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Phytochemical studies of the 70 % ethanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia stems led to the isolation of two new neo -clerodane diterpenoids, including tinocordifoliols C (1) and D (2). Their structures were determined by experimental 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD, and statistical analyses, including DP4+ probability based on DFT calculations of NMR chemical shifts. According to the previous report for two neo -clerodane diterpenoids, tinocordifoliols A and B, the inhibitory activities of 1 and 2 against human arginases I and II were also evaluated. In contrast to the previously reported two neo -clerodane diterpenoids, 1 and 2 did not show inhibitory activities against human arginases I and II. These results provide insight into the structure-activity relationship of neo -clerodane diterpenoids. [Display omitted] • Two new neo -clerodane diterpenoids were isolated from Tinospora cordifolia. • The structures of the two new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. • The inhibitory activities of the two new compounds against arginases-I and -II were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) due to an unhealthy lifestyle poses an oxidative challenge and is closely associated with an increased risk and prevalence of different metabolic disorders. Although the negative consequences of SD are well reported on mental health little is known about its detrimental effects on liver function and lipid metabolism. Tinospora cordifolia is reported for its hepatoprotective activity in different pre-clinical model systems. The current study was designed to elucidate the cumulative effects of aging and acute SD on liver functions, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism, and their management by butanol extract of T. cordifolia (B-TCE) using middle-aged female acyclic rats as the model system. Results: Rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) Vehicle-undisturbed (VUD) (2) Vehicle-sleep deprived (VSD) (3) B-TCE pre-treated sleep-deprived (TSD) (4) B-TCE pre-treated undisturbed sleep (TUD). TSD and TUD groups were given 35 mg/kg of B-TCE once daily for 15 days followed by 12 h of sleep deprivation (6 a.m.–6 p.m.) of VSD and TSD group animals using the gentle-handling method while VUD and TUD group animals were left undisturbed. SD of VSD group animals increased oxidative stress, liver function disruption, and dyslipidemia which were ameliorated by B-TCE pre-treatment. Further, B-TCE was observed to target AMPK and its downstream lipid metabolism pathways as well as the p-Akt/cyclinD1/p-bad pathway of cell survival as possible underlying mechanisms of its hepatoprotective activity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that B-TCE being a multi-component extract may be a potential agent in curtailing sleep-related problems and preventing SD-associated hepatotoxicity and dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women. Graphical abstract to depict mechanism of action of B-TCE on liver function and lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the genoprotective activity and safety of Moringa oleifera leave and Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced genotoxicity utilizing Swiss albino mice. Animals were divided into 14 groups for subacute treatment with either M. oleifera or T. cordifolia extracts daily for 28 days. The extract doses selected were 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w administered orally alone or combined with CP (50 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally daily for 5 days). Analyses performed included the comet assay, micronucleus test (MN) in bone marrow cells and sperm head abnormality assay (SHA). M. oleifera and T. cordifolia extracts induced no significant genotoxic effects on somatic and germ cells. In contrast, for all cells examined M. oleifera and T. cordifolia extracts inhibited DNA damage initiated by CP. Taken together data demonstrated that both plant extracts did not exhibit marked genotoxic effects but displayed potential chemoprotective properties against CP-induced genotoxicity in Swiss mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Moringa oleifera and Tinospora cordifolia is extensively used as an ingredient of food and in traditional medicine for the management of a variety of diseases. Material and methods The extracts of leaf of Moringa oleifera and stem of Tinospora cordifolia were assessed to examine their ability to inhibit the oxidative DNA damage (by DNA protection assay), cytoprotective and genoprotective potential (by Comet assay) in V79 cells individually and in combinations. Result It was found that these extracts could significantly inhibit the OH-dependent damage of pUC18 plasmid DNA. M. oleifera extract (160 and 320 μg/mL) and Tinospora cordifolia extract (640, 1,280 and 2,560 μg/mL) individually showed higher DNA protection activity. M. oleifera (1,280 μg/mL) combined with Tinospora cordifolia (640 μg/mL) showed best cytoprotective and genoprotective activities among different concentration combinations and various concentrations of individual plants in V79 cell line against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Conclusion This study demonstrates the cytoprotective and genoprotective activity of M. oleifera and Tinospora cordifolia individually or in combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sleep deprivation (SD) due to an unhealthy lifestyle poses an oxidative challenge and is closely associated with an increased risk and prevalence of different metabolic disorders. Although the negative consequences of SD are well reported on mental health little is known about its detrimental effects on liver function and lipid metabolism. Tinospora cordifolia is reported for its hepatoprotective activity in different pre-clinical model systems. The current study was designed to elucidate the cumulative effects of aging and acute SD on liver functions, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism, and their management by butanol extract of T. cordifolia (B-TCE) using middle-aged female acyclic rats as the model system. Results Rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) Vehicle-undisturbed (VUD) (2) Vehicle-sleep deprived (VSD) (3) B-TCE pre-treated sleep-deprived (TSD) (4) B-TCE pre-treated undisturbed sleep (TUD). TSD and TUD groups were given 35 mg/kg of B-TCE once daily for 15 days followed by 12 h of sleep deprivation (6 a.m.–6 p.m.) of VSD and TSD group animals using the gentle-handling method while VUD and TUD group animals were left undisturbed. SD of VSD group animals increased oxidative stress, liver function disruption, and dyslipidemia which were ameliorated by B-TCE pre-treatment. Further, B-TCE was observed to target AMPK and its downstream lipid metabolism pathways as well as the p-Akt/cyclinD1/p-bad pathway of cell survival as possible underlying mechanisms of its hepatoprotective activity. Conclusions These findings suggest that B-TCE being a multi-component extract may be a potential agent in curtailing sleep-related problems and preventing SD-associated hepatotoxicity and dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract to depict mechanism of action of B-TCE on liver function and lipid metabolism.

