l.; 3 Aug. 2020; Yuetian Gao leg.; light trap; CAU. Description Male MEASUREMENTS. Body length 18.6–19.5 mm, wing length 23.2–24.5 mm, antenna length 4.2–4.6 mm (n = 2). HEAD (Figs 25, 27). Mainly reddish brown. Occipital stripe black, extended to frontal tubercle. Rostrum and nasus reddish brown. Setae on head black. Frontal tubercle, base of scape and posterior margin of eye with white pruinescence, pruinescence of posterior margin of eye extended to neck. Antennal scape and pedicel yellowish bRown, flagellaR segments daRk yellow, except segment 11 black, flagellaR segments 1–10 slightly dark at base. Proboscis brownish black. Palpal segments 1 and 2 dark brown, segment 3 brownish yellow and segment 4 black, except base brownish yellow. THORAX (Figs 25, 27). Mainly pale brown and reddish brown velvety. Pronotum light yellow with reddish brown mid-longitudinal and lateral stripes extended to head and mesothorax. Prescutum almost wholly reddish brown, with four vague, slightly pale stripes, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutum reddish brown with vague spots. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown, mediotergite with uneven white pruinescence, but extensive at posterior margin. Membrane between prescutum and pleuron light yellow, consistent with pronotum. Pleuron mainly brown with a reddish-brown stripe extended from head to lower part of calypter, calypter pitch-black on lower portion. Pleuron with extensive white pruinescence except anepisternum. Anepisternum reddish brown on upper portion, pale brown on lower portion. Pruinescence of katepisternum dark brown on lower portion. Anepimeron reddish brown on upper portion, pale brown on lower portion. Katepimeron pale brown. Meron yellowish brown. Metakatepisternum brown. Katatergite dark brown on upper portion, brownish yellow on lower portion. Setae on thorax black. Legs with coxae yellowish brown but brown at lower margin, lower part of coxae with pruinescence, trochanter with black spot ventrally, femora yellow with black basal margin and pale brown apex, tibiae yellow with apex slightly dark, tarsomere 1 yellow, tarsomeres 2–4 greyish black, claw with a black tooth. Setae on legs brown. Wing variegated grey with numerous small pale and dark grey areas, veins and cell Sc bright yellow, pterostigma dark brown, petiole of cell m 1 less than ⅓ as long as discal cell (Fig. 28). HalteR with stem gReyish bRown, knob yellow with black base. ABDOMEN (Fig. 25). Mainly yellowish brown. Abdominal tergites 3–6 yellow, sternites 5–6 yellow, all tergites dark brown at posterior margin and with black lateral stripes, posterior margin of tergites 2–6 dark with small grey lateral corners. Setae on abdomen black. HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 25, 29–33). Brown. Tergite 9 with a pair of small tooth-like protrusions, apically slightly truncated, but without sclerotized structure on ventral surface. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 fused. Gonocoxite with a tuft of hairs at posterior margin. Posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of pincer-like protrusions and with a pair of tufts near base of protrusions. Adminiculum spear-shaped, basally connected with protrusions of sternite 9. Outer gonostylus approximately boat-shaped, caudal lobe shorter than anterior protrusion (Fig. 32). Inner gonostylus pistol-shaped with obtuse beak slightly swollen (Fig. 31). Female Unknown. Distribution China (Xizang). Remarks This new species is similar to T. (S.) arjuna Alexander, 1962 and T. (S.) arjunoides Alexander, 1961. However, in T. (S.) arjuna the petiole of cell m 1 is about ½ as long as the cell, the tooth-like protrusions of tergite 9 are short and rounded and sternite 9 has no special protrusion (Alexander 1962). In T. (S.) arjunoides, the hypopygium is yellow, the protrusions of tergite 9 are forked and the inner gonostylus is compressed at the middle (Alexander 1961)., Published as part of Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan & Yang, Ding, 2023, Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, pp. 83-115 in European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1) on pages 94-97, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, http://zenodo.org/record/8135547, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1962. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). XLIX. Philippine Journal of Science 90: 155 - 214.","Alexander C. P. 1961. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). XLVIII. Philippine Journal of Science 90: 97 - 149."]}

Tipula (Sinotipula) heminga sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 84C0F15B-1C4C-45D7-BC94-1BB0498CC193 Figs 34–43 Chinese name ḃñṃƛfi Diagnosis Prescutum almost dark brown, reddish brown laterally, with four slightly brown, vague stripes; tergite 9 with two pairs of horn-like protrusions, middle pair directed outward and side pair directed inward. Etymology This species is named after the shape of the outer and inner gonostyli, similar to the crane courtship call pose, the word ‘ heming ’ being from the Chinese ‘ḃñ’ in the ancient Chinese poetry collection ‘Book of Songs (Xiaoya, Heming),’ literally meaning the crane is chirping. Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Xizang, Chayu County; 28°39′ N, 97°28′ E; 2360 m a.s.l.; mid-Jun. 2020; Hui Wang leg.; light trap; CAU. Description Male MEASUREMENTS. Body length 25.2 mm, wing length 28.0 mm, antenna length 5.2 mm (n = 1). HEAD (Figs 34–35). Reddish brown. Occipital middle dark. Rostrum and nasus dull reddish brown. Setae on head black. Gena, postgena and posterior margin of eye with white pruinescence. Antennal scape and pedicel bRown, flagellaR segments daRk yellow except base slightly daRk. PRoboscis bRownish black. Palpus dull reddish brown. THORAX (Figs 34–35). Mainly yellowish brown and dark brown velvety. Pronotum light yellow with reddish brown mid-longitudinal and lateral stripes extended to head and mesothorax. Prescutum almost dark brown, reddish brown laterally, with four slightly brown, vague stripes, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutum dark brown with four brown spots. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown, mediotergite with uneven white pruinescence. Membrane between prescutum and pleuron light yellow. Anepisternum and anepimeron brownish black on upper portion, yellowish brown on lower portion. Katepisternum with a large dark brown spot with pruinescence on upper portion. Meron yellowish brown. Setae on thorax golden. Legs with coxae orangish brown, trochanter with black spot ventrally, femora yellowish brown with slightly dark apex, tibiae yellowish brown, tarsi dark brown. Setae on legs brown. Wing variegated pale yellowish brown with cream and dark brown areas, pterostigma dark brown, petiole of cell m 1 less than ⅓ as long as discal cell (Fig. 37). HalteR with stem and knob yellowish brown, knob slightly darkened. ABDOMEN (Figs 34–35). Mainly yellowish brown. All tergites with dark brown lateral stripes. Setae on abdomen golden. HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 36, 38–43). Dark brown. Tergite 9 with two pairs of horn-like protrusions, middle pair directed outward and outer pair directed inward, ventrally with two pairs of tooth-like protrusions. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 fused. Posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of protrusions bearing a small pRotRusion neaR base (Fig. 36). Adminiculum speaR-shaped, slightly widened neaR basal ⅓. OutwaRd part of outer gonostylus nearly square, anterior margin with a small triangular protrusion; inward part slendeR, like a cRane head (Fig. 41). InneR gonostylus with a RecuRved fingeR-like pRotRusion at anteRioR margin and a large, nearly T-shaped protrusion at posterior margin (Fig. 43). Female Unknown. Distribution China (Xizang). Remarks The new species is similar to T. (S.) krishna Alexander, 1962 and T. (S.) drolma sp. nov., but in T. (S.) krishna the tergite 9 only has a pair of protrusions, and the gonostyli are simple. In T. (S.) drolma sp. nov. the protrusions of tergite 9 are longer than in T. (S.) heminga sp. nov., the protrusion of sternite 9 has no small protrusion, and the adminiculum has a pair of slender protrusions at the middle., Published as part of Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan & Yang, Ding, 2023, Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, pp. 83-115 in European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1) on pages 98-101, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, http://zenodo.org/record/8135547, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1962. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). XLIX. Philippine Journal of Science 90: 155 - 214."]}

Subgenus Sinotipula Alexander, 1935 Key to species of Sinotipula from China (males) 1. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with a pair of triangular projections (Fig. 60).........................2 – Posterior margin of tergite 9 without triangular projections......................................................4 2. Sternite 9 with a pair of projections (Fig. 55).................................................................................3 – Sternite 9 without projections...................................................... T. (S.) trilobata Edwards, 1928 3. Cell r 5 with a long white spot (Fig. 57); outer gonostylus with long lobes (Fig. 63)...................................................................................................................................... T (S.) longiloba sp. nov. – Cell r 5 with a small white spot; outer gonostylus without long lobes............................................................................................................................................. T. (S.) thibetana de Meijere, 1904 4. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with a large toothed plate (Fig. 21); outer gonostylus approximately boat-shaped, inner gonostylus with small, sharp beak.......................................................5 – Posterior margin of tergite 9 without toothed plate; outer gonostylus not boat-shaped or inner gonostylus without small, sharp beak..............................................................................................7 5. Lower part of lower beak of inner gonostylus without protuberance; white spot of cell r-m small............................................................................................. T. (S.) gregoryi Edwards, 1928 – Lower part of lower beak of inner gonostylus with protuberance (Fig. 24); white spot of cell r-m large.......................................................................................................................................6 6. Protuberance of lower part of lower beak of inner gonostylus long; cell r 4 without a V-shaped white spot...................................................................................... T. (S.) exquisita Alexander, 1935 – Protuberance of lower part of lower beak of inner gonostylus short; cell r 4 with a V-shaped white spot...................................................................... T. (S.) shennongana Yang & Yang, 1992 7. Hypopygium extremely swollen; posterior margin of tergite 9 with stout projections...........8 – Hypopygium normal or slightly swollen; posterior margin of tergite 9 without stout projections..............................................................................................................................................9 8. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with one pair of stout projections; upper margin of outer gonostylus with a large concavity (Fig. 11)................................................ T. (S.) drolma sp. nov. – Posterior margin of tergite 9 with two pairs of stout projections; upper margin of outer gonostylus without large concavity............................................................ T. (S.) heminga sp. nov. 9. Outer gonostylus without projections or lobes; cell m 1 with a white V-shaped spot............................................................................................................ T. (S.) persplendens Alexander, 1935 – Outer gonostylus with projections or lobes; cell m 1 without a white V-shaped spot.........10 10. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with stubby hairs...........................................................................11 – Posterior margin of tergite 9 without stubby hairs......................................................................13 11. Body brown; outer gonostylus rod-shaped, slender.............. T. (S.) gracilirostris Alexander, 1938 – Body grey; outer gonostylus dichotomous, wide..........................................................................12 12. Flagellar segments black; concavity of outer gonostylus U-shaped.... T. (S.) bodpa Edwards, 1928 – Flagellar segments brownish yellow; concavity of outer gonostylus V-shaped....................................................................................................................................... T. (S.) griseipennis Brunetti, 1912 13. Tooth-like protrusions of posterior margin of tergite 9 extended medially (Fig. 71); outer gonostylus with a large concavity.................................................................. T. (S.) wardi Edwards, 1928 – Tooth-like protrusions of posterior margin of tergite 9 not extended; outer gonostylus without a large concavity.................................................................................................................................14 14. Tooth-like protrusions of posterior margin of tergite 9 large and thick; posterior margin of cell m 1 –m 4 with many large white spots................................. T. (S.) gloriosa Alexander, 1935 – Tooth-like protrusions of posterior margin of tergite 9 small and thin; posterior margin of cell m with many tiny white or black spots................................................................15 15. Sternite 9 without projections; outer gonostylus rod-shaped...... T. (S.) hingstoni Edwards, 1928 – Sternite 9 with projections; outer gonostylus approximately navicular......................................16 16. VentRal suRface of teRgite 9 with teeth; inneR gonostylus with a small fingeR-like pRotRusion.................................................................................................................. T. (S.) hobsoni Edwards, 1928 – VentRal suRface of teRgite 9 without tooth; inneR gonostylus without a fingeR-like pRotRusion...................................................................................................................... T. (S.) forcipicauda sp. nov. Note: T. (S.) waltoni Edwards, 1928, only described for the female, is not listed in the key., Published as part of Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan & Yang, Ding, 2023, Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, pp. 83-115 in European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1) on pages 85-86, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, http://zenodo.org/record/8135547, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1935. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). XXV. Philippine Journal of Science 57: 81 - 148.","Edwards F. W. 1928. Some nematocerous Diptera from Yunnan and Tibet. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10 1 (6): 681 - 703. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932808672840"]}

