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A significant part of the Kipchak Turks converted to Islam, and they continued their lives in the Golden Horde and especially in the Mamluk States, and left a large number of manuscripts with Arabic letters. We know that a group that accepted the Gregorian sect of Christianity established their own churches in Ukraine and Poland and transcribed Kipchak Turkish religious texts in Armenian letters. In addition to this Christian group, it is possible to observe that another Kipchak group, who maintains their traditional beliefs, has left deep effects on the history of the northern Black Sea, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, as well as on the cultural texture since the 11th century. However, unlike the other two groups, after accepting Christianity, they lost their national identity over time and assimilated into the neighboring tribes in the region. A number of names of people and places, as well as Codex Cumanicus, written by Italian and German authors, have survived to this day regarding the language data they spoke. This manuscript, which is thought to have been written for missionary and commercial purposes, also has the feature of being the first Turkish text with Latin letters in history. Many words in this work, which contains many verbs, riddles and grammatical rules of the language of the Cuman Turks in the region, and also shares the Cuman translation of the Christian hymns, contain spelling mistakes due to the fact that the authors learned Turkish later. The verb “tint-” and the derived noun “tintövçi” in the second part of our text, also known as the German codex, appear only once in this work. It is quite interesting that the verb "tint-", which means "to investigate, to examine", is encountered only in Codex Cumanicus, but not in any of the other historical Kipchak Turkish texts. But what is more interesting is that this verb exists in all modern Kipchak Turkic dialects., Kıpçak Türklerinin nüfus itibariyle önemli bir bölümü Müslümanlığı kabul etmiş, Altın Orda ve bilhassa Memluk Devletleri bünyesinde yaşamlarını sürdürerek günümüze çok sayıda Arap harfli yazma eser bırakmışlardır. Hıristiyanlığın Gregoryen mezhebini kabul eden bir grubun ise Ukrayna ve Polonya’da kendi kiliselerini kurup Kıpçak Türkçesi dinî metinlerini Ermeni harfleri ile yazıya aktardıklarını bilmekteyiz. Bu Hıristiyan kitleye ilave olarak geleneksel inançlarını sürdüren bir diğer Kıpçak kitlesinin yine Karadeniz’in kuzeyi, Doğu Avrupa ve Balkanların tarihinde, ayrıca kültürel dokusunda 11. yüzyıldan itibaren derin etkiler bıraktığını gözlemlemek mümkündür. Ancak bu kitle, diğer iki grubun aksine Hıristiyanlığı kabul ettikten sonra zaman içerisinde millî kimliklerini kaybederek bölgedeki komşu kavimlerin içerisinde asimile olmuşlardır. Onların konuştukları dil verileriyle ilgili, günümüze birtakım kişi ve yer adı, ayrıca İtalyan ve Alman yazarlar tarafından kaleme alınan Codex Cumanicus adlı eser kalabilmiştir. Misyonerlik ve ticaret amacıyla yazıldığı düşünülen bu yazma eser, aynı zamanda tarihteki Latin harfli ilk Türkçe metin olma özelliğine sahiptir. Bölgedeki Kuman Türklerinin diline ait çok sayıda fiil, bilmece ve gramer kuralını ihtiva eden, aynı zamanda Hıristiyanlığa ait ilahilerin Kumanca tercümesini paylaşan bu eserde geçen birçok kelime, yazarlarının Türkçeyi sonradan öğrenmeleri nedeniyle yazım yanlışları içermektedir. Metnimizin Almanca codex olarak da bilinen ikinci bölümünde yer alan “tint-” fiili ve ondan türeyen “tintövçi” ismi, bu eserde yalnızca birer defa yer almıştır. “araştırmak, incelemek” manasına gelen “tint-” fiiline, sadece Codex Cumanicus’ta tesadüf edilmesi, ancak diğer tarihî Kıpçak Türkçesi metinlerinin hiçbirinde rastlanmaması oldukça ilginçtir. Ancak daha ilginç olan durum, bu fiilin modern Kıpçak Türk lehçelerinin tamamında var olmasıdır.