The synthesis of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles (Mg(OH)2 NPs) using plant extracts are known to be a practical, economical, and an environmentally friendly approach. In this work, Mg(OH)2 NPs were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia, a medicinal plant commonly found in India. The synthesized Mg(OH)2 NPs were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption peak of the Mg(OH)2 NPs was detected at 289 nm, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of various functional groups, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed the well-crystallized structure of the Mg(OH)2 NPs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses depicted spherical morphology and an average particle size (PS) of 27.71 nm. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of C, O, and Mg elements, and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectrum confirmed the elements for the Su 1 s peak at 280.2 eV. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis displayed an average PS of 54.3 nm, and the Zeta potential (ZP) was of 9.89 mV. The fabricated Mg(OH)2 NPs displayed notable antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis, E. coli, and S. aureus. In addition, these NPs exhibited strong antioxidant properties (> 75%) based on DPPH, ABTS, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays. Further, the same NPs exerted a potent anti-inflammatory activity (> 65%) based on COX-1 and COX-2 evaluations. The anti-Alzheimer' disease (AD) potential of Mg(OH)2 NPs was assessed through effective inhibition (> 70%) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities. Molecular docking (MD) studies confirmed that caryophyllene has higher binding affinity with AChE (−5.3 kcal/mol) and BuChE (−6.4 kcal/mol) enzymes. This study emphasizes the green synthesis of Mg(OH)2 NPs using T. cordifolia as a plant source and highlights their potential for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been an increasing trend for the development of natural formulations for plaque control using medicinal plants as an adjunct, which can be a feasible alternative as these are widely available, cost-effective, and have fewer side effects. Aim: The evaluation of the effects of medicinal plant extracts in chronic periodontitis (CP). Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in two phases; first the antibacterial activity of two medicinal plant extracts was tested on periodontal pathogens, thereafter, a clinical assessment was carried out on subjects with CP. Forty-five individuals suffering from CP were randomized into three different groups; Group A: Scaling and root planing (SRP) along with Piper longum rinse, Group B: SRP along with mixture of Tinospora cordifolia and P. longum rinse, Group C: SRP along with chlorhexidine (CHX) (control group). The clinical parameters (gingival index [GI], plaque index, gingival bleeding index [BI], probing pocket depth [PPD], and clinical attachment level [CAL]) were recorded at baseline and months 1 and 3. The intra- and intergroup comparison of clinical parameters for all groups at different time intervals was performed. Results: At the end of the trial, all the three groups showed a statistically significant reduction when compared to baseline for all the clinical parameters. In intergroup comparison, statistically significant reduction in GI, PPD, and CAL for both Group A and Group C was seen at 3 months as compared to Group B. Comparable reduction was seen between Group A and C for all the clinical parameters. Reduction in plaque and gingival BI was seen to be highest in Group A. Conclusion: P. longum can be effectively utilized as an additive to mechanical periodontal treatment in comparison to CHX mouthwash for CP patients.