Tipula (Sinotipula) hobsoni Edwards, 1928 Figs 44–53 Chinese name Ʀāṃƛfi Diagnosis Mainly orange; prescutum dark brown, wing pale yellow with grey areas, pterostigma yellow; tergite 9 with a paiR of tooth-like pRotRusions at posteRioR maRgin; outeR gonostylus wide and flat, with two hoRn-like protrusions anteriorly and two slender lobes posteriorly. Material examined CHINA – Xizang • 1 ♂; Yadong City, Qing Dynasty Customs Site; 27°25′11″ N, 88°55′51″ E; 3041 m a.s.l.; 1 Aug. 2020; Qicheng Yang leg.; light tRap; CAU • 1 ♂; Yadong City; 3300 m a.s.l.; 11 Jul. 2018; Qicheng Yang leg.; sweeping; CAU. Photo material CHINA • Holotype; Yatung; 4500 feet a.s.l.; A.E. Hobson leg.; BMNH (photos by Jinlong Ren). INDIA • 1 ♂; Sikkim, Namnasa; 9500 feet a.s.l.; 12 MaR. 1959; Schmid leg.; USNM (photos by Yan Li) • 1 ♂; Sikkim, Shingla; 10 400 feet; 30 Jun. 1959; Schmid leg.; USNM (photos by Yan Li). Redescription Male MEASUREMENTS. Body length 22.0– 22.6 mm, wing length 25.0– 25.2 mm, antenna length 5.0– 5.5 mm (n = 2). HEAD (Figs 45–46). Mainly brown. Occiput with two areas with white pruinescence. Rostrum and nasus bRown. Setae on head daRk bRown. Antenna oRange with white appRessed pubescence, bases of flagellaR segments slightly dark. Proboscis brown. Palpal segments 1 and 2 yellow, segments 3 and 4 dark brown. THORAX (Figs 45–46). Mainly orange. Pronotum reddish brown at middle, extended to head and anepimeron. Prescutum dark brown with four blurry brown stripes, all stripes with reddish brown margins, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutum dark brown, with four brown blurry spots. Scutellum and mediotergite brown, mediotergite with abundant, uneven pruinescence, except on middle portion. Pleuron mainly orange with slight white pruinescence. Anepisternum yellowish brown, dark on upper portion, membranous suture with prescutum dark brown; katepisternum, anepimeron, epimeron and metapleuron with brown areas. Setae on thorax pale yellow. Legs with femora and tibiae brownish yellow, apically slightly dark; tarsi brownish yellow. Claw with a black tooth basally. Setae on legs dark brown. Wing pale yellow with grey areas, pterostigma yellow, long spot of cell cua dark grey, spot of M 3 base basally dark grey, petiole of cell m 1 ⅓ as long as discal cell (Fig. 47). Halter with yellow stem and orange knob. ABDOMEN (Figs 45–46). Mainly yellow. All tergites with slender black lateral stripes, sternites and tergites 6–8 dark at lateral margin. Setae on abdomen golden. HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 44, 48–53). Mainly yellowish brown. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with a pair of tooth-like protrusions slightly slanted at tip, ventrally with two or three teeth. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 fused, sternite 9 with a pair of pubescent oval protrusions. Adminiculum wide basally, narrow apically, with a slendeR pRotubeRance at middle. OuteR gonostylus wide and flat, with two hoRn-like pRotRusions anteriorly and two slender lobes posteriorly (Fig. 52). Inner gonostylus recurved, inside concave, outside bulged, apex with a fingeR-like pRotRusion (Fig. 53). Female Apart from the genitalia, similar to male; cercus and hypovalve short. Distribution China (Xizang); India (Sikkim). Remarks In the male specimen from Shingla, Sikkim (USNM), the distance between the two protrusions on tergite 9 is narrower than in that from Namnasa, Sikkim (USNM) or Yadong City, Xizang (CAU). The distance between the two protrusions of tergite 9 might not be a stable special feature in Sinotipula. In the specimen from the Qing Dynasty Customs Site in Yadong City, tergite 9 is asymmetrical (possibly damaged), and the ventral surface of tergite 9 has two teeth (Fig. 51). In holotype, the ventral surface of tergite 9 has two teeth (Edwards 1928), but in the specimens from Yadong City and some individuals from Sikkim (USNM), the ventral surface of tergite 9 has three teeth (Fig. 50) (Alexander 1970)., Published as part of Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan & Yang, Ding, 2023, Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, pp. 83-115 in European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1) on pages 101-104, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, http://zenodo.org/record/8135547, {"references":["Edwards F. W. 1928. Some nematocerous Diptera from Yunnan and Tibet. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10 1 (6): 681 - 703. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932808672840","Alexander C. P. 1970. New or little-known species of Asiatic Tipulidae (Diptera). III. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 96: 307 - 352."]}

Tipula (Sinotipula) wardi Edwards, 1928 Figs 65–76 Chinese name Ʀüṃƛfi Diagnosis Thorax mainly greyish black velvety with much white pruinescence, prescutum dark brown; posterior margin of tergite 9 with a pair of tooth-like protrusions, protrusions extended medially. Material examined CHINA – Yizang • 1 ♂; Linzhi City, Sejila Mountain (ƏÍÊ山); 29°38′ N, 94°40′ E; 4500 m a.s.l.; Aug. 2020; Enyong Chen leg.; light tRap; CAU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Linzhi City, Sejila Mountain; 3000–5000 m a.s.l.; Jun.–Aug. 2020; Zhaohui Pan leg.; light tRap; alcohol soaked, black in coloR; CAU • 1 ♀; Milin City, Yusong Village (ṮËẖ); 29°11′40″ N, 94°3′27″ E; 2920 m a.s.l.; 23 ApR. 2019; Qicheng Yang leg.; light trap; CAU. Photo material CHINA • Holotype, ♂; Tsangpo Valley, Dushong La; 10 500 feet; 26 Jun. 1924; F. Kingdon WaRd leg.; BMNH (photos by Jinlong Ren). NEPAL • 1 ♂; Dingpache; 4400 m a.s.l.; 2 Jun. 1964; W. Dieel leg.; USNM (photos by Yan Li). INDIA • 1 ♂; Kumaon; 9500 feet; 16 May 1958; Schmid leg.; USNM (photos by Yan Li) • 1 ♂; Sikkim Donkung; 15 750 feet; 22 Jun. 1959; Schmid leg.; USNM (photos by Yan Li) • 1 ♂; Sikkim Tangshing; 12 200 feet; 17 Apr. 1959; Schmid leg.; USNM (photos by Yan Li). Redescription Male MEASUREMENTS. Body length 23.0– 24.2 mm, wing length 28.8–30.5 mm, antenna length 4.0– 4.2 mm (n = 2). HEAD (Figs 65–66). Mainly dark brown. Occipital stripe olive grey, extended to frontal tubercle, wide at middle. Rostrum and nasus brown. Setae on head dark brown. Occiput, rostrum and nasus with abundant gReyish white pRuinescence. Antennal scape and pedicel pale bRown; flagellaR segments bRown to black, darkened gradually to segment 11. Antenna with abundant white appressed pubescence. Proboscis brownish black. Palpal segments 1 and 2 brownish black, segment 3 dark brown, segment 4 black. THORAX (Figs 65–66). Mainly greyish black velvety. Pronotum greyish brown with black lateral stripe extended to head and anepimeron. Prescutum dark brown with four stripes, all stripes with reddish brown margins, median stripes olive grey, broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly, stripes with abundant bluish white pruinescence on both sides. Scutum dark brown with four spots bearing bRoad bluish white pRuinescence, viRtually confluent, backgRound coloR of spots Reddish bRown, anteRioR margin of scutum with four small olive-grey spots connected with stripes of prescutum. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown with abundant pruinescence, except posterior margin. Pleuron mainly greyish brown with extensive bluish white pruinescence. Anepisternum brown with pruinescence and with brownish black stripe on upper portion; anepimeron with a dull black spot. Setae on thorax dark brown. Legs with dark brown coxae bearing white pruinescence, trochanter with black spot ventrally, femora dark brown with dark apex, tibiae yellowish brown with dark brown apex, tarsi dark brown. Claw with a black triangular tooth basally. Setae on legs dark brown. Wing variegated grey with numerous small white, brown and bluish grey areas, veins and cell Sc pale brown, pterostigma brown, petiole of cell m 1 ⅓ as long as discal cell, long spot of cell cua daRk bluish gRey, spots dull gRey at inteRsection of veins (Fig. 68). Halter with yellowish brown stem and brownish black knob. ABDOMEN (Fig. 65). Mainly dark brown. All tergites with black lateral stripes, sternites and lateral margins of tergites with white pruinescence. Setae on abdomen golden. HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 67, 71–76). Mainly dark brown. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with a pair of tooth-like protrusions, elongate medially. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 virtually fused, except ventral surface of sternite 9 with vague suture. Aedeagus dark; adminiculum subhyaline, narrow, but apically slightly wider. Outer gonostylus roughly V-shaped, inner half of lobe folded (Figs 73–74). Inner gonostylus short, pistol-shaped, with slant beak (Fig. 75). Female MEASUREMENTS. Body length 27.4 mm, wing length 33.5 mm, antenna length 3.6 mm (n = 1). Body color same as in male. Apex of femora slightly paler than in male. Wing color paler than in male, spots of cell r 5 varied, one wing with two spots in cell r 5 centrally, another wing with only one spot, position inconsistent with that in male (Fig. 69). OVIPOSITOR. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with a slender protrusion laterally. Infra-anal plate short. Fused valculae slender. Hypovalve short, apically slightly upturned (Fig. 70). Distribution China (Xizang); India; Myanmar; Nepal. Remarks We compared the four specimens we obtained (CUA), the holotype (BMNH), and specimens from Nepal and India (Kumaon and Sikkim) (USNM). The species is not completely consistent regarding the size, location or number of dark spots within cell r 5. Even in the female specimen from Milin (CUA), the markings on the two wings are asymmetrical (Fig. 69). However, what is certain is that the hypopygium of the male specimens is exactly the same., Published as part of Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan & Yang, Ding, 2023, Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, pp. 83-115 in European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1) on pages 109-113, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, http://zenodo.org/record/8135547, {"references":["Edwards F. W. 1928. Some nematocerous Diptera from Yunnan and Tibet. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10 1 (6): 681 - 703. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932808672840"]}