A partir de les evidències notarials que encara existeixen de la pirinenca vila de Puigcerdà, aquest article investiga la connexió entre l’interior de les regions muntanyoses de la Mediterrània i les xarxes comercials mediterrànies més extenses a la fi de l’Edat Mitjana. Es mostra que, seguint la ràpida expansió de la producció de draps als Pirineus catalans durant el final del segle xiii, mercaders italians (la majoria toscans), alguns dels quals provinents de petites ciutats d’in- terior, van començar a viatjar no només des dels principals ports de la Mediterrània, sinó cap a l’interior del Pirineu català, on venien draps tenyits des de finals de l’any 1302. Sembla que l’activitat comercial d’aquests mercaders es va incrementar durant les primeres dècades del segle xiv, ja que la producció de draps a Puigcerdà va continuar creixent i va persistir fins a finals de la dècada dels anys seixanta del mateix segle. Aquest article, mitjançant una comparació entre el nombre de mercaders italians actius a Puigcerdà i a la petita vila catala- na de Castelló d’Empúries, revela que el nivell d’accés dels productors mediterranis en el comerç a l’interior de les regions muntanyoses va ser significativament més baix que el de la costa. Sembla també que les dues viles formen part d’una xarxa interconnectada que va veure alguns dels mateixos mercaders comerciants a Puigcerdà i a Castelló. Probablement, aquesta xarxa tenia la base a Perpinyà, amb un alt nombre d’italians mercaders com a residents. El nombre d’italians venedors de tint a la costanera Castelló va superar de llarg els de Puigcerdà, la qual cosa suggereix que, si bé els Pirineus interiors estaven vinculats al comerç mediterrani, aquestes connexions econòmiques eren menys denses que les de les zones costaneres i més limitades per la geografia local., Based on an examination of surviving notarial evidence from the Pyrenean town of Puigcerdà, this article investigates the ties between the inland mountainous regions of the Mediterranean and broader Mediterranean trade net- works in the later Middle Ages. It shows that, following the rapid expansion of cloth production in the Catalan Pyrenees during the late thirteenth century, Italian (mainly Tuscan) merchants, some themselves from smaller interior towns, began travelling not only to the major Mediterranean coastal ports but also, through them, into the inner Catalan Pyrenees, where they sold cloth-dyeing materials from at least 1302 on. The commercial activity of these merchants appears to have grown during the first decades of the fourteenth century as cloth production in Puigcerdà continued to grow and persisted at least into the 1360s. Through a comparison between the number of Italian merchants operating in Puigcerdà and those in the smaller Catalan town of Castelló d’Empúries, this article also reveals that the level of access to Mediterranean products and trade in inland mountainous regions was significantly lower than that of the coast. Both towns appear to have been part of one interconnected network that saw some of the same merchants trading in Puigcerdà and in Castelló. This network was likely based in Perpignan, where a high number of the Italian merchants resided. The number of Italian dyesellers in coastal Castelló far outstripped those in Puigcerdà, suggesting that while the inner Pyrenees were tied to Mediterranean trade, these economic connections were less dense than those in coastal areas, and more limited by local geography., A partir de las evidencias notariales que se han conservado en la pirenaica villa de Puigcerdà, este artículo investiga la conexión entre el interior de las regiones montañosas del Mediterráneo y las redes comerciales mediterráneas más amplias a finales de la Edad Media. Se muestra que, siguiendo la rápida expansión de la producción de paños en los Pirineos Catalanes durante el final del siglo XIII, mercaderes italianos (la mayoría toscanos), algunos de ellos provenientes de pequeñas ciudades de interior, comenzaron a viajar no solo desde los principales puertos del Mediterráneo, sino hacia el interior del Pirineo catalán, donde vendían paños teñidos desde finales de 1302. La actividad comercial de estos mercaderes parece que se incrementó durante las primeras décadas del siglo XIV, ya que la producción de paños en Puigcerdà continuó creciendo y persistió hasta finales de la década de los sesenta del mismo siglo. Este artículo, mediante una comparación entre el número de mercaderes italianos activos en Puigcerdà y en la pequeña villa catalana de Castelló d’Empúries, revela que el nivel de acceso de los productores mediterráneos al comercio en el interior de las regiones montañosas fue significativamente más bajo que el de la costa. Ambas villas parece que forman parte de una red interconectada que vio algunos de los mismos mercaderes comerciantes en Puigcerdà y en Castelló. Esta red probablemente estaba basada en Perpiñán, con un alto número de mercaderes italianos residentes. El número de italianos vendedores de tinte en la costera Castelló superaron por mucho a los de Puigcerdà, lo que sugiere que, si bien los Pirineos interiores estaban vinculados al comercio mediterráneo, estas conexiones económicas eran menos densas que las de las zonas costeras y más limitadas por la geografía local.