The objective of this study was to offer a review of previous works on Tinospora cordifolia (TC) metabolomics with a highlight on the use of metabolomics in comparative evaluations between varieties and selection of optimum cultivation, collection, and extraction procedures, providing insights into pharmaceutical and food product quality monitoring. Scholarly databases were searched to gather relevant information on TC’s therapeutic usefulness, phytoconstituent studies, metabolomics, and applications. PubChem was used to learn the structures of several of the metabolites. The various medicinal properties of TC were extensively researched. The most essential portions of the plant in Ayurvedic medicines are the stems. Bioactive phytochemicals such as steroidal lactones, alkaloids, diterpenoids, and phenolic compounds are present in the roots and leaves. Metabolomic analysis revealed that, in addition to the season and geographical region of the sample collected, the metabolite profiles of TC also depend on the parts of the plant taken as a sample and also the plant’s stage of growth. The amounts of secondary metabolites differed between morpho/chemotypes within the TC species. Despite the fact that research on TC began several decades ago, the diversity of phytoconstituents was not appreciated because of a lack of reliable techniques for phytochemical fingerprinting. The uncovering of several novel metabolites was aided by advances in chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. To produce a full metabolomic profile, researchers used mutually complementary techniques. Following that, data analysis and searches against spectrum databases allowed for signal annotation and interpretation of metabolites in large quantities without separating them separately. The current review includes a critical assessment of metabolomic data and an overview of the technique’s various applications. It is vital to establish the metrics of quality control of herbal medicines in order to accomplish formulation purity assessments. Such information would assist us in determining the best geolocation for the plants and the best time to harvest them. Metabolomic investigation of TC-based herbal products is recommended for quality standards and the identification of novel bioactive components.

Tinospora cordifolia is an important medicinal plant in ayurvedic system and modern medicine in India and traditionally applied for the treatment of inflammation, allergies and various other ailments. There is no genomic information available for T. cordifolia. In the present study, first time reported complete cp genome of T. cordifolia using high throughput ion torrent genome machine with ion torrent server. The cp genome of T. cordifolia was 150 945 bp in length with GC content of 38.7%, displays a quadripartite structure with two IR regions (IRa: 22 375 bp and IRb: 22 380 bp) that are separated by the LSC region (84 899 bp) and the SSC region (21 291 bp). There are 123 gene, including 85 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, seven rRNA genes and two pseudogenes (ycf1, rps16). Phylogenetic analysis based on whole cp genome revealed that T. cordifolia is as positioned near to the Menispermum dauricum within the Menispermaceae family. Total 27 SSRs were detected inthe plastomes which include di-, tri-, tetra- penta- and hexanucleotieds repeats. Further, compared with cp genome of other species of Menispermaceae it showed ten unique SSRs. Total twenty-five hypervariable regions loci were found in genome. These data could serve as DNA barcodes for species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Dysregulation of proteolysis underlies diseases like cancer. Protease inhibitors (PIs) regulate many biological functions and hence have potential anticancer properties. With this background, the current study aimed to identify the PI from natural sources such as plants and microbes against trypsin (a protease), which was assayed against casein, using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer-based methodology. Materials and Methods: PI extracted from a few plants and microbial samples were screened for their PI activity against trypsin. The PI from the most promising source in our study, Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. stem, was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis. The PI activity of the partially purified inhibitor was analyzed against chymotrypsin and collagenase enzymes, and the cytotoxic effect of the PI was checked on HepG2 (liver carcinoma) cells by MTT-[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]-assay. Liquid Chromatograography Mass Spectrometry-based proteomic studies were performed on HepG2 cells to understand the signaling pathways affected by the PIs in the liver cancer cell line. Results: Among the samples tested the PIs from T. cordifolia stem extract had the highest inhibitory activity (72.0%) against trypsin along with cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. After partial purification by 80.0% ammonium sulfate precipitation, PI had increased inhibitory activity (83.0%) against trypsin and enhanced cytotoxicity (47.0%) to HepG2 cells. Proteomic analysis of the PI-treated HepG2 cells revealed that BAG2 and FAT10 signaling pathways were affected, which may have caused the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Conclusion: PI from T. cordifolia stem has promising anticancer potential and hence can be used for further purification and characterization studies toward cancer drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The potential molluscicidal extracts, obtained from indigenous plants Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia, were tested for toxicity against freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea acuminata, an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. The organic extracts had a significant effect on young snails. Materials and Methods: All organic extracts and column-purified fractions gave median lethal concentrations (19–100.05 mg/L; 24 h) that fell well within the threshold level of 100 mg/L, set for a potential molluscicide by the World Health Organization. Results: The toxicity of T. cordifolia stem acetone extract (96 h LC50: 16.08 mg/L) was more pronounced compared with C. sativa leaf ethanol extract (96 h LC50: 16.32 mg/L) and A. nilotica leaf ethanol extract (96 h LC50: 24.78 mg/L). β-caryophyllene, gallic acid, and berberine were characterized and identified as active molluscicidal components. Co-migration of β-caryophyllene (retardation factor [Rf] 0.95), gallic acid (Rf 0.30), and berberine (Rf 0.23) with column-purified parts of Cannabis sativa, Acacia nilotica, and Tinospora cordifolia on thin-layer chromatography demonstrates same Rf value, that is, 0.95, 0.30, and 0.23, respectively. Conclusion: This study indicates that these extracts thus represent potential plant-derived molluscicides that are worthy of further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research has demonstrated that Tinospora cordifolia acts as an