Tipula (Sinotipula) drolma sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4762B3F6-E8A1-41D6-BF93-B8BFD6501CAB Figs 1–13 Chinese name ƦDZḆṃƛfi Diagnosis Prescutum almost wholly reddish brown; pleuron with a reddish brown stripe extended from head to uppeR paRt of anateRgite. PosteRioR maRgin of teRgite 9 flattish, with a paiR of Robust fingeR-like pRotRusions curved downward; adminiculum medially with a pair of slender protrusions; caudal end of outer gonostylus with an extended hook-like protrusion. Etymology The species is named after the name of White Tara in Tibetan Buddhism, which represents rescue and longevity. ‘Drolma’ is the Latin transliteration of a Tibetan phrase, and the Chinese name is ‘ƦDZḆ’. Corresponding to its related species, ‘ T. (S.) krishna ’, krishna in Hinduism represents protection and love, and its Chinese name is ‘DzŦ’; the literal meaning of the Chinese names corresponds to the color of their gonostylus. Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Xizang, Yadong County, Qing Dynasty Customs Site; 27°25′11″ N, 88°55′51″ E; 3041 m a.s.l.; 1 Aug. 2020; Qicheng Yang leg.; light trap; CAU. Paratypes CHINA • 1 ♂ (wings with bReakage); Xizang, Yadong County, Qing Dynasty Customs Site; 27°25′20″ N, 88°55′13″ E; 3137 m a.s.l.; 4 Aug. 2020; Yucheng Zheng leg.; light tRap; CAU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CAU. Description Male MEASUREMENTS. Body length 23.5–24.2 mm, wing length 29.0–30.0 mm, antenna length 4.0– 4.6 mm (n = 2). HEAD (Figs 1, 3). Mainly reddish brown velvety. Occiput brown with reddish brown mid-longitudinal stripe extended to frontal tubercle. Rostrum and nasus reddish brown. Setae on head black. Frontal tubercle, vertex and narrow dorsal parts of rostrum and nasus with white pruinescence, pruinescence of veRtex distinct. Antennal scape bRown, pedicel and flagellaR segments daRk yellow, except flagellaR segment 11 black, flagellaR segments 3–10 slightly daRk at base. PRoboscis Reddish bRown, black at outeR margin. Palpal segment 1 pale brown, segments 2 and 3 yellow, and segment 4 black. THORAX (Figs 1, 3). Mainly pale brown to reddish brown velvety. Pronotum yellow with reddish brown mid-longitudinal and lateral stripes extended to head and mesothorax. Prescutum almost wholly reddish brown, with four vague olive-grey stripes, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Scutum brown, with four vague olive-grey spots. Scutellum brown. Mediotergite brown with uneven white pruinescence, posterior margin with two yellow parts separated by brown part. Membrane between prescutum and pleuron yellow, consistent with pronotum. Pleuron mainly dark yellow with a reddish brown stripe extended from head to upper part of anatergite. Junction of anepisternum and katepisternum with a large brown spot with white pruinescence. Upper margin and anterior part of katatergite and lower part of anepimeron with white pruinescence, pruinescence brown at lower margin and posterior margin. Meron and metapleuron with irregular brown spot and slight pruinescence. Setae on thorax brown. Legs with coxae brownish yellow, femora and tibiae pale brown, tarsi brownish black, claw with a black tooth. Setae on legs dark brown. Wing variegated grey with numerous small pale and dark grey areas; veins and cell Sc bright yellow; pterostigma pale brown; petiole of cell m 1 distinctly shorter than discal cell (Fig. 4). Halter with stem pale yellow, knob brownish yellow. ABDOMEN (Fig. 1). Mainly brownish yellow. Abdominal tergites each with two black lateral stripes. Abdominal segment 1 pale yellow, segments 4–7 reddish. Setae on abdomen golden. HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 2, 7–13). Mainly reddish brown, except tergite 9 yellowish brown, large and hemispherical. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 virtually fused, except ventral surface of sternite 9 with vague sutuRe. PosteRioR maRgin of gonocoxite slightly extended, petaloid. PosteRioR maRgin of teRgite 9 flattish, with a paiR of Robust fingeR-like pRotRusions cuRved downwaRd, ventRally with a Ridged pRotRusion. SteRnite 9 with two long golden tufts near caudal margin; posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of nearly oval pRotRusions and a paiR of small fingeR-like pRotRusions at middle. Adminiculum slim, medially with a pair of slender protrusions. Both gonostyli reddish brown, embedded (Figs 12–13). Outer gonostylus with a large U-shaped depression on top, caudal end with a long hook-like protrusion (Fig. 11). Inner gonostylus slanted, basally with a long, sharp protrusion; lower site of lower beak with a beak-like protrusion (Fig. 10). Female MEASUREMENTS. Body length 24.0 mm, wing length 31.6 mm, antenna length 4.8 mm (n = 1). Body color slightly darker than in male. Antenna redder than in male. Brown and black parts of legs paler than in male. Claw without tooth. Wing same as in male, except angle of bifurcation of cell m 1 slightly greater. Black stripes of abdominal tergites narrow and pale. Other characteristics as in male (Fig. 5). OVIPOSITOR. Short. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with two obtuse protrusions laterally. Infra-anal plate tRiangulaR. Fused valculae slightly uptuRned. SteRnite 8 with a paiR of flattened semiciRculaR elevations laterally. Hypovalve short, curved outward (Fig. 6). Distribution China (Xizang). Remarks The new species is similar to T. (S.) krishna AlexandeR, 1962 fRom Sikkim, India, but the latteR diffeRs in the following characters: both gonostyli heavily sclerotized and blackened, the outer gonstylus medially with an acute tooth, cell r 4 without white spot at posterior margin (Alexander 1962)., Published as part of Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan & Yang, Ding, 2023, Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, pp. 83-115 in European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1) on pages 86-91, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, http://zenodo.org/record/8135547, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1962. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). XLIX. Philippine Journal of Science 90: 155 - 214."]}

Tipula (Sinotipula) exquisita Alexander, 1935 Figs 14–24 Chinese name Dzẍṃƛfi Diagnosis Prescutum dark yellow with four distinct brown stripes; wing variegated grey with numerous small pale and dark grey areas, pale yellow around veins; posterior margin of gonocoxite with a pair of long-haired lobes; posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of smooth lobes folded at apex. Material examined CHINA – Sichuan • 2 ♂♂; Xiangcheng City, Niding Canyon (尼T峡ë); 29°4′ N, 99°40′ E; 3488 m a.s.l.; 11 Jul. 2020; Bingtao Du leg.; sweeping; CAU • 5 ♂♂; Daocheng City, neaR Zhagu Temple (Ĺ古※); 28°47′ N, 100°9′ E; 4217 m a.s.l.; 14 Jul. 2020; Bingtao Du leg.; light tRaps; CAU. – Qinghai • 1 ♂; Menyuan City, Xianmi Town, Meihua Village (DZ ữẖ); 37°17′ N, 102°8′ E; 3109 m a.s.l.; 30 Jul. 2021; Xinyue Guo leg.; sweeping; CAU • 1 ♀; Menyuan City, Qihankai (fflǟfl); 37°9′ N, 102°2′ E; 2658 m a.s.l.; 30 Jul. 2021; Qicheng Yang leg.; light traps; CAU. Photo material CHINA • Holotype, ♂; Yin-Kuan-Tsal; 13–15 000 feet a.s.l.; 25 Jul. 1930; D.C. GRaham leg.; USNM (photos by Yan Li) • ♀, allotype; Yu-Long-Gong; 14 000 feet a.s.l.; 14 Aug. 1930; D.C. GRaham leg.; USNM (photos by Yan Li) • Paratype; same collection data as for holotype; USNM (photos by Yan Li). Redescription Male MEASUREMENTS. Body length 20.0– 21.5 mm, wing length 23.8–25.0 mm, antenna length 4.6–4.8 mm (n = 3). HEAD (Figs 14–15). Mainly yellowish brown. Occiput brown with dark brown mid-longitudinal stripe. Rostrum yellowish brown with a dark brown middle stripe extended from rostrum apically to face, nasus yellowish brown, postgena dark brown. Setae on head dull black. Antennal scape and pedicel yellow, flagellaR segments daRk bRown, flagellaR segments 1–3 slightly yellow. PRoboscis black. Palpus daRk brown, segment 4 slightly pale brown. THORAX (Figs 14–15). Mainly brownish yellow, dark areas with slight white pruinescence. Pronotum dark yellow, brown at middle. Prescutum dark yellow with four brown stripes, all stripes with dark brown margins, median stripes broadened anteriorly and gradually narrowed posteriorly, lateral stripes slightly dark. Scutum and scutellum brown with blurry dark areas. Mediotergite pale brown. Pleuron mainly dark brown, with white pruinescence. Anepisternum with less pruinescence and an indistinct dark stripe on upper portion. Setae on thorax golden and dark brown. Legs with femora and tibiae brownish yellow, apex dark brown, tarsi dark brown, femora of some specimens dark brown near basal part. Claw with a black tooth near middle. Setae on legs black. Wing variegated grey with numerous small pale and dark grey areas; veins and cell Sc bright yellow, pale yellow around veins; pterostigma brown; petiole of cell m 1 distinctly shorter than discal cell (Fig. 17). Halter with stem and knob yellow, except knob dark brown at middle. ABDOMEN (Fig. 14). Mainly yellow to black. Abdominal segments 1–5 yellow, segment 7 yellow to black outward, all tergites with black posterior margin and black lateral stripes, tergites 2–7 with short grey lateRal pRuinescence on posteRioR and lateRal stRipes, pRuinescence vaRied among diffeRent specimens. Setae on tergites dark brown, but those on sternite golden. HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 16, 18–24). Mainly black. Posterior margin of tergite 9 with a transversely quadrate sclerotized toothed plate, dorsal and ventral border of plate each with two long protrusions and small irregular teeth. Gonocoxite and sternite 9 fused, posterior margin of gonocoxite with a pair of long-haired lobes, posterior margin of sternite 9 with a pair of smooth, folded lobes. Outer gonostylus wide with dense black spines anteriorly and with two short lobes posteriorly (Fig. 23). Inner gonostylus with very short beak and a large sloping notch; outer basal lobe complicated (Fig. 24). Female Apart from the genitalia, similar to male; cercus and hypovalve short. Distribution China (Sichuan, Qinghai). Remarks In all male specimens from Niding Canyon, Zhagu Temple and Meihua Village, the size and position of the small teeth of teRgite 9 aRe not fixed. The specimens fRom Qinghai (Meihua Village and Qihankai) aRe daRkeR than those fRom Sichuan (Niding Canyon and Zhagu Temple). TheRe was no diffeRence in the gonostylus among all observed specimens. Thus, we considered them to be the same species (Alexander 1935; Edwards 1928)., Published as part of Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan & Yang, Ding, 2023, Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, pp. 83-115 in European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1) on pages 91-94, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, http://zenodo.org/record/8135547, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1935. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). XXV. Philippine Journal of Science 57: 81 - 148.","Edwards F. W. 1928. Some nematocerous Diptera from Yunnan and Tibet. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10 1 (6): 681 - 703. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932808672840"]}