Målet for dette prosjektet har vært å kartlegge industrielle prosesser for produksjon av refresh-produkter av hvitfisk, vurdere hvordan enkelte deler av prosessen påvirker kvalitet, og identifisere tiltak som kan settes inn for å optimalisere kvalitet og holdbarhet på sluttproduktet. Denne rapporten gir en kort oppsummering av hovedfunnene i prosjektet. Prosjektet har anvendt ulike metoder for å kartlegge kunnskapsstatus og industrielle prosesser for produksjon av refresh-produkter av hvitfisk, samt å gjennomføre industriforsøk og lagringsstudie for ulike refresh-kjeder. Både litteraturstudier og industriforsøk har identifisert viktigheten av å benytte ferskt råstoff ved produksjon av refresh-produkter av torsk. De videre prosessene handler om å bevare mest mulig av denne kvaliteten og å benytte optimale metoder for innfrysing, fryselagring og tining. Kartlegging og optimalisering av industrielle konsepter for refresh-produkter av hvitfisk - Refresh

Refreshed produkter, dvs. produkter som blir fryst, for deretter å tines og presenteres "refreshed" til forbruker, er et segment i vekst. I denne studien er det undersøkt hvilken effekt frysing og tining, samt kjølelagring etter opptining har på kvalitet og lagringsstabilitet for vakuumpakkede torskeloins. Resultatene viste at de største forskjellene mellom refresh-kjedene og den kjølte kjeden var knyttet til et høyere drypptap og endringer i tekstur for refresh-produktene. Resultatene viste videre at råvarekvaliteten har stor betydning for lagringsstabilitet og holdbarhet. Basert på resultatene fra forsøket anbefales en holdbarhet etter opptining for refershed torskeloins pakket i vakuum på opptil 10 dager dersom råvarekvaliteten er god. Dersom det benyttes råvarer som har vært islagret før foredling og innfrysing, bør holdbarheten justeres ned tilsvarende. Variasjon i kvalitet og holdbarhet for refreshprodukter av torsk - "Refreshed"

Сложность анализа лакокрасочных покрытий (ЛКП) как совокупности физи-ческих объектов объясняется тем, что это многослойные субстанции, способные образовывать устойчивые связи с предметами (деталями), на которые они нанесены. Кроме того, постоянное развитие технологий их производства, нане-сения и восстановления создает необходимость совершенствовать методы ис-следования. Экспертиза маркировочных обозначений на деталях и узлах транспортного средства может считаться полноценной и информативной в случае, когда была исследована связанная с ними физически и технологически часть ЛКП, что тре-бует проведения комплексной материаловедческой экспертизы. В составе ком-плексного криминалистического исследования вещественных доказательств экспертиза ЛКП может дополнять выводы автотехнической и трасологической экспертиз. Для приобщения образцов краски к массиву вещественных доказа-тельств важно использовать возможность отбора дополнительной пробы сле-дов ЛКП с идентификационной таблички на кузове ТС, что позволит доказа-тельно установить связь между образцами с исследуемой детали и транспорт-ным средством по его идентификационным признакам. Объективными данными о состоянии и составе ЛКП можно считать результаты исследования, получен-ные инструментальными методами. По этим признакам при грамотном отборе проб можно идентифицировать марку и год выпуска транспортного средства, дифференцировать конкретный кузов, The complexity of the analysis of LCP as a set of physical objects is explained by the fact that these are multilayer substances capable of forming stable connections with objects (details) on which they are applied. In addition, the constant development of technologies for their production, application and recovery creates the need to im-prove research methods. Examination of marking designations on details and knots of the vehicle can be considered full-fledged and informative in a case when the part of LCP connected with them physically and technologically was investigated that points to need of carry-ing out complex material science examination. As part of a comprehensive forensic study of physical evidence, the examination of the LCP can complement the conclu-sions of the autotechnical and tracological examinations. To attach paint samples to the array of physical evidence, it is important to use the possibility of taking an ad-ditional sample of traces of LCP from the identification plate on the body of the vehi-cle, which will allow evidence to establish a connection between the samples from the studied part and the vehicle by its identification characteristics. Objective data on the state and composition of LCP can be considered the results of the study ob-tained by instrumental methods. According to these features, with proper sampling, it is possible to identify the make and year of production of the vehicle, to differentiate a specific body, Судебная экспертиза, Выпуск 4 (64) 2020

Biodegradable thermoplastic starch (TPS) composites with isometric titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2; diameter ~100 nm) and elongated titanate nanotubes (TiNT; diameter ~20 nm and aspect ratio >50) were prepared from wheat and tapioca starch. The preparation was based on our recently developed two-step procedure consisting of the solution casting (SC) followed by the melt mixing (MM), which had been shown to yield highly homogeneous TPS in our previous study. In this work we demonstrated that the type of the TPS matrix and the type of the filler had significant impact on the morphology and the properties of the final composites. Multiple microscopic techniques (LM, SEM, and TEM) evidenced that the TPS/TiO2 composites exhibited a very homogeneous dispersion of the filler, while the TPS/TiNT composites contained micrometer-size agglomerates of TiNT. Moreover, all composites with the wheat starch matrix [TPS(w)] showed a higher filler agglomeration than the corresponding composites with the tapioca starch matrix [TPS(t)]. Rheological experiments showed that the TiO2 and TiNT fillers had quite small impact on the viscosity of the TPS(w) matrix, probably due to slightly higher agglomeration, poorer dispersion, and weaker matrix-particle interactions. On the other hand, the TPS(t) matrix was influenced by both fillers significantly: the TiO2 nanoparticles with almost ideal dispersion formed a physical network in the TPS(t) matrix, which significantly increased the viscosity of the composite, whereas the TiNT nanotubes seemed to destruct the TPS(t) matrix partially, resulting in decreased viscosity of the composite. DMTA results confirmed the rheological measurements: Storage moduli (G') showed that TPS(t) and its composites with TiO2 were stiffer than the corresponding TPS(w) samples, while the TPS(t)/TiNT composites were less stiff than TPS(w)/TiNT. Also loss moduli (G“) confirmed the difference between tapioca starch and wheat starch composites, which differed by their glass transition temperatures [Tg of TPS(w) < Tg of TPS(t)]. The rheological and DMTA results were supplemented and supported by IR, XRD, and TGA measurements.