anti-aging agent in several experimental models, generating global interest in its underlying molecular mechanisms of this activity. The aim of the study was to identify the possible phytochemical compounds of T. cordifolia that might combat age-related illness through integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking techniques, and molecular dynamics (MD) study to explore their potential mechanisms of action. To carry out this study, several databases were used, including PubChem, KNApSAcK family database, PubMed, SwissADME, Molsoft, SwissTargetPrediction, GeneCards, and OMIM database. For network development and GO enrichment analysis KEGG, ShinyGo 0.77, and the STRING database were used. For better analysis, the networks were also constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.1. The Cytoscape network analyzer tool was used for data analysis, and molecular docking was done via Vina-GPU-2.0. The best compounds and AKT1 were finally subjected to MD simulation for 100 ns. The CytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape identified ten key targets, commonly called hub genes, including AKT1, GAPDH, and TP53, and so on. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the relevant biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions involved in treating aging-related disorders. KEGG pathway analysis involved neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions, lipid and atherosclerosis, and cAMP signaling. The docking of 100 T. cordifolia compounds with AKT1 demonstrated good binding affinity, particularly for Amritoside, Sitagliptin, Berberine, and Piperine. Finally, the relative stability of four-hit phytochemicals was validated by MD simulation, which may be the most crucial compound for anti-aging activity. In conclusion, this study used network pharmacology, molecular docking, and MD simulation to identify the compounds in T. cordifolia and proposed a potential mechanism for anti-aging activity. These results suggest future directions for the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide geographic distribution, ethno-botanical applications, species identification challenges, and morphological similarities among different species underscore the importance of qualitative analysis in safeguarding botanical purity and ensuring quality control. This study presents a comprehensive characterization of the main commercial plant part, namely the stem, of Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora sinensis, and Tinospora crispa by considering their physico-chemical characteristics, macroscopic observations, and anatomical details. Through our investigations, we have identified crucial diagnostic features that can aid in distinguishing between different Tinospora species and detecting adulteration in dried raw materials. Notably, T. crispa exhibits more prominent warty protuberances on the stem compared to T. cordifolia and T. sinensis. Furthermore, the transverse section of all three species displays a multilayered cork with distinct radial files and layered cork development. While the heart-shaped leaves of T. cordifolia and T. crispa possess a smooth and pubescent texture respectively. The abaxial surface of T. sinensis leaves is densely coated with silky hairs. To assess the presence of specific bioactive compounds, namely tinosporaside and berberine, we employed high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Our findings reveal that tinosporaside exhibits a band at Rf 0.45 in T. sinensis and T. crispa, whereas all three species display a berberine presence spot with varying intensities at Rf 0.23. These biochemical markers serve as reliable identifiers for species differentiation. Thus, our study establishes a cost-effective approach for enhancing quality control and species identification in Tinospora species, ultimately reducing the occurrence of botanical adulteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical research to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) and ceftiofur sodium in crossbred cows (n=20) affected with endometritis was undertaken. The cows were divided into two equal groups, Group I (n=10) consisted the treatment with ceftiofur sodium 1 gm intrauterine once, and Group II (n=10) with 1 g Tinospora cordifolia dissolved in 50 mL normal saline, intrauterine for 3 days. White side and leukocyte esterase tests were performed before and after treatment. All the cows were inseminated with frozen semen at subsequent estrus. Based on the reactivity to White side test following the treatment, 80 % (8/10) cows in Group I and 70 % (7/10) cows in Group II were found recovered. The overall conception rate was higher in Group I (60%) than in Group II (40 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work influence of capping and doping on the optical properties of the ZnS nanoparticles is studied. The Tinospora cordifolia was used as a capping agent and silver as a dopant for ZnS. The structural studies were carried out for phase identification and optical studies such as absorption and photoluminescence to check the influence of capping and doping. The shift in absorption edge and reduced photoluminescence intensity for these samples confirmed the interaction of capping and doping agents with the ZnS matrix. The presence of impurity phase-related to modified silver confirmed the presence of silver. These samples were further used for photocatalytic studies but observed low degradation efficiency due to poor interaction between the modified ZnS surface and dye molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report investigates the preventive effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract on biocorrosion induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on mild steel API 5L in the simulated seawater medium. Electrochemical techniques, spectroscopic techniques, and surface analysis were employed to investigate biocide performance and corrosion behavior. P. aeruginosa has been shown to enhance iron dissolution in seawater medium. These findings point to the role of P. aeruginosa bacteria in forming differential oxygen, which causes corrosion. Morphology results from atomic Fourier microscopy (AFM) highlight the presence of P. aeruginosa in biotic environments, where the surface is rougher than in abiotic conditions. On the other hand, adding T. cordifolia to the biotic medium resulted in a smoother and more homogeneous surface without any significant deterioration. Electrochemical findings reveal that adding 300 mg L−1 of T. cordifolia extract prevents the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of steel API 5L, with an optimum effectiveness value of 74.50 % after 21 days of incubation. This protective effect is caused by forming a more compact iron oxide surface layer and the adsorption of phenolic active compounds such as Moupinamide and others on the surface of mild steel API 5L, as detected by liquid chromatography-mass/spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LCMS-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques.