Tipula (Vestiplex) curvicornis nom. nov. This is a replacement name for Tipula (Vestiplex) bucera Yang, Li, Pan, Liu & Yang, 2021 (Yang et al. 2021: 169), described from China. It is preoccupied by the secondary primary homonym Tipula (Lunatipula) bucera Alexander, 1927 from Canada and USA (Alexander 1927). Etymology This species is named after the shape of the gonocoxite, the Latin ‘ corv -cornis,’ meaning ‘bearing horns’, a third declension adjective., Published as part of Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan & Yang, Ding, 2023, Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, pp. 83-115 in European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1) on page 113, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, http://zenodo.org/record/8135547, {"references":["Yang Q. C., Yan L., Pan Z. H., Liu X. Y. & Yang D. 2021. Six new species of Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Tibet. European Journal of Taxonomy 764: 152 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2021.764.1477","AlexandeR C. P. 1927. New NeaRctic cRane-flies (Tipulidae, DipteRa). PaRt XII. Canadian Entomologist 59: 184 - 193."]}

Yang, Qi-cheng, Ren, Jin-long, Liu, Xiao-yan, Yang, Ding (2023): Four new species of Tipula (Sinotipula) Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China and a new replacement name in Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924. European Journal of Taxonomy 879 (1): 83-115, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.879.2163, URL: http://zoobank.org/3da3233c-f99e-4442-ba4b-546f74cc657b

Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924, T. (V.) medialobata sp. nov. (Yunnan), T. (V.) singularis sp. nov. (Yunnan), T. (V.) cibagouensis sp. nov. (Tibet) and T. (V.) paramonovi sp. nov. (Tibet) are described and illustrated. Redescription and detailed illustrations of T. (V.) nestor Alexander, 1934 are provided with first distributional record in mainland China.

Tipula (Vestiplex) nestor Alexander, 1934 Figs 56–70 Tipula (Vestiplex) nestor Alexander, 1934: 28 Tipula (Vestiplex) nestor – Alexander & Alexander 1973: 64. Diagnosis The specimen of male Tipula (V.) nestor can be recognized by ventral portion of tergite nine with a pair of black armatures, gonocoxite totally separated from the sternite nine, obtuse apically, without spine; antenna reaching the base of wing if bent backward; wing light brown, cell c more yellowish than ground color, stigma dark brown; basal five abdominal segments yellow with brown ill-defined median lateral and lateral stripes. Material examined CHINA • 1 ♂; Yunnan, Gongshan County, Bingzhongluo, Gongdangshenshan Mountain; 12 Jun. 2019; Men Qiulei and Lv Lin leg.; AQNU. Redescription Male (Figs 56–70) MEASUREMENTS. Body length 14.5 mm (excluding antenna, n = 1), wing length 19.2 mm (n = 1), antenna length 3.9 mm (n = 1). General body coloration yellowish-brown. HEAD (Fig. 56). Rostrum with nasus yellow, densely covered with yellow setae, brown at base. Eye black. Occiput and vertex brownish, with brown median line (Fig. 56). Antenna 13-segmented, if bent backward reaching base of wing. Scape yellow, cylindrical, slightly expanded at apex. Pedicel yellow, oval. Flagellum entirely brown except first flagellomere having slightly yellow basal fourth. First flagellomere longest, almost same length as scape, remaining segments progressively shortened and thinned, bases of each flagellomere enlarged with five brown longest verticils. Longest verticils slightly longer than corresponding flagellomeres, surface of each flagellomere densely covered with short brown setae. Palpus with first segments brown, apical segments yellow. THORAX (Figs 57–58). Pronotum yellow with medial region brown. Prescutum and presutural scutum brownish with four brown longitudinal stripes, median pair bordered with black margins, separated by gray vitta, lateral stripes bordered with black margins on inner side (Fig. 57). Interspaces gray, densely covered with short white setae (Fig. 57). Postsutural scutum brown, scutal lobes each with two dark brown triangular separated spots (Fig. 57). Scutellum brown with broad black vitta, covered with short yellow setae on lateral sides (Fig. 57). Mediotergite dark brown with black vitta (Fig. 57). Pleura yellowish, thinly dusted with grey (Fig. 58). Leg with coxa and trochanter yellow; femur yellow with darkened and enlarged tip; tibia yellowish at base, gradually changing into dark brown, tip black; tarsal segments dark brown. Wing light brown, cell c more yellowish than ground color, stigma dark brown, variegated by light areas in medial and basal areas of 1 st cell of cell r 1; light band across apical area of cell r 1, base of cells r 3, r 4 and r 5, and median area of discal cell; rest light area including base and apical areas of bm, median region and outer ends of anal cells (Fig. 59). WING VENATION. R 1 complete, R 3 2.1 × as long as R 2+3+4, R 4 subequal in length to Rs, R 5 curved at apical half, r-m distinctly shorter than base of R 5, discal cell narrow, at least 1.9 × as long as petiole of cell m 1, M 1 at least 2.7 × as long as its petiole (Fig. 59). Halter pale yellow, knob basally brown, apically pale yellow. ABDOMEN (Fig. 60). Basal five abdominal segments yellow with brown ill-defined median lateral and lateral stripes, latter gradually broader and heavier, rest abdominal segments including hypopygium black (Fig. 60). HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 61–70). Hypopygium with tergite nine separated from sternite nine except base. Tergite nine completely divided at midline by pale membrane, posterior margin with dee V-shaped median notch (Figs 61–62). Posterolateral angles extended into angular lobe, covered with setae. Dorsal portion of tergite nine divided into two parts by membranous area which has shallow V-shaped notch medially, each part of dorsal portion terminating into an angular terminal which has very strong and dense setae (Figs 61–62). Ventral portion of tergite nine broad, with pair of black armatures; armature with obtuse point on inner side and apically incised. Gonocoxite totally separated from sternite nine, relatively short, obtuse apically, without spine, densely covered with long setae (Figs 63–64). Lobe of gonostylus small, blade-shaped (Figs 65–66). Clasper of gonostylus with upper beak obtuse and black, lower beak splitted into flattened, round and transparent lobe and smaller, obtuse and black point; dorsal crest elongated, median area of lobe of gonostylus equipped with strongly straight setae (Figs 65–66). Sternite nine with ventral lobe of A9S small and rounded, densely covered with setae; dorsal lobe of A9S broad at base, gradually narrowed to round apex which bears five long setae (Figs 64, 67). Adminiculum massive, broadened at base, obtuse apically, median portion protruded, shallow preapical incision in ventral view (Figs 63–64). Semen pump with central vesicle slightly swollen (Fig. 69). Ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped, medially with small V-shaped notch, slightly longer than posterior immovable apodeme (Fig. 68). Posterior immovable apodeme in shape of short arrn (Fig. 69). Anterior immovable apodeme narrow plate (Fig. 70). Aedeagus thick at base, gradually narrowed towards apex, more than 3.5 × as long as semen pump (Fig. 69). Female Unknown. Distribution China: Taiwan (Alexander, 1934); Yunnan, new record for mainland China., Published as part of Men, Qiulei, Sun, Zhongqiu & Starkevich, Pavel, 2023, Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China, pp. 170-192 in European Journal of Taxonomy 856 on pages 187-190, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.856.2037, http://zenodo.org/record/7616228, {"references":["Alexander, C. P., 1934. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). XXI. Philippine Journal of Science 55: 19 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 27.1.55","Alexander C. P. & Alexander M. M. 1973. Tipulidae. Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region I: 10 - 224."]}