This article describes the quality of flexographic printing machines for corrugated cardboard printing. The influence of the factors on which the quality of the final product depends is analyzed. Technological properties of printing equipment are characterized by purpose indicators, which determine its technological capabilities, as well as functional indicators, which include the parameters of the technological process and features of its passage. For sheet flexographic printing machines for corrugated cardboard printing, technological possibilities are revealed through the type and parameters of the original production, the nature of consumables. Inturn, they can affect not only the parameters of the process, but also determine the technological scheme of the machine and its components.In this study, the systematization of factors influencing the technological properties of flexographic printing press was carried out.In complex systems and machines, the requirements for the nomenclature of indicators and their values are set both for the machine (or line) as a whole and for its individual parts, units and units. The values of the output parameters of the machine depend on the parameters that characterize the state of their individual parts and units, as well as their role in ensuring the programmed quality indicators of the machine as a whole.In order to obtain a good quality imprint, it is important that in the printing process the balance between the adhesion to the surface (wetting of the contacting surfaces) and the cohesion (separation of thei nk layer) must ensure that the ink layer is split in hal fand does not change during the print run. This process is essentially dependent on the speed of separation of the ink layer after the voltage drop and the deformation properties of the materials in the contact zone.For flexographic printing, the magnitude of cohesion is small because the ink is thin. Optimal condition for ensuring printing contact is the transition of the ink from the form to the printed material under constant pressure.The systematization of the print quality indexes on the modern corrugated cardboard packaging was also carried out, which determines the design features of the construction of printing machines of sheet flexographic printing machines., Розглядаються показники якості флексографічних машин для задруковування гофрованого картону. Проаналізовано вплив факторів, від яких залежить якість кінцевої продукції.

Розглядаються показники якості флексографічних машин для задруковування гофрованого картону. Проаналізовано вплив факторів, від яких залежить якість кінцевої продукції. This article describes the quality of flexographic printing machines for corrugated cardboard printing. The influence of the factors on which the quality of the final product depends is analyzed. Technological properties of printing equipment are characterized by purpose indicators, which determine its technological capabilities, as well as functional indicators, which include the parameters of the technological process and features of its passage. For sheet flexographic printing machines for corrugated cardboard printing, technological possibilities are revealed through the type and parameters of the original production, the nature of consumables. In turn, they can affect not only the parameters of the process, but also determine the technological scheme of the machine and its components. In this study, the systematization of factors influencing the technological properties of flexographic printing press was carried out. In complex systems and machines, the requirements for the nomenclature of indicators and their values are set both for the machine (or line) as a whole and for its individual parts, units and units. The values of the output parameters of the machine depend on the parameters that characterize the state of their individual parts and units, as well as their role in ensuring the programmed quality indicators of the machine as a whole. In order to obtain a good quality imprint, it is important that in the printing process the balance between the adhesion to the surface (wetting of the contacting surfaces) and the cohesion (separation of the ink layer) must ensure that the ink layer is split in half and does not change during the print run. This process is essentially dependent on the speed of separation of the ink layer after the voltage drop and the deformation properties of the materials in the contact zone. For flexographic printing, the magnitude of cohesion is small because the ink is thin. Optimal condition for ensuring printing contact is the transition of the ink from the form to the printed material under constant pressure. The systematization of the print quality indexes on the modern corrugated cardboard packaging was also carried out, which determines the design features of the construction of printing machines of sheet flexographic printing machines. Рассматриваются показатели качества флексографских машин для запечатывания гофрированного картона. Проанализировано влияние факторов, от которых зависит качество конечной продукции.