Nanoemulsions are gaining interest in a variety of products as a means of integrating easily degradable bioactive compounds, preserving them from oxidation, and increasing their bioavailability. However, preparing stable emulsion compositions with the desired characteristics is a difficult task. The aim of this study was to encapsulate the Tinospora cordifolia aqueous extract (TCAE) into a water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion and identify its critical process and formulation variables, like oil (27–29.4 mL), the surfactant concentration (0.6–3 mL), and sonication amplitude (40% to 100%), using response surface methodology (RSM). The responses of this formulation were studied with an analysis of the particle size (PS), free fatty acids (FFAs), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). In between, we have studied a fishbone diagram that was used to measure risk and preliminary research. The optimized condition for the formation of a stable nanoemulsion using quality by design was surfactant (2.43 mL), oil concentration (27.61 mL), and sonication amplitude (88.6%), providing a PS of 171.62 nm, FFA content of 0.86 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.597 Pa.s for the blank sample compared to the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion with a PS of 243.60 nm, FFA content of 0.27 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.22 Pa.s. The EE increases with increasing concentrations of TCAE, from 56.88% to 85.45%. The RSM response demonstrated that both composition variables had a considerable impact on the properties of the W/O nanoemulsion. Furthermore, after the storage time, the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion showed better stability over the blank nanoemulsion, specially the FFAs, and the blank increased from 0.142 to 1.22 meq/kg oil, while TCAE showed 0.266 to 0.82 meq/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity for wellness and good habits that boost resistance to illness has come to light due to worries about possible health concerns. Because they are harmless, biologically active polysaccharides derived from plants are excellent substitutes for treating various illnesses. Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers, an evergreen perennial climber, is known as "guduchi." This plant, which is dioecious and deciduous, is a member of the Menispermaceae family. In the Indian medical system, a plant named Rasayana is incredibly beneficial. Different extraction and purification techniques have been used to separate and characterise the polysaccharides from Tinospora cordifolia. In addition to hot-water extraction, other state-of-the-art techniques are used to extract the polysaccharides from T. cordifolia, such as Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE), pulsed electric field, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. The modern healthcare system has also recognised its efficacy. The stem of the plant may be used medicinally. Because the stems contain more alkaloids than the leaves, the entire plant is utilised medicinally. This plant also offers many other benefits, including immunomodulation, hypoglycemia, antioxidants, anti-hyperglycemia, allergies, inflammation, and diabetic mellitus. Most of the plant's chemical makeup comprises alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, aliphatic, diterpenoid lactones, and other unidentified evidence. This study highlights the many traditional and ethnobotanical uses of T. cordifolia and the countless pharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical literature written about the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), through a novel green synthesis method utilizing Tinospora Cordifolia (TC) aqueous leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent, were synthesized, and investigated for their dye degradation potential. The bio-synthesis process, which is operationally simple, non-toxic, and cost-effective, involves using cupric oxide (CuO) as precursor material. The degradation of dyes in water bodies is challenging research due to their stable nature; therefore, it is essential to develop potential catalyst materials with desirable properties to degrade dyes in water bodies. The CuNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The FTIR results confirmed the presence of phytochemicals involved in the reduction, capping, and stabilization of CuNPs, which was corroborated by the XRD data. The photo-catalytic activity of biosynthetic CuNPs was studied using methylene blue (MB) dye upon exposure to visible light source irradiation. The results showed that bio-synthesized CuNPs exhibited a high potential for dye degradation for the methylene blue dye in the presence of a visible light source and a dye degradation rate of 81% was achieved. The green-synthesized CuNPs have proven to be a potential candidate for efficiently removing dyes from water bodies and provide a sustainable, environmentally friendly method for producing metal nanoparticles with excellent photo-catalytic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as "Giloy" or "Guduchi," is a medicinal plant with a rich history in traditional medicine systems. The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia stems has garnered attention due to its reported pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro biological properties of the aqueous extract and complement the findings with in silico studies to gain insights into potential molecular interactions. The Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract was subjected to a battery of in vitro assays to assess its biological properties. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using invitro assay. To complement the in vitro findings, in silico studies involving molecular docking analyses were conducted to predict potential interactions between the extract's constituents and relevant biomolecular targets. The in vitro evaluation revealed significant anti-inflammatory activity of the Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract, as evidenced by its ability to suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In silico studies provided insights into the molecular interactions between the extract's bioactive constituents and key inflammatory and antioxidant targets, further supporting the observed biological properties. The combined in vitro biological assays and in silico studies offer a comprehensive assessment of the Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract's potential therapeutic properties. The demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities align with the traditional use of Tinospora cordifolia and suggest its potential in managing inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders. The in silico insights provide a molecular understanding of the extract's mode of action, strengthening the rationale for further investigation and development of natural products derived from Tinospora cordifolia for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been an increasing trend for the development of natural formulations for plaque control using medicinal plants as an adjunct, which can be a feasible alternative as these are widely available, cost-effective, and have fewer side effects. Aim: The evaluation of the effects of medicinal plant extracts in chronic periodontitis (CP). Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in two phases; first the antibacterial activity of two medicinal plant extracts was tested on periodontal pathogens, thereafter, a clinical assessment was carried out on subjects with CP. Forty-five individuals suffering from CP were randomized into three different groups; Group A: Scaling and root planing (SRP) along with Piper longum rinse, Group B: SRP along with mixture of Tinospora cordifolia and P. longum rinse, Group C: SRP along with chlorhexidine (CHX) (control group). The clinical parameters (gingival index [GI], plaque index, gingival bleeding index [BI], probing pocket depth [PPD], and clinical attachment level [CAL]) were recorded at baseline and months 1 and 3. The intra- and intergroup comparison of clinical parameters for all groups at different time intervals was performed. Results: At the end of the trial, all the three groups showed a statistically significant reduction when compared to baseline for all the clinical parameters. In intergroup comparison, statistically significant reduction in GI, PPD, and CAL for both Group A and Group C was seen at 3 months as compared to Group B. Comparable reduction was seen between Group A and C for all the clinical parameters. Reduction in plaque and gingival BI was seen to be highest in Group A. Conclusion: P. longum can be effectively utilized as an additive to mechanical periodontal treatment in comparison to CHX mouthwash for CP patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the effects of giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) and ascorbic acid supplementation along with different bedding materials (sand B1, saw dust B2 and wheat straw B3) on egg production status of Japanese quails. Total 432 chicks (7 day-old) of Japanese quails were divided into three equal groups (144 each) for different bedding material used and each group was further subdivided into four groups (each of 36 chicks) on the basis of dietary treatment (control T0, giloy T1, ascorbic acid T2 and combination of both T3). Thus birds were randomly and uniformly distributed in total 12 treatment groups comprising of 36 birds in each group and each group was further divided into two replicates comprising 18 birds in each. Quails were fed a basal diet (control, T0) and the basal diet supplemented with giloy 5 g/kg of diet, ascorbic acid 240 mg/kg diet and a combination of giloy 5 g/kg and ascorbic acid 240 mg/kg diet in dietary treatment groups T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Highly significant (p<0.01) effect of incorporation of supplements and different bedding material was found on mean total egg production and egg production per bird of Japanese quail. Total number of eggs produced and egg production per bird were found highest in group on wheat straw bedding material (B3) and on giloy plus ascorbic acid diet combination (T3). The interaction between dietary supplementation and different bedding materials was also highly significant (p<0.01) on total number of eggs produced per flock and per bird. The results showed that a combination of dietary supplements of giloy and ascorbic acid and bedding material wheat straw significantly increased egg production which is beneficial for economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite significant advancements in modern medicine, effective hepatoprotective medication with minimal side effects is still lacking. In this context. Tinospora cordifolia, an Indian Ayurvedic liana, has attracted much attention. Key findings: Traditionally, T. cordifolia has been found to be effective in the treatment of jaundice; according to the literature, T. cordifolia is a hepatoprotective agent, and the CCl4 model is the most frequently used to evaluate its potential. Its hepatoprotective effects might be attributed to alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine) and sinapic acid. Berberine decreases inflammation by inhibiting the proinflammatory cascade triggered by TNF-α and reduces nitrosative stress by inhibiting iNOS. T. cordifolia also exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other activities; it is safe at concentrations up to 2000 mg/kg. Its biological action can be attributed to polyphenols, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. T. cordifolia has also been found to be an