Tipula (Vestiplex) medialobata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 769474A5-416C-4C8A-931C-002CB756090D Figs 16–27 Diagnosis Tipula (V.) medialobata sp. nov. can be recognized by the tergite nine having posterolateral corners ear-like and black narrow, serrated rods; gonocoxite having two small points on apex and a black long spine on mesoventral portion; clasper of gonostylus with medial surface raised into blackened, nearly rectangular lobe and long, blade-shaped dorsal lobe of A9S apically blackened and sharp; antenna reaching base of wing if bent backwards, flagellum brown; wing light brown with dark brown stigma. Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the Latin ‘ lobata ’ with prefix ‘ media ’, referring to the lobe in the middle area of the clasper of the gonostylus. Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Yunnan, Gongshan County; Bingzhongluo, Zhanatong; 11 Jul. 2019; Q. Men and Lin Lv leg.; AQNU. Paratypes CHINA • 3 ♂♂; Yunnan, Gongshan County; Bingzhongluo, Gongdangshenshan Mountain; 12 Jul. 2019; Q. Men and Lin Lv leg.; AQNU. Comparative material examined INDIA • 3 ♂♂; holotype of Tipula (Vestiplex) tillyardana Alexander, 1970; Assam [Arunachal Pradesh]; Shergaon, Kameng; North East Frontier Agency; alt. 6100 feet; 5 May 1961; F. Schmid leg.; antenna, leg, wing and genitalia on slide mounted; USNM. Description Male (Figs 16–27) MEASUREMENTS. Body length 12.5–12.7 mm (excluding antenna, n = 4), wing length 18.1–18.3 mm (n = 4), length of antenna 3.6–3.7 mm (n = 4). General body coloration yellowish-brown. HEAD (Fig. 16). Rostrum with nasus yellowish, densely covered with brown setae. Eye black. Occiput and vertex yellowish, medially with dark-brown stripe broadened medially and narrowed at each end (Fig. 16). Antenna 13-segmented, if bent backward reaching base of wing. Scape yellow, cylindrical, slightly expanded at apex. Pedicel yellow, oval. First flagellomere yellowish-brown, rest flagellomeres brown, basal four flagellomeres almost same length to each other, remaining segments progressively shortened and thinned, last flagellomere oval. Each flagellomere except first one enlarged at base, with five longest yellow verticils. Verticils slightly longer than corresponding flagellomeres, surface of each flagellomere densely covered with short brown setae. Palpus yellow. THORAX (Figs 17–18). Pronotum yellow with lateral regions darker in coloration, medially with dark spot. Prescutum and presutural scutum yellowish-brown, with four brown longitudinal stripes, narrowly bordered by darker brown (Fig. 17). Intermediate pair separated. Interspaces thinly dusted with gray, densely covered with short yellow setae (Fig. 17). Postsutural scutum brown, scutal lobes each with two darker brown separated triangular spots. Scutellum brownish with dark brown median vitta, densely covered with yellow setae (Fig. 17). Mediotergite dark brown with broad black median line (Fig. 17). Pleura brownish-yellow, thinly dusted with grey (Fig. 18). Leg with coxa and trochanter yellow, femur yellow with darkened tip, tibia and tarsal segments dark brown. Wing light brown, cell c more yellowish than ground color, stigma dark brown, variegated by light areas including apical area of cell c, and basal half of 1 st cell of cell r 1, light band across apical area of cell r 1, base of cells r 3, r 4 and r 5, and medial area of discal cell; rest light area including basal and apical areas of basal radial cell, distal and basal areas of bm, and apical area of posterior cubital cell (Fig. 19). WING VENATION. R 1 complete, R 3 1.2 × as long as R 2+3+4, R 4 1.1 × as long as Rs, R 5 curved at apical half, base of R 5 distinctly longer than r-m, discal cell narrow, at least 2.3 × as long as petiole of cell m 1, M 1 almost 4.4 × as long as its petiole (Fig. 19). Halter pale yellow, knob basally black, densely covered with black setae, apically pale yellow. ABDOMEN (Fig. 20). Basal four tergites yellow with brown lateral and intermittent median stripes, tergites 5–8 brown with yellow lateral regions, basal five sternites entirely yellow, sternites six to eight gradually heavier to dark brown, hypopygium dark brown (Fig. 20). HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 21–27). Hypopygium with tergite nine and sternite nine separated except base (Figs 21–22). Tergite nine completely divided at midline by pale membrane (Fig. 21). Dorsal portion of tergite nine shallowly emarginated medially, terminating into pair of ear-like lobes on lateral corners which is densely covered with setae (Fig. 21). Ventral portion of tergite nine possessing pair of black narrow rods which are serrated on inner margins (Fig. 21). Gonocoxite separated from sternite nine except ventral area, massive, with two small points on apex and black long spine on mesoventral portion only observed in ventral view (Figs 22–23). Lobe of gonostylus narrow and elongated (Fig. 24). Clasper of gonostylus with upper beak broad and obtuse, preceded by black ridge along mesal margin; lower beak blackened oval lobe; medial surface raised into blackened, nearly rectangular lobe (Fig. 24). Sternite nine with ventral lobe of A9S thumb-like, dorsal lobe of A9S blade-shaped, broad at base, gradually narrowed to sharp black apex (Fig. 23). Adminiculum relatively short, nearly triangular in ventral view, truncated apically; median portion protruded into distinct sclerite (Fig. 23). Semen pump with central vesicle swollen (Fig. 26). Ejaculatory apodeme with deep V-shaped median incision, lateral arms expanded apically (Fig. 25). Posterior immovable apodeme narrow (Fig. 26). Anterior immovable apodeme distinctly broad, round in dorsal view (Fig. 27). Aedeagus thick at base, gradually narrowed to apex, more than 3.5 × as long as semen pump (Fig. 26). Female Unknown. Remarks Tipula (V.) medialobata sp. nov. is assigned to the T. (V.) subticta species group. The new species is very similar to T. (V.) tillyardana Alexander, 1970, from Arunachal Pradesh, India, by details of tergite nine. Posterolateral corners of tergite nine are extended into lobes in both species, but still differs by the shape: T. (V.) medialobata sp. nov. has lobes ear-shaped while the lobes are obliquely truncated in T. (V.) tylliardana (Alexander 1970: fig. 37). They can also be separated by the gonocoxite which apically has two points in the new species while only a small blackened spine is present in T. (V.) tylliardana; the mesoventral portion of the gonocoxite has a black spine in the new species while a curved arm with microscopic points is present in T. (V.) tylliardana. Also, the new species is distinguished by a clasper of the gonostylus bearing a blackened lobe on the medial surface while such a lobe is absent in T. (V.) tylliardana., Published as part of Men, Qiulei, Sun, Zhongqiu & Starkevich, Pavel, 2023, Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China, pp. 170-192 in European Journal of Taxonomy 856 on pages 176-178, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.856.2037, http://zenodo.org/record/7616228, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1970. New or little-known species of Asiatic Tipulidae (Diptera). III. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 96: 307 - 352."]}

Tipula (Vestiplex) paramonovi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ADED21BA-6943-4624-A0C4-23CE80046423 Figs 28–40 Diagnosis Tipula (V.) paramonovi sp. nov. can be recognized by unarmed gonocoxite and tergite nine ventrally bearing a pair of strongly blackened elongated rods which are greatly expanded at base; antenna reaching base of wing if bent backward, flagellum brown; wing light brown, cell c more yellowish than ground color, stigma dark brown; basal four abdominal segments yellow, trivittate, rest dark brown. Etymology The species is named after our colleague and crane fly researcher Dr Nikolai M. Paramonov (Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia). Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Tibet, Bomi, Zhuolonggou; 31 May 2019; Q. Men and Lin Lv leg.; AQNU. Paratypes CHINA • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; AQNU. Comparative material examined CHINA • ♂; holotype of Tipula (Vestiplex) zayulensis Alexander, 1963; S.E. Tibet, Ata Kang; alt. 8000 feet; 29 May 1933; F. Kingdon Ward and R.J.H. Kaulback leg.; BMNH (E)#246045; BMNH • 1 ♀; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) zayulensis Alexander, 1963; S.E. Tibet, Zayul; alt. 8000 feet; 6 Jun. 1933; F. Kingdon Ward and R.J.H. Kaulback leg.; BMNH (E)#246046; BMNH • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) zayulensis Alexander, 1963; same collection data as for preceding; 3 Jun. 1933; BMNH (E)#246047; BMNH • 1 ♀; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) zayulensis Alexander, 1963; S.E. Tibet, Lepa Chu Valley; alt. 12000 feet; 6 Jul. 1935; R.J.H. Kaulback leg.; BMNH (E)#246048; BMNH. Other material Listed in Starkevich et al. (2019a). Description Male (Figs 28–40) MEASUREMENTS. Body length 13.2–13.4 mm (excluding antenna, n = 3), wing length 20.0– 20.2 mm (n = 3), antenna length 3.8–4.0 mm (n = 3). General body coloration brownish-yellow. HEAD (Fig. 28). Rostrum with nasus brown, densely covered with yellow setae. Eye black. Occiput and vertex brown, medially with black vitta (Fig. 28). Antenna 13-segmented, if bent backward reaching base of wing. Scape yellow, cylindrical, slightly expanded at apex. Pedicel yellow, oval. Flagellum entirely brown except first flagellomere having slightly yellow basal third. First flagellomere longest, subequal in length to scape, remaining segments progressively shortened and thinned. Each flagellomere except first one enlarged at base, with five longest yellow verticils. Longest verticils slightly longer than corresponding flagellomeres, surface of each flagellomere densely covered with short yellow setae. Palpus with basal three segments brown, apical segment lighter in coloration. THORAX (Figs 29–30). Pronotum brown with medial region lighter in coloration. Prescutum and presutural scutum brown with four dark brown longitudinal stripes, intermediate pair fused with black median vitta (Fig. 29). Interspaces gray, densely covered with short white setae (Fig. 29). Postsutural scutum brown, scutal lobes each with two dark brown spots (Fig. 29). Scutellum brown, with darker median line and short white setae (Fig. 29). Mediotergite brown with black median line (Fig. 29). Pleura brown, thinly dusted with grey (Fig. 30). Leg with coxa and trochanter yellow, femur yellow with darkened tip, tibia and tarsal segments dark brown. Wing light brown, cell c more yellowish than ground color, stigma dark brown, variegated by light areas including apical area of cell c, and medial and basal areas of 1 st cell of cell r 1, light band across apical area of cell r 1, base of cells r 3, r 4 and r 5, and median area of discal cell; rest light area including base and apical areas of bm (Fig. 31). WING VENATION. R 1 complete, R 3 1.4 times as long as R 2+3+4, R 4 slightly longer than Rs, R 5 curved at apical half, r-m as long as base of R 5, discal cell narrow, at least 2.3 × as long as petiole of cell m 1, M 1 almost 3 × as long as its petiole (Fig. 31). Halter pale yellow, knob basally brown, apically pale yellow. ABDOMEN (Fig. 32). Basal four abdominal segments yellow with brown lateral and median stripes, latter broad and intermittent, rest abdominal segments including hypopygium dark brown (Fig. 32). HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 33–40). Hypopygium compressed, with tergite nine and sternite nine totally separated (Figs 33–34). Tergite nine completely divided at midline by pale membrane (Fig. 33). Dorsal portion of tergite nine deeply emarginated on posterior margin, strongly concaved on anterior margin, almost divided dorsal portion into two lobes. Ventral portion of tergite nine bearing pair of strongly blackened elongated rods; base of rods expanded and broadened (Fig. 33). Gonocoxite short, without projections (Figs 34– 35). Lobe of gonostylus small, slightly flattened apically (Fig. 36). Clasper of gonostylus rounded at dorsal margin, terminating into black and acute beak; lower beak splitted into rounded transparent lobe and small, heavily blackened point; rounded lobe generated from base, its margin densely covered with long setae; many short and straight spines covered in medial area (Fig. 36). Sternite nine with ventral lobe of A9S rounded and expanded, densely covered with long setae (Fig. 35); dorsal lobe of A9S broad in basal half, from middle gradually narrowed to obtuse apex (Fig. 37). Adminiculum nearly triangular in ventral view, broadened basally, gradually narrowed to truncated apex; distal part curved ventral in lateral view (Figs 34–35). Semen pump with central vesicle swollen (Fig. 39). Ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped, truncated apically, as long as posterior immovable apodeme (Fig. 38). Posterior immovable apodeme expanded and truncated at apex in lateral view (Fig. 39); curved directed inward in dorsal view (Fig. 40). Anterior immovable apodeme narrow (Fig. 40). Aedeagus thick basally, gradually thinned to apex, more than 2.0 × as long as semen pump (Fig. 39). Female Unknown. Remarks Tipula (V.) paramonovi sp. nov. is considered here as a member of the T. (V.) divisotergata species group, which was proposed by Savchenko (1964), with following discussion (Strakevich et al. 2019a). The new species is close to T. (V.) zayulensis Alexander, 1963 by the shape of the dorsal portion of tergite nine and the compact, rounded clasper of the gonostylus. Both species can be separated by the ventral armatures of tergite nine which are elongated and distinctly expanded at the base in T. (V.) paramonovi sp. nov. while small and narrow in T. (V.) zayulensis (Alexander 1963: fig. 7). And also, T. (V.) zayulensis has a yellow subterminal ring on the femur while such a ring is absent in T. (V.) paramonovi sp. nov. Distribution China (Tibet)., Published as part of Men, Qiulei, Sun, Zhongqiu & Starkevich, Pavel, 2023, Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China, pp. 170-192 in European Journal of Taxonomy 856 on pages 180-183, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.856.2037, http://zenodo.org/record/7616228, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1963. Some Tipulidae from Tibet and upper Burma in the British museum (natural history) (Diptera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 14: 319 - 340.","Starkevich P., Men Q. L. & Saldaitis A. 2019 a. Four new crane fly species of subgenus Tipula (Vestiplex) (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China. Zootaxa 4679 (1): 69 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4679.1.4","Savchenko E. N. 1964. Crane-flies (Diptera, Tipulidae), Subfam. Tipulinae, Genus Tipula L., 2. Fauna USSR, N. S. 89, Nasekomye Dvukrylye [Insecta Diptera] 2 (4): 1 - 503."]}