The aim of this study was to examine in what ways MatLyLu (MLL) rat prostate tumors with high metastatic capacity influence regional lymph nodes prior to metastatic establishment compared to AT1 rat prostate tumors with low metastatic potential. MLL or AT1 tumor cells were injected into the ventral prostate of immunocompetent rats. Tumor and lymph node morphology, and lymph node mRNA expression of macrophage associated markers, T-cell associated markers, and cytokines were examined over time until the first microscopic signs of metastases (at day 14 for MLL- and at day 28 for AT1-tumors). Already at day 3 after tumor cell injection, when the tumors were extremely small and occupied less than 1% of the prostate volume, MLL- and AT1-tumors provoked different immune responses in both the prostate and the regional lymph nodes. MLL-tumors induced expression of immunosuppressive cytokines, suppressed T-cell accumulation, and directed T-cells towards an immunosuppressive phenotype. AT1-tumors caused a response more similar to that in vehicle-injected animals, with accumulation of T-cells in tumors and regional lymph nodes. Prostate tumors with high metastatic potential were able to precondition regional lymph nodes to subsequent metastatic growth in ways different from tumors with less metastatic potential. This may indicate the existence of a time-window when pre-metastatic changes in regional lymph nodes can aid in the prognostication of locally aggressive and potentially metastatic prostate cancer. Originally included in thesis in manuscript form.

In this paper we present the MicroNeel system for Named Entity Recognition and Entity Linking on Italian microposts, which participated in the NEEL-IT task at EVALITA 2016. MicroNeel combines The Wiki Machine and Tint, two standard NLP tools, with comprehensive tweet preprocessing, the Twitter-DBpedia alignments from the Social Media Toolkit resource, and rule-based or supervised merging of produced annotations. In questo articolo presentiamo il sistema MicroNeel per il riconoscimento e la disambiguazione di entità in micropost in lingua Italiana, con cui abbiamo partecipato al task NEEL-IT di EVALITA 2016. MicroNeel combina The Wiki Machine e Tint, due sistemi NLP standard, con un preprocessing esteso dei tweet, con gli allineamenti tra Twitter e DBpedia della risorsa Social Media Toolkit, e con un sistema di fusione delle annotazioni prodotte basato su regole o supervisionato.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in Sweden. Most patients have slow growing tumors that will not cause them any harm within their lifetime, but some have aggressive tumors and will die from their disease. The ability of current clinical practice to predict tumor behavior and disease outcome is limited leading to both over- and undertreatment of PC patients. The men who die from their disease are those that develop metastases. It is therefore of great value to find better and more sensitive prognostic techniques, so that metastatic spread can be detected (or predicted) at an early time point, and so that appropriate treatment can be offered to each subgroup of patients. The aim of this thesis was to investigate if, and by what means, highly aggressive prostate tumors influence extratumoral tissues such as the non-malignant parts of the prostate and regional lymph nodes (LN), and also if any of our findings could be of prognostic importance. Gene- and protein expression analysis were the main methods used to address these questions. Our research group has previously introduced the expression Tumor Instructed (Indicating) Normal Tissue (TINT), and we use the term TINT-changes when referring to alterations in non-malignant tissue due to the growth of a tumor nearby or elsewhere in the body. In the Dunning rat PC-model we found that MatLyLu (MLL)-tumors, having a high metastatic ability, caused pre-metastatic TINT-changes that differ from those caused by AT1-tumors who have low metastatic ability. Prostate-TINT surrounding MLL-tumors had elevated immune cell infiltration, and gene ontology enrichment analysis suggested that biological functions promoting tumor growth and metastasis were activated in MLL- while inhibited in AT1-prostate-TINT. In the regional LNs we found signs of impaired antigen presentation, and decreased quantity of T cells in the MLL-model. One of the downregulated genes in the MLL-LNs was Siglec1 (also known as Cd169), expressed by LN resident macrophages that are important for antigen presentation. When examining metastasis-free LN tissue from PC patients we found CD169 expression to be a prognostic factor for PC-specific survival, and reduced expression was linked to an increased risk of PC-specific death. Some of our findings in prostate- and LN-TINT could be seen already when the tumors were very small suggesting that differences in TINT-changes between tumors with different metastatic capability can be detected early in tumor progression. However, before coming of use in the clinic more research is needed to better define a suitable panel of prognostic TINT-factors as well as the right time window of when to use them. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Prostatacancer är den i särklass vanligaste cancerformen hos män i Sverige. De flesta patienter har en mycket långsamt växande tumör som inte orsakar dem några större besvär under deras livstid, men enbart i Sverige dör ca 2500 patienter/år av sjukdomen. Det är först vid uppkomst av metastaser som sjukdomen blir dödlig. Befintliga diagnos- och prognosmetoder är otillräckliga när det gäller att uppskatta och förutse tumörens aggressivitet och risk för att bilda metastaser. Detta gör att vissa patienter inte får tillräcklig behandling eller behandlas försent medan andra behandlas i onödan. Behovet av förbättrad diagnostik är därför stort. Om vi kan hitta markörer för potentiellt metastaserande sjukdom, och i bästa fall också behandla innan metastaser uppstår, skulle det förbättra chansen för överlevnad markant. För att kunna växa och spridas behöver en tumör inte bara förbereda närliggande vävnader utan förmodligen hela kroppen. Vår hypotes är att potentiell dödliga tumörer sannolikt är bättre på detta än mer ofarliga. Man vet från studier av andra cancerformer att farliga tumörer orsakar förändringar i det organ dit cancern senare sprids. Dessa förändringar sker för att de tumörceller som senare anländer ska kunna överleva, och processen har fått namnet pre-metastatisk nisch. Bl.a. har man sett att immunsystemet hämmas och nybildning av kärl ökar. Det är vanligt att metastaser uppstår i närliggande lymfkörtlar innan uppkomst av metastaser i andra organ. Dock är väldigt lite känt om pre-metastatiska förändringar i lymfkörtlar eftersom den forskning som hittills är gjord främst har tittat på andra organ. Inom prostatacancer finns det förvånande få studier av premetastatiska nischer överhuvudtaget, och man vet därför inte om de alls förekommer eller vilka förändringar som i så fall sker. Vår grupp har tidigare myntat uttrycket TINT som står för Tumor Instructed (Indicating) Normal Tissue (TINT är ett engelskt verb som betyder färga) och syftar på förändringar i normal vävnad som inducerats av tumören, dvs. att tumörer färgar av sig på omgivningen. Det kan vara förändringar i normal vävnad nära tumören, som i det här fallet resten av prostatan, eller i vävnad långt ifrån tumören som till exempel regionala lymfkörtlar, lungor och benmärg. Syftet med det här avhandlingsarbetet var att undersöka TINT-förändringar inducerade av aggressiv cancer och se om dessa skiljer sig från TINT-förändringar inducerade av mindre farliga tumörer, samt att utvärdera om någon TINT-förändring skulle kunna användas för att prognostisera vilka patienter som har hög risk att få metastaser. Vi har använt oss av en prostatacancer-modell i råtta där vi analyserat genoch proteinuttryck i pre-metastatiska regionala lymfkörtlar, tumörer och prostata-TINT (dvs. prostatavävnad utanför tumören). TINT-förändringar inducerade av MatLyLu (MLL), en tumör med hög metastaserande förmåga, jämfördes mot TINT-förändringar inducerade av AT1, en snabbväxande tumör men med låg förmåga att bilda metastaser. Vi kunde vi se flera skillnader mellan modellerna. Genuttrycket i MLL-prostata-TINT indikerade en aktivering av cellulära funktioner som visat sig stimulera tumörväxt och spridning såsom celldelning, viabilitet, migration, invasion, och angiogenes (nybildning av kärl). I AT1-prostata-TINT var genuttrycket kopplat till samma funktioner men verkade istället inhibera dessa. Genom att titta på vävnaderna i mikroskop kunde vi se att MLL-tumörer rekryterade färre T-celler (som har en viktig funktion i immunsvaret mot tumören), men istället fler makrofager och granulocyter till både tumören och prostata-TINT (dessa typer av immunceller har visats kunna hjälpa tumörer att växa och sprida sig). MLL-tumörer hade också fler blodkärl och lymfkärl strax utanför tumören. I de regionala lymfkörtlarna från djur med MLL-tumörer visade genuttrycket tecken på försämrad antigenpresentation, samt immunhämning och/eller induktion av immuntolerans. Immuntolerans innebär att immuncellen inte längre reagerar mot det specifika antigen den blivit tolerant emot. Detta är vanligt förekommande hos individer med cancer och är ett sätt för tumören att undkomma immunförsvaret. I vävnadsprover av lymfkörtlarna kunde vi se färre antigenpresenterande celler, och liksom i tumörerna fanns det färre T-celler i MLL-modellen, något vi kunde se redan när tumörerna var väldigt små. CD169 är ett protein som bl.a. uttrycks av sinus-makrofager i lymfkörtlar. Dessa makrofager har en central funktion i att aktivera ett tumör-specifikt immunsvar. I råttmodellen kunde vi se att regionala lymfkörtlar från djur med MLL-tumörer hade lägre nivåer av CD169 än regionala lymfkörtlar från djur med AT1-tumörer, och då antalet sinus-makrofager visat sig ha prognostiskt värde i t.ex. tjocktarmscancer, ville vi se om det kunde vara så även i prostatacancer. Därför kvantifierade vi uttrycket av CD169 i metastasfria regionala lymfkörtlar från prostatacancerpatienter och såg att låga nivåer av CD169 medförde en ökad risk för att dö i prostatacancer. Sammantaget tyder resultaten på att MLL-tumören jämfört med AT1- tumören bättre lyckas förbereda omgivande vävnad för att gynna tumörväxt och spridning, både lokalt i prostatan men också längre bort från tumören i de regionala lymfkörtlarna. Våra fynd stämmer väl överens med aktuell tumörbiologisk forskning om hur tumörer påverkar sin omgivning. Något som inte visats tidigare är att miljön utanför tumören verkar skilja sig drastiskt beroende på tumörens metastaserande förmåga, samt att dessa skillnader går att se relativt tidigt under sjukdomsförloppet och förmodligen även långt bort från tumören. Vi har också visat att särskilt aggressiv prostatacancer verkar inducera en pre-metastatisk nisch i tumördränerande lymfkörtlar likt det som beskrivits i andra modellsystem och i andra cancertyper, men hittills inte i prostatacancer. Fler studier behövs för att bättre karaktärisera de förändringar som en potentiellt dödlig prostatacancer orsakar i andra vävnader, och för att ta reda på hur denna kunskap kan användas för att förbättra diagnostik och behandling.