active ingredient in several polyherbal formulations used to treat chemical-mediated hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: T. cordifolia's hepatoprotective effects are mediated by the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, the management of oxidative stress, and other factors. T. cordifolia can be used to manage liver disorders and as a hepatoprotective supplement in the food industry. The bioprospecting of its alkaloids can lead to the development of novel formulations against hepatic ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe alarming global issue of dye contamination in water poses a critical threat to both human health and aquatic ecosystems, exacerbated by the irresponsible discharge of colored pollutants from the textile industry. Amidst various remedies, photocatalysis utilizing Titanium dioxide (TiO2) stands out as a remarkably effective solution for combatting dye pollution. In an endeavor to elevate the efficiency of TiO2, this study dedicated its focus to the successful synthesis of anatase-phase coupled doped Zinc-Cobalt (Zn-Co) TiO2 nanoparticles (TDNPs), achieved through a dual approach involving chemical encapsulation with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and green encapsulation with Tinospora Cordifolia (T. Cordifolia). The encapsulated Zn-Co TDNPs underwent meticulous analysis, unveiling a tetragonal crystal structure and presenting a visually appealing spherical morphology, with particle sizes ranging from 61 to 82 nm. The photocatalytic prowess of the encapsulated TDNPs proved to be nothing short of impressive, showcasing an outstanding degradation efficiency of up to 99 % for both methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) dyes under UV radiation. Beyond their exceptional dye remediation capabilities, these encapsulated TDNPs also exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity, demonstrating an efficacy of up to 96 and 95 % in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) assay, respectively. This study not only addresses a critical environmental concern but also highlights the tantalizing potential of encapsulated Zn-Co TDNPs in paving the way for sustainable and effective water treatment solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants naturally produce phytochemicals, physiologically active chemical compounds that serve as a natural defence mechanism and have considerable potential for treating a wide range of ailments. Cyperus rotundus and Tinospora cordifolia are the potent traditional herbs used in Ayurveda medicine, especially for diabetes. The current study aimed to isolate and characterize the bioactive compound β-sitosterol from the combined ethanolic extracts of the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus (C. rotundus) and the stem of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia). Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of isolated compounds are tested by DPPH assay, alpha amylase inhibition assay, alpha glucosidase inhibition assay and glucose uptake activity in 3T3L1 cells. The combined ethanolic extract of both medicinal plants was initially subjected to column and preparative thin layer chromatography for the isolation of bioactive compounds, followed by their characterization by spectral methods like UV, FT-IR, ¹H and 13C NMR. The structure of the isolated compound is identified as β-sitosterol and further confirmed by structural elucidation. Similarly, the isolated compound β-sitosterol exhibited higher antioxidant scavenging activity of 64.54±1.38 μg/ml against DPPH at a concentration 100μg/ml. The study also confirmed that β-sitosterol showed good inhibitory activities towards alpha-amylase (62.21±1.25 μg/ml) and alpha-glucosidase (65.48±1.47 μg/ml). β-sitosterol showed significantly increased glucose uptake (28% at 100μg/ml). Based on the conclusion that the organic compound β-sitosterol exhibited good antioxidant and anti-diabetic efficacy, it could have been used in the treatment of free radical disease and can be utilized in the management of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical investigations are increasingly focusing on natural materials with medical benefits because, in contrast to medicines, they have extremely few adverse effects. Tinospora species of the Menispermaceae family has many bioactive principles for plant nutraceuticals. A thorough assessment of the existing literature revealed that Indian Tinospora species are an important group of medicinal herbs used for a variety of pharmacological activities. While, Tinospora cordifolia is widely recognized as a significant herb in the Indian System of Medicines (ISM) due to its bioactive components and has been used in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, urinary problems, fever, jaundice, helminthiasis, leprosy, dysentery, skin diseases, and many more.Using the search phrases “phytochemistry,” “traditional uses,” and “pharmacological evaluation of Indian Tinospora species,” appropriate articles were carefully extracted from the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and WOS databases. Around 180 articles, related to the India Tinospora species, were selected from a pool of 200 papers published between 1991 and 2023. T. cordifolia has received a lot of scientific attention because of its diverse therapeutic characteristics in treating various diseases. Our present study in this review encompasses 1.) Phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological potential of T. cordifolia as well as other Indian Tinospora species. 2.) Safety and toxicity study and available marketed formulation of T. cordifolia for the treatment of various diseases.The chemical constitution and pharmacological characteristics of other Tinospora species must also be investigated, indicating a need for further scientific research.