Tipula (Vestiplex) singularis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2B37D6F8-9550-4475-B536-7832AA2D5E5C Figs 41–55 Diagnosis The new species can be recognized by unarmed gonocoxite apically bearing small point, tergite nine ventrally bearing flashy lobes and specific narrow blackened ridge on either side of midline, clasper of gonostylus basally having remarkable angular lobe and reduced dorsal lobe of A9S; antenna reaching base of wing if bent backward, flagellum brown, except yellow base of the first flagellomere; wing light brown with dark stigma; basal four abdominal segments yellow, trivittate, rest of segments black. Etymology The specific epithet is an adjective derived from the Latin ‘ singularis ’ meaning ‘single’, referring to the singular, finger-shaped rod on the gonocoxite. Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Yunnan, Gongshan County, Bingzhongluo, Gongdangshenshan Mountain; 12 Jun. 2019; Men Qiulei and Lv Lin leg.; AQNU. Paratype CHINA • 1 ♂; Yunnan, Lushui County, Pianma; 19 Jun. 2019; Q. Men and Lin Lv leg.; AQNU. Comparative material examined INDIA • ♂; holotype of Tipula (Vestiplex) immsiana Alexander, 1970; Assam [Arunachal Pradesh]; Talung Dzong, Kameng; North East Frontier Agency; alt. 7600 feet; 5 Jun. 1961; Schmid leg.; antenna, leg, wing and genitalia on slide mounted; USNM • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) immsiana Alexander, 1970; same collection data as for holotype; USNM. Description Male (Figs 41–55) MEASUREMENTS. Body length 12.0– 12.2 mm (excluding antenna, n = 2), wing length 18.1–18.3 mm (n = 2), antenna length 3.8–3.9 mm (n = 2). General body coloration yellowish. HEAD (Fig. 41). Rostrum with nasus yellow, densely covered with yellow setae. Eye black. Occiput and vertex yellowish, without marking (Fig. 41). Antenna 13-segmented, if bent backward reaching base of wing. Scape yellow, cylindrical, slightly expanded at apex, distinctly longer than first flagellomere. Pedicel yellow, oval. Flagellum entirely brown except first flagellomere having slightly yellow basal fourth. Each flagellomere except first one enlarged at base, with five brown longest verticils. Longest verticils significantly longer than corresponding segments, surface of each flagellomere densely covered with short yellow setae. Palpus yellow. THORAX (Figs 42–43). Pronotum yellow with medial region brown. Prescutum and presutural scutum brownish with four dark brown longitudinal stripes, intermediate fused with narrow median line (Fig. 42). Interspaces gray, densely covered with short white setae (Fig. 42). Postsutural scutum brown, scutal lobes each with two dark brown triangular separated spots (Fig. 42). Scutellum brown with broad black vitta, covered with short yellow setae (Fig. 42). Mediotergite dark brown with black vitta (Fig. 42). Pleura yellowish, thinly dusted with grey (Fig. 43). Leg with coxa and trochanter yellow, femur yellow with darkened and enlarged tip, tibia yellowish at base, gradually changing into dark brown, tip black, tarsal segments dark brown. Wing light brown, cell c slightly more yellowish than ground color, stigma dark brown, variegated by light areas in apical area of cell c, medial and basal areas of 1 st cell of cell r 1, light band across apical area of cell r 1, base of cells r 3 and r 4, and basal area of discal cell, apical area of basal radial cell and basal area of cell m 3; rest light area including medial and basal areas of basal radial cell, medial and basal area of basal medial cell, apical and basal areas of posterior cubital cell, and median region and outer ends of anal cells (Fig. 44). WING VENATION. R 1 complete, R 3 1.1 × as long as R 2+3+4, R 4 1.4 × as long as Rs, R 5 curved at apical half, r-m more than 2.0 × as long as base of R 5, discal cell narrow, 3.3 × as long as petiole of cell m 1, M 1 at least 4.7 × as long as its petiole (Fig. 44). Halter pale yellow, knob brown at basal half, densely covered with short brown setae, pale yellow at apical half. ABDOMEN (Fig. 45). Basal four abdominal segments yellow with brown ill-defined median and lateral stripes, latter gradually broader and heavier, rest abdominal segments including hypopygium black (Fig. 45). HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 46–55). Hypopygium with tergite nine separated from sternite nine at apical half (Fig. 46). Dorsal portion of tergite nine broadly emarginated on posterior margin, medially with V-shaped notch (Fig. 46). Tergite nine completely divided at midline by pale membrane (Figs 46–47). Ventral portion of tergite nine with pair of nearly fleshy lobes terminating into narrowed black armatures, between them narrow-blackened ridge on either side of midline produced into triangular black point; pair of narrowed blackened anal plates (ap) fused with ventral armatures (Figs 46–47). Gonocoxite obtuse, divided from sternite nine by suture except ventral area, apically producing into small obtuse point (Figs 48–49). Lobe of gonostylus short, broad apically (Fig. 50). Clasper of gonostylus narrowed, upper beak slender and black, lower beak obtuse and black, with sinuate dorsal crest, basally with big angular lobe, inner surface medially with round lobe (Figs 51–52). Sternite nine with ventral lobe of A9S thumb-like, massive, densely covered with long setae; dorsal lobe of A9S reduced into small rounded sclerite located between ventral lobe and mesoventral margin of gonocoxite (Fig. 49). Adminiculum nearly triangular in ventral view, bifurcated apically in lateral view (Figs 48–49). Semen pump with central vesicle swollen (Fig. 54). Ejaculatory apodeme with V-shaped median incision, lateral arms truncated apically, distinctly longer than posterior immovable apodeme (Fig. 53). Posterior immovable apodeme short, slightly curved dorsally in lateral view, broad basally (Fig. 55). Anterior immovable apodeme, narrow, sinuate at outer margin in dorsal view (Fig. 55). Aedeagus thick, almost same thickness throughout, broad at apex which has a small hork; aedeagus more than 3.5 × as long as semen pump (Fig. 54). Female Unknown. Remarks The new species is very similar to T. (V.) immsiana Alexander, 1970, from Arunachal Pradesh, India, by details of tergite nine. Both species have a ventral portion provided by a specific narrowed and blackened ridge located on either side of the midline which separates both ventral armatures. Easily to be separated by the clasper of the gonostylus bearing an angular lobe in T. (V.) singularis sp. nov., which is absent in T. (V.) immsiana. Also easily distinguished by the dorsal lobe of A9S which is reduced in T. (V.) singularis sp. nov. while it bears a distinct blade-shaped dorsal lobe in T. (V.) immsiana (Alexander 1970: fig. 35)., Published as part of Men, Qiulei, Sun, Zhongqiu & Starkevich, Pavel, 2023, Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China, pp. 170-192 in European Journal of Taxonomy 856 on pages 183-187, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.856.2037, http://zenodo.org/record/7616228, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1970. New or little-known species of Asiatic Tipulidae (Diptera). III. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 96: 307 - 352."]}