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Sweden. Due its highly variable behavior, multifocal nature, and insufficient diagnostic methods, prostate cancer is difficult to diagnose and prognosticate. Some patients have an aggressive lethal disease, but the majority of prostate cancer patients have slow-growing, non-lethal disease with long expected survival without treatment. Current diagnostic methods―serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and histological grading of biopsied prostate tissue―often do not give the information required to be able to safely differentiate indolent tumors from potentially lethal ones. Many prostate cancers are difficult to detect by imaging, so tissue biopsy cannot be safely guided towards the tumor, and particularly not towards the most aggressive forms. To overcome this problem, multiple needle biopsies are taken from the organ, but biopsies are small and they sample less than 1% of the whole prostate. In this thesis, we explore the non-malignant prostate tissue adjacent to tumors, which is always sampled in biopsies, and we study adaptive changes in this tissue, which may provide new diagnostic and prognostic markers for prostate cancer. We have therefore proposed that this type of tissue should be termed TINT (Tumor Instructed/indicating Normal Tissue). Methods: In our studies, we used orthotopic rat prostate cancer models with tumors of different aggressiveness. We also used clinical materials from patients diagnosed with prostate cancer at transurethral resection (1975‒1990); the majority of these men were followed with watchful waiting. Analyses were performed with whole-genome expression array, quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Results: Using the animal model, we found that the presence of a tumor induces changes in gene expression in the surrounding tumor-bearing organ (TINT). The gene signature of TINT was linked to processes such as extracellular matrix organization, immune responses, and inflammation. We also showed that some of these adaptive TINT changes appear to be related to the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of the growing tumor, such as increases in macrophages, in mast cells, in vascular densities, and in vascular cell-proliferation. Some of these findings were confirmed by our observations in patient samples. We found that high staining of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan in the stroma of the non-malignant prostate tissue was prognostic for short cancer-specific survival. We also found that an elevated proportion of C/EBP-beta positive epithelial cells in non-malignant (TINT) prostate tissue was associated with a good prognosis. Conclusions: Using animal experiments and patient samples, we showed that the presence of prostate cancer induces changes in the tumor-bearing organ, alterations associated with tumor aggressiveness, and that grading of these changes in TINT can be used to predict outcome in prostate cancer patients.

The piano works of Claude Achille Debussy (1862-1918) as well as the works of Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Liszt constitute an important repertoire for the pianists. What is common among their works would be that they were composed in consideration for almost all the functions of pianos that had been improved by leaps and bounds since the latter half of the eighteenth century. Debussy is generally called an "impressionist" composer. As everyone knows, this word as well as "baroque" is a historical word of music borrowed from the history of art. Therefore, it is needless to say that having knowledge about impressionist painters is necessary in playing the piano works of Debussy. Then I wonder what kind of relationship there is between them. I wonder what it is like if there is a relationship. It is the purpose of this article to give a concrete consideration on the way of playing the piano, taking up his piano works in order to approach these tasks. Piano techniques were used to create a certain definite "form" to perfection with melody and vigor in the piano works of Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Liszt whereas in those of Debussy, it can be said that they were used to show, so to speak, "impressionistic" expressive spirit, representing a world of sound whose "form" is vague. One of the great features is seen in the use of soft pedal.