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 infections caused mild-to-moderate illness. However, a sizable portion of infected people experience a rapid progression of hyper-inflammatory and hypoxic respiratory illness that necessitates an effective and safer remedy to combat COVID-19. Methods A total of 150 COVID-19-positive patients with no to mild symptoms, between the age groups 19–65 years were enrolled in this randomized, open-labeled three-armed clinical trial. Among them, 136 patients completed the study with RT-PCR negative reports. The patients received herbal drugs orally (Group A (Adhatoda vasica; AV; 500 mg; n = 50); Group B (Tinospora cordifolia; TC; 500 mg; n = 43), and Group C (AV + TC; 250 mg each; n = 43)) for 14 days. Clinical symptoms, vital parameters, and viral clearance were taken as primary outcomes, and biochemical, hematological parameters, cytokines, and biomarkers were evaluated at three time points as secondary outcomes. Results We found that the mean viral clearance time was 13.92 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.85–14.99) in Group A, 13.44 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.14–14.74) in Group B, and 11.86 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.62–13.11) days in Group C. Over a period of 14 days, the mean temperature in Groups A, and B significantly decreased linearly. In Group A, during the trial period, eosinophils, and PT/INR increased significantly, while monocytes, SGOT, globulin, serum ferritin, and HIF-1α, a marker of hypoxia reduced significantly. On the other hand, in Group B hsCRP decreased at mid-treatment. Eosinophil levels increased in Group C during the treatment, while MCP-3 levels were significantly reduced. Conclusions All the patients of the three-armed interventions recovered from COVID-19 and none of them reported any adverse effects from the drugs. Group C patients (AV + TC) resulted in a quicker viral clearance as compared to the other two groups. We provide the first clinical report of AV herbal extract acting as a modifier of HIF-1α in COVID-19 patients along with a reduction in levels of ferritin, VEGF, and PT/INR as the markers of hypoxia, inflammation, and thrombosis highlighting the potential use in progression stages, whereas the TC group showed immunomodulatory effects. Trial registration Clinical Trials Database -India (ICMR-NIMS), CTRI/2020/09/028043. Registered 24th September 2020, https://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=47443&EncHid=&modid=&compid=%27,%2747443det%27 Graphical Abstract

Background: Nephrotoxicity induced by drugs is a common cause of renal failure, particularly with agents like cyclophosphamide used in cancer treatment. Natural antioxidants found in plants offer diverse therapeutic benefits. Tinospora cordifolia, a medicinal plant known for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, carminative, digestive, and anti-helminthic properties, was investigated for its potential to counter cyclophosphamide-induced kidney damage in rats. Materials and Methods: Extracts were prepared from dried Tinospora powder, rich in flavonoids, polyphenolics, and alkaloids. Rats were divided into control and treatment groups, with varying doses of the Tinospora extract alongside cyclophosphamide. The blood sample was evaluated for creatinine, urea and BUN. Results: Treatment with the extract, particularly at 400 mg/kg, significantly reduced creatinine levels, as well as serum urea and blood urea nitrogen (p<0.01). These results highlight Tinospora cordifolia's nephroprotective potential, attributed to its flavonoid and polyphenol content. Conclusion: This study underscores the promise of plant-derived compounds in mitigating drug-induced kidney damage, suggesting Tinospora cordifolia as a potential adjunct therapy to preserve renal function during chemotherapy. Further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms and validate these findings for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) is an Ayurvedic herb known for its numerous health benefits. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to prepare Giloy Satva candy. Materials and Methods: The candy was prepared by incorporating Giloy Satva in various concentrations batch wise, with other natural ingredients to enhance its palatability and therapeutic value. Physicochemical and therapeutic evaluation of the Giloy Satva candies involved assessing parameters such as moisture content, ash value, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), phytochemical screening, pH, sensory evaluation and Antioxidant assay. Results and Discussion: The finalized batch candy exhibited a desirable moisture content (7.44±0.08%), ash value (1.26±0.67%), and TSS (69.05 °Brix). The pH of the candy was found to be within the acceptable range (4.8±0.30), ensuring its stability and suitability for consumption. In sensory evaluation, the candy received positive feedback for its taste, texture, aroma, and overall acceptability. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the Giloy Satva candy was determined using in vitro DPPH assays. The candy exhibited significant antioxidant activity (53.23±0.23 μg/mL), indicating its potential to combat oxidative stress and associated health issues. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Giloy Satva candy demonstrated promising physicochemical properties, excellent sensory attributes, and potent antioxidant activity. The developed candy formulation could serve as a convenient and palatable herbal preparation, offering the benefits of Giloy in an easily consumable form. Further investigations, including stability studies and clinical trials, are warranted to explore its therapeutic potential and commercial viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The sympatric occurrence of the species that often resulted in different gatherings of plant material, ambiguous history on traditional use, and taxonomic flux due to similarities within the Tinospora (Menispermaceae) taxa are some of the reasons that triggered the necessity to develop robust analytical methods for efficient QC, especially to recognize dry and powder forms. Objective To develop novel HPTLC-based