Tipula (Vestiplex) cibagouensis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5A6DF78C-1A32-42B5-BCF4-9C145B226EC5 Figs 1–15 Diagnosis Tipula (Vestiplex) cibagouensis sp. nov. can be recognized by the tergite nine having a pair of thumbshaped lobes at posterior border and a pair of black, nearly triangular lobes; gonocoxite bearing caudally pointed spine and blade-shaped, apically obtuse dorsal lobe of A9S; antenna reaching base of wing if bent backward, flagellum brown, except yellow base of the first flagellomere; wing light brown with dark brown stigma; basal five abdominal segments yellow, trivittate, rest abdominal segments including hypopygium dark brown. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the type locality of new species, Cibagou National Nature Reserve, Chayu County, Tibet, China; adjective. Material examined Holotype CHINA • ♂; Tibet, Chayu County; Cibagou National Nature Reserve; 6 Jun. 2019; Q. Men and Lin Lv leg.; AQNU. Paratypes CHINA • 2 ♂♂; Tibet, Chayu County, Shangchayu; 8 Jun. 2019; Q. Men and Lin Lv leg.; AQNU. Comparative Other material examined INDIA • ♂; holotype of Tipula (Vestiplex) wahlgrenana Alexander, 1968; Kumaon, Khumyara, Pauri Garhwal; alt. 4300–5000 feet; 28 May 1958; F. Schmid leg.; antennae, leg, wing and genitalia on slide mounted; USNM. INDIA • ♂; holotype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla Alexander, 1964; Manipur, Sirhoi Kashong; alt. 7500 feet; 13 Jul. 1960; F. Schmid leg.; USNM • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; Manipur, Sirhoi Kasong; alt. 7500 feet; 11 Jul. 1960; F. Schmid leg.; antennae, leg, wing and genitalia on slide mounted; USNM • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; same collection data as for preceding; USNM • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; Manipur, Hkayam Boum; alt. 8500 feet; 21 Jun. 1960; F. Schmid leg.; antenna, leg, wing and genitalia on slide mounted; USNM • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; Manipur, Sirhoi Kasong; alt. 6000 feet; 8 Jun. 1960; F. Schmid leg.; antenna, legs, wing and genitalia on slide mounted; USNM • 2 ♂♂; paratypes of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; same collection data as for preceding; USNM • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; Manipur, Sirhoi Kasong; alt. 7500 feet; 11 Jul. 1960; F. Schmid leg.; antennae, leg, wing and genitalia on slide mounted; USNM • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; same collection data as for preceding; ZIN • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; Manipur, Hkayam Boum; alt. 8500 feet, 21 Jun. 1960; F. Schmid leg.; BMNH (E)#246044; BMNH • 1 ♂; paratype of Tipula (Vestiplex) exechostyla; Manipur, Sirhoi Kasong; alt. 7500 feet; 12 Jul. 1960; F. Schmid leg.; ZFMK. MYANMAR • ♂; holotype of Tipula (Vestiplex) gandharva Alexander, 1951; Adung Valley, Camp I; alt. 8000 feet; 4 Jun. 1931; Kingdon Ward and Lord Cranbrook leg.; antenna, leg, wing and genitalia on slide mounted; USNM. Description Male (Figs 1–15) MEASUREMENTS. Body length 11.5–11.8 mm (excluding antenna, n = 3), wing length 17.1–17.4 mm (n = 3), length of antenna 3.5–3.7 mm (n = 3). General body coloration brownish-yellow. HEAD (Fig. 1). Rostrum with nasus yellow, densely covered with yellow setae. Eye black. Occiput and vertex yellow, medially with black line and rhombic marking (Fig. 1). Antenna 13-segmented, if bent backward reaching base of wing. Scape yellow, cylindrical, slightly expanded at apex; pedicel yellow, oval. First flagellomere yellow except apical third brown, rest flagellomeres brown, basal five flagellomeres subequal in length to each other, remaining segments progressively shortened and thinned, last flagellomere oval. Each flagellomere except first one enlarged at base, with five yellow longest verticils. Verticils slightly longer than corresponding flagellomeres, surface of each flagellomere densely covered with short brown setae. Palpus yellow. THORAX (Figs 2–3). Pronotum yellow with lateral regions darker in coloration, medially with darkened vitta. Prescutum and presutural scutum brownish with four brown longitudinal stripes, bordered by darker brown (Fig. 2). Intermediate pair separated, interspaces gray, densely covered with short yellow setae (Fig. 2). Postsutural scutum brown, scutal lobes each with two dark brown spots, lower one distinctly bigger (Fig. 2). Scutellum brownish with dark brown median vitta (Fig. 2). Mediotergite dark brown with broad black median line (Fig. 2). Pleura brownish, thinly dusted with grey (Fig. 3). Leg with coxa and trochanter yellow, femur yellow with darkened tip, tibia and tarsal segments dark brown. Wing light brown, cell c more yellowish than ground color, stigma dark brown, variegated by light areas including apical area of cell c and most part of 1 st cell of cell r 1, light band across apical area of cell r 1, base of cells r 3, r 4 and r 5, and basal area of discal cell; rest light area including basal and medial areas of bm, basal half of posterior cubital cell, and basal area of anal cells (Fig. 4). WING VENATION. R 1 complete, R 3 almost same length to R 2+3+4, R 4 slightly longer than Rs, R 5 curved at apical half, base of R 5 2.0 × as long as r-m, discal cell narrow, at least 2.0 × as long as petiole of cell m 1, M 1 almost 4.4 × as long as its petiole (Fig. 4). Halter pale yellow, knob basally black, densely covered with black setae, apically pale yellow. ABDOMEN (Fig 5). Basal five abdominal segments yellow with brown lateral and median stripes, lateral stripes gradually broader and heavier, median stripe broad and intermittent, rest abdominal segments including hypopygium dark brown (Fig. 5). HYPOPYGIUM (Figs 6–15). Hypopygium with tergite nine and sternite nine not separated. Tergite nine completely divided at midline by pale membrane (Figs 6–7). Dorsal portion of tergite nine with pair of thumb-shaped lobes at posterior border, obtuse at lateral corners (Figs 6–8). Ventral portion of tergite nine broad, its inner margin with pair of strongly sclerotized, black, nearly triangular lobes which are protruding and can be observed in dorsal view; inner margin of lobes bearing microscopic serration (Figs 7–8). Gonocoxite separated from sternite nine totally, broad basally and narrowed to caudally pointed spine (Figs 8–9). Lobe of gonostylus narrow and elongated (Figs 6, 8, 10). Clasper of gonostylus slightly elongated and flattened; upper beak black and acute, beneath preceeded by black rod; lower beak black, oval lobe; dorsal margin with obtuse angle (Figs 6, 8–10). Sternite nine with ventral lobe of A9S strong, thumb-like, densely covered with long setae (Fig. 9); dorsal lobe of A9S blade-shaped, broad basally, gradually narrowed to obtuse apex (Fig. 11). Adminiculum triangular in ventral view, with broad base and narrow apex; median portion protruded (Fig. 9). Semen pump with central vesicle swollen (Fig. 13). Ejaculatory apodeme with deep V-shaped median incision, lateral arms truncated apically, subequal in length to posterior immovable apodeme (Figs 12, 14). Posterior immovable apodeme basally narrow, truncated at broadened apex (Fig. 14). Anterior immovable apodeme narrow, round at outer margin in dorsal view (Fig. 14). Aedeagus thick, almost same thickness throughout, apex terminating with pair of slender lateral spines and median rod; aedeagus less than 2.0 × as long as semen pump (Figs 13, 15). Female Unknown. Remarks Tipula (V.) cibagouensis sp. nov. is considered here as a member of the T. (V.) subtincta species group, which was proposed by Savchenko (1964), with a list of species revised by Starkevich (2012) and following the discussion in Pilipenko & Strakevich (2020). The nearest allies are T. (V.) wahlgrenana Alexander, 1968 (India), T. (V.) exechostyla Alexander, 1964 (India) and T. (V.) gandharva Alexander, 1951 (India, Myanmar) based on the shape of the male hypopygium. All species are characterized by their the dorsal portion of tergite nine having a pair of lobes at posterior border and elongated bladeshaped dorsal lobes of A9S. The new species can easily be separated from T. (V.) wahlgrenana by a brown flagellum, which is bicolored in the latter (Starkevich & Podenas 2014: figs 1–3). In addition, T. (V.) wahlgrenana has two acute, blackened spines on the gonocoxite and dorsal lobe of A9S with a black apex while the new species is characterized by a single spine on the gonocoxite and a yellow apex of dorsal lobe of A9S. Tipula (V.) exechostyla can be separated by the gonocoxite ventromesally extended into a long acute black spine, clasper of gonostylus bearing conspicuous blackened lobe (Alexander 1964: pl. 6 fig. 49) while the new species is characterized by a gonocoxite with an apically situated, not blackened spine and a clasper of the gonostylus dorsally with an obtuse angle, without blackened lobe. Tipula (V.) gandharva can be separated by a femur having a yellow subterminal ring, the gonocoxite terminating into a short stout spine (Alexander 1953: fig. 8c) while the new species bears a femur without subterminal ring and a gonocoxite having a long spine., Published as part of Men, Qiulei, Sun, Zhongqiu & Starkevich, Pavel, 2023, Four new crane fly species of the subgenus Vestiplex (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipula) from Tibet and Yunnan, China, pp. 170-192 in European Journal of Taxonomy 856 on pages 172-176, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.856.2037, http://zenodo.org/record/7616228, {"references":["Alexander C. P. 1964. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). LIII. Philippine Journal of Science 93: 77 - 130.","Savchenko E. N. 1964. Crane-flies (Diptera, Tipulidae), Subfam. Tipulinae, Genus Tipula L., 2. Fauna USSR, N. S. 89, Nasekomye Dvukrylye [Insecta Diptera] 2 (4): 1 - 503.","Starkevich P. (2012) Taxonomic and phylogentic review of the subgenus Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924 (Diptera, Tipulidae). PhD thesis, Vilnius University, Lithuania.","Starkevich P. & Podenas S. 2014. New synonym of Tipula (Vestiplex) wahlgrenana Alexander, 1968 (Diptera: Tipulidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 2 (e 4237): 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 2. e 4237","Alexander, C. P. 1953. The Oriental Tipulidae in the collection of the Indian museum. Part III. Records of the Indian Museum 50: 321 - 357."]}

Wing interference patterns (WIP) are stable structural colors in insect wings caused by thin-film interference. This study seeks to establish WIP as a stable, sexually dimorphic, species-level character across the four families of Tipuloidea and investigate generic level WIP. Thirteen species of Tipuloidea were selected from museum specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University collection. One wing from a male and female of each representative species was excised and mounted to a slide with coverslip, placed against a black background, and imaged using an integrated microscope camera. Images were minimally retouched but otherwise unchanged. Descriptions of the WIP for each sex of each species are provided. Twelve of thirteen species imaged had WIP, which were stable and species specific while eight of those twelve had sexually dimorphic WIP. Comparisons of three species of Nephrotoma were inconclusive regarding a generic level WIP. Gnophomyia tristissima had higher intraspecific variation than other species examined. This study confirms stable, species specific WIP in all four families of crane flies for the first time. More research must be done regarding generic-level stability of WIP in crane flies as well as the role sexual and natural selection play in the evolution of wing interference patterns in insects.

Diptera is one of the most species-diverse insect orders. The paper presents data on the biodiversity of Diptera from 9 families (Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Mycetophilidae, Keroplatidae, Ptychopteridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sciomyzidae) inhabiting 14 regions within the Volga upland and Oka-Don lowland. The most studied fauna is in the Republic of Mordovia (399 species). The fauna of these families is least known from the Republic of Tatarstan, Lipetsk Region, Nizhny Novgorod Region, and Vladimir Region (9, 19, 20, and 21 species, respectively). A total of 545 species are known from 9 families of Diptera in the large macroregion. The largest number of species includes the families Muscidae (190) and Limoniidae (102). The biodiversity is least known in Ptychopteridae (4 species), Pediciidae (6 species) and Keroplatidae (10 species)., Diptera – это один из наиболее разнообразных по числу видов отряд среди насекомых. В статье представлены сведения о биоразнообразии Diptera из 9 семейств (Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Mycetophilidae, Keroplatidae, Ptychopteridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sciomyzidae), обитающих на территории 14 регионов, находящихся в пределах Приволжской возвышенности и Окско-Донской низменности. Наиболее изученная и разнообразная фауна в Республике Мордовия (399 видов). Наименее известна фауна этих семейств из Республики Татарстан, Липецкой области, Нижегородской области и Владимирской области (соответственно, 9, 19, 20 и 21 вид). В общей сложности на территории большого макрорегиона из 9 семейств Diptera известно 545 вида. Наибольшее число видов включают семейства Muscidae (191) и Limoniidae (102). Наименее известно биоразнообразие Ptychopteridae (4 вида), Pediciidae (6 видов) и Keroplatidae (10 видов).

The Korean species of Tipula (Vestiplex) Bezzi, 1924 crane flies are taxonomically revised. Five species are recognized. Tipula (V.) coquillettiana Alexander, 1924, T. (V.) kuwayamai Alexander, 1921, T. (V.) tchukchi Alexander, 1934, and T. (V.) verecunda Alexander, 1924 are newly recorded from the Korean Peninsula, and T. (V.) serricauda Alexander, 1914 was previously recorded. The larva of T. (V.) serricauda is described and illustrated, and the larvae of the subgenus T. (Vestiplex) are divided into four groups based on spiracular lobe morphology. An identification key, redescriptions, and illustrations of Korean T. (Vestiplex) adults and grouping of known larvae are presented.

Two new crane fly species, Tipula (Vestiplex) gongdangensissp. nov. and T. (V.) dechangensissp. nov. are described and illustrated based on materials collected in the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, China. A key is provided to distinguish males of the new species from those of other species in the T. (V.) immota Alexander, 1935 species group which is proposed here for the first time.