[ESP] La ciudad, como casi todos los seres vivos, encuentra natural avisar de sí misma a través de la apariencia de su piel. Pero, para tener piel, la ciudad debe haber sido capaz de producir estímulos que trasciendan su interior para depositarse fuera. La ciudad orgánica proviene de la intención y del tiempo, su efecto conjunto ha dado lugar a combinaciones capaces de manifestar los tonos, matices, lisuras y relieves que subyacen en el interior de sus arquitecturas. Cartagena es una ciudad orgánica; su organicismo se manifiesta en su historia, en la superposición de sus estratos desde hace más de dos mil años. Cartagena es heterogénea, plástica, colorista y algo desaliñada. Tiene un cierto carácter colonial y decadente propio de ciudad portuaria. El mérito de su piel está en haber sido capaz de reunir el pasado y el presente en una apariencia con calidad convincente. Podríamos decir que la piel de Cartagena es sobre todo ciudadana, encontramos en ella coherencia; la piel de Cartagena es también la piel de la gente que la quiso, la piel de la ciudad que vive y deja vivir. [ENG] The city, like almost all living beings, is a natural warning of itself through the appearance of your skin. But to have skin, the city must have been able to produce stimuli that transcend deposited inside to outside. The organic city comes from the intention and time, their joint effect has resulted in combinations capable of manifesting the tones, shades, swearing and reliefs underlying within their architectures. Cartagena is an organic city; its organicism is manifested in its history, in their overlapping strata for over two thousand years ago. Cartagena is heterogeneous, plastic, colorful and somewhat scruffy. It has a certain own character and decadent colonial port city. The merit of your skin is to have been able to put together the past and the present in an appearance with quality convincing. We could say that the skin of Cartagena is especially citizen find her consistency; Cartagena skin is the skin of the people who wanted, the skin of the city live and let live.

Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais pastebimi intensyvūs, biogeninių medžiagų sukeliami, eutrofikacijos procesai ežeruose, kartu skatinantys uždumblėjimo procesus t.y. sapropelio kiekio didėjimas, dumblo sluoksnio storėjimas, pelkėjimas, ko pasekoje matomas ženklus nendrių, švendrių, plūdžių pagausėjimas. Darbe aprašoma atlikti 4 Druskonio, Mergelių akių, Valdakio, Ilgučio ežerų, valytų 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980 metais, susikaupusių nuosėdų sluoksnio storio, kiekio bei spalvos, ir susisluoksniavo būklės tyrimai. Tyrimams atlikti buvo naudota dumblo paėmimo cilindras, GPS bei matavimo juosta. Nustatyta, kad ežeruose vyrauja pagrinde du skirtingi pagal savo atspalvį, tankumą, kiekį ir storį dumblo sluoksniai. Pastebima tendencija, kad per praėjusį ežerų valymo laikotarpį metinis vidutinis viršutinio dumblo sluoksnio kaupimosi intensyvumas buvo apie 3,8 mm, Druskonio ež., 4,4 mm Mergelių akių ež., 0,5 mm Valdakio ež., 3 mm Ilgučio ež. Pagilintose ežerų dalyse, kur pašalintos dugno nuosėdos augalijos nepastebėta. Mergelių akių ežere per 29 metus po ežero išvalymo dumblo kaupimosi intensyvumas didžiausias iš visų tirtų ežerų. Valdakio ež. per 30 metų po ežero išvalymo dumblo kaupimosi intensyvumas mažas, mažiausias iš visų tirtų ežerų. Įvertinus tokį dumblo kaupimąsi, galima teigti, kad dumblėjimas palyginus yra lėtas, nežiūrint į tai, kad ežerai teršiami. The late decades notice intensive eutrofication processes in the lakes caused by biogenic materials. These processes also stimulates silt up, that mean growing amount of saprophel, thickening of silt layer, swamping, in consecution is visible by marked increase of reeds, cat’s-tails and duckweeds. In work described executed investigations in 4 lakes: Druskonis, Mergelių Akys, Valdakis and Ilgutis lakes, dredged in 1974, 1978, 1979 and 1980. The thickness, amount, color and stratification conditions of accumulated precipitates layer were investigated. Silt taking cylinder, GPS and tape-measure were used to execute the investigations. Ascertained that in lakes basically dominates two different by theirs color, density, amount and thickness silt layers. Noticed tendencies that by last time from the lakes were dredged, annual average upper silt layer accumulation intensity were about 3,8 mm, Druskonis Lake, 4,4 mm Mergelių Akys Lake, 0,5 mm Valdakis Lake, 3 mm Ilgutis Lake. In deepened parts of the lakes, where bottom sediments there eliminated, vegetation was not noticed. In the Mergelių Akys Lake by 29 years from it was dredged silt accumulation intensity is the highest of all investigated lakes. In the Valdakis Lake by 30 years from it was dredged silt accumulation intensity is low, the lowest of all investigated lakes. Evaluated such silt accumulation, it is true to say that the silting is comparatively slow, not to mentioned the fact that the lakes are polluted.