Holorusia Loew, 1863 (Diptera: Tipulidae) is a relatively large crane fly genus with a wide distribution in the Afrotropic, Australasian–Oceanian, Eastern Palearctic, Oriental and Nearctic Regions. Although the genus is well known to include the largest crane fly species, the immature stages are, thus far, only described for the larva and pupa of the North American Holorusia hesperea Arnaud & Byers, 1990. In this study, we describe for the first time the egg, larva and pupae of the Japanese Holorusia mikado (Westwood, 1876). Larvae were collected from semi-aquatic habitats, from slow flowing areas of streams and small waterfalls where leaf litter accumulates; the larvae are detritivores and feed on wet, decomposing leaves. The larvae were reared to adults in the laboratory. Morphological characters of immature stages discussed with comparison with the North American H. hespera. Male and female genitalia are illustrated and described in detail for the first time.

Angarotipula is a small genus of Tipulidae with only fourteen described species in the world and seven known species in China. Here, one new species is added to the fauna of Sichuan. The life history of Angarotipula laetipennis (Alexander, 1935) is presented and the morphologies of all stages are described.

Only seven species of the genus Tipula Linnaeus were previously known to occur in Laos. Here one new species is added to the fauna of Laos, Tipula (Nippotipula) champasakensissp. nov.Tipula (unplaced) cladomera Alexander, 1936 is designated as a synonym of T. (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848, syn. nov. A key to species of the genus Tipula from Laos is presented.

Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni Starkevich & Podenas sp. nov. (Figs 1���20) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂, labelled: INDIA, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 29.vi.1931, Fletcher coll., B.M.1932.13 [larval exuvium on same pin, male genitalia slide No. PS 0375m] (BMNH). PARATYPES: INDIA, same data as holotype, 26.vii.1931 [genitalia slide No. PS 0376f] (1 ♀, BMNH); same data as holotype, 9.vii.1931 (1 ♀, BMNH). NEPAL, Baitadi, Tinkar Khola, 13,000 ft. [3962 m], 5.vii.1953. J.B. Tyson; W. Nepal Expedition, B.M.1953-592 (1 ♂, BMNH). Diagnosis. Tipula (V.) levisoni sp. nov. can be recognized by its brownish-yellow body, elongated antenna which reaches the base of the abdomen and the epandrium forming a large, crescent in outline, saucer-shaped plate with deep posterior U-shaped notch bordered by denticles on either side. The gonocoxite is unarmed with a rectangular ventromesal part. Females are large with an elongated abdomen and a body length longer than 30 mm. Cercus slender with upturned tip and ventral margin distally with small, distinct serrations. The hypovalva comprises a pale, elongated, slender filament. The median incision between the hypovalvae is deeper than the posterior margin of sternite 8, with the lateral incision deep and narrow. Description. Male. Body length 18.9���21.0 mm, wing length 20.6���21.2 mm (N=2). General body colour brownish yellow (Figs 1, 2). Head. Vertex and occiput grey with narrow brown median line (Fig. 2). Rostrum brownish yellow, dorsally thinly dusted with grey pruinescence. Nasus distinct. Antenna 13-segmented, when bent backward almost reaching base of abdomen. Scape and pedicel yellow, first flagellar segment yellow, brown at tip, remaining flagellomeres brown. Each flagellomere, except first, with basal enlargement with small incision and narrowing apex; below narrowing, with additional narrowing at apex, making each segment slightly sinuous. Apical flagellomere small. Longest verticils approximately same length as their corresponding segments. Palpus with basal segment pale, second segment pale with brown surface, last segments dark brown. Thorax. Pronotum yellowish brown with brown median line. Prescutum and presutural scutum with four greyish brown stripes narrowly bordered with brown (Fig. 2). Medial pair of stripes fused in basal half, distally narrowly separated. Interspaces yellowish grey, anteriorly with small brown dots. Postsutural scutum with lobes each having greenish-brown nearly oval spot bordered with brown. Scutellum yellowish brown, mediotergite brown, thinly dusted, both sclerites with brown medial line. Pleura yellowish brown, thinly dusted with grey pruinescence. Coxae yellow, thinly dusted, trochanter yellow, femora and tibiae yellow, narrowly darkened at tip; first tarsal segment yellow, darkened at tip, remaining tarsal segments dark brown. Tarsal claw without tooth. Wing patterned with brown (Fig. 4). Halter pale with brown knob. Abdomen. Brownish yellow, terminal segments brown. Tergites with broad brown median and lateral stripes. Hypopygium (Figs 5���14). Brown, broader than abdomen. Epandrium forming large, concave, sclerotised saucer-shaped plate, crescent-shaped in outline (Figs 5���7). Main body of plate brown with blackened rim. Posterior margin of plate broadly emarginated medially with deep U-shaped notch, laterally bordered by black denticles on either side; rest of margin toothed. Lateral angle of plate broadly obtuse. Anterior and lateral portions of plate raised into narrow sclerotised border, posterolaterally terminating in large, black and obtuse teeth. Gonocoxite unarmed, ventromesal part rectangular in shape (Fig. 8). Outer gonostylus flattened, leaf-shaped (Fig. 9). Inner gonostylus, large, curved, claw-shaped with single black, large mid-dorsal tooth. Beak extended into blackened, narrowed rostrum with indistinctly split tip (Fig. 10). Aedeagal guide inshape of narrow, elongated tube, base with dorsal flange narrow and elongated, membranous at base, ventral flange flattened; distal margin bent inward forming two microscopic hooks (Fig. 11). Gonocoxal fragment large with lateral and medial sclerites well-developed (Fig. 12). Medial sclerites fused, anterior apodeme distinct, flattened and narrowed in middle; posterior part broadly flattened, expanded at base, distal parts flattened and arched. Lateral sclerites U-shaped. Sperm pump with small and flattened central vesicle (Fig. 13). Compressor apodeme with broad median emargination. Posterior immovable apodeme longer than compressor apodeme, large and extended laterally into broad plate, medially with darker ridge. Anterior immovable apodeme nearly triangular, narrowed at lateral margin. Aedeagus with distal part ventrally membranous (Fig. 14). Female. Body length 33.8���38.2 mm, wing length 25.9���27.4 mm (N=2). Generally similar to male, but abdomen more elongate (Fig. 3). Female terminalia (Figs 15���20). Tergite 10 shiny brown. Cercus brownish yellow, about as long as tergite 10, slender with up-turned tip (Fig. 15). Ventral margin distally with small, distinct serrations. Hypovalva pale, elongated, filamentous, with short trichia at tip (Fig. 15). Median incision between hypovalvae deeper than posterior margin of sternite 8. Lateral incision deep and narrow, about three times as deep as maximum width. Posterolateral angle of sternite 8 rounded. Sternite 9 with posterior part shovel-shaped, margin with lateral incisions, medially forming groove; anterior parts flattened (Fig. 17). Furca flattened, base narrow (Fig. 18). Bursa copulatrix with spermathecal ducts sclerotised at the base, in shape of curved, slender, dark brown sticks (Fig. 19). Cul-de-sac of bursa copulatrix curved. Spermatheca pear-shaped (Fig. 20). Etymology. The new species is named after Levison James Wood (1982���), a British army officer, explorer and writer, best known for his remarkable expeditions in the Himalayas, Central America, the Arabian Peninsula and walking the entire length of the River Nile. Distribution. India (Jammu and Kashmir), Nepal (Sudurpashchim Province). Remarks. Tipula (V.) levisoni sp. nov. is assigned here as a member of T. (V.) leucoprocta species group proposed by Savchenko (1960, 1964) and as discussed by Starkevich et al. (2020). Males of the leucoprocta species group are distinguished by an unarmed gonocoxite, the epandrium having a large sclerotised plate with an extensive saucer with a raised border, posterolaterally terminating in teeth and a remarkably large gonocoxal fragment. In females, the bursa copulatrix and basal part of the spermathecal ducts are sclerotised. Two members of the leucoprocta species group are known from the Western Himalayas, T. (V.) tanycera (Pakistan) and T. (V.) mitchelli (India). Tipula (V.) levisoni sp. nov. is closest to T. (V.) tanycera based on body colouration and the shape of the hypopygium. Both species are characterized by a crescent-shaped epandrium, inner gonostylus with middorsal tooth, slender aedeagal guide and the shape of the gonocoxal fragment. Females are characterized by sternite 8 with deep lateral incisions. Males can be separated by their antennae which reaches the base of the abdomen in T. (V.) levisoni sp. nov. while in T. (V.) tanycera the antenna is longer,almost reaching the middle of the abdomen. They can also be separated by the following details of the epandrium: T. (V.) levisoni sp. nov. has the posterior margin with a deep median notch and a large posterolateral tooth (Fig. 7), while in T. (V.) tanycera the median notch is shallower and has a distinctly smaller posterolateral tooth (Fig. 43). The outer gonostylus of T. (V.) levisoni sp. nov. is flattened, leaf-shaped (Fig. 9), while in T. (V.) tanycera it is nearly oval (Fig. 45). The inner gonostylus bears a middorsal tooth with a broadly expanded base in T. (V.) levisoni sp. nov. (Fig. 10). Tipula (V.) tanycera has a middorsal tooth with a distinctly less expanded base (Fig. 46). Females can be separated by their body size which exceeds 30 mm in T. (V.) levisoni sp. nov. and is less than 20 mm in T. (V.) tanycera. The cercus has small serrations and a nearly rounded tip in T. (V.) levisoni sp. nov. (Fig. 15), while in T. (V.) tanycera the serrations are distinct on the distal end and the cercus tip is pointed (Fig. 51). Another regional species related to T. (V.) levisoni sp. nov. and T. (V.) tanycera is T. (V.) mitchelli, which can be separated by a rectangular epandrium and the inner gonostylus lacking a middorsal tooth., Published as part of Starkevich, Pavel, Pod��nas, Sigitas & Sivell, Duncan, 2022, Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., a new cranefly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from the Western Himalayas, pp. 131-145 in Zootaxa 5115 (1) on pages 133-137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5115.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6346178, {"references":["Savchenko, E. N. (1960) A contribution to the taxonomy of crane-flies (Diptera, Tipulidae) of the subgenus Vestiplex Bezzi of the genus Tipula L. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae Unionis Soveticae, 47, 143 - 216. [in Russian]","Savchenko, E. N. (1964) Crane-flies (Diptera, Tipulidae), Subfam. Tipulinae, Genus Tipula L., 2. Fauna USSR, New Series, 89, Nasekomye Dvukrylye [Insecta Diptera], 2 (4), 1 - 503. [in Russian]","Starkevich, P., Podenas, S. & Gelhaus, J. (2020) Taxonomic review of Tipula (Vestiplex Bezzi) crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) in Mongolia. Zootaxa, 4837 (1), 1 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4837.1.1"]}

A new cranefly, Tipula (Vestiplex) levisoni sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on males and females collected in India and Nepal. The illustrations of male and female genitalia for the most closely related regional species, T. (V.) tanycera Alexander, 1961 and T. (V.) mitchelli Edwards, 1927 are also provided. The female of T. (V.) mitchelli is described for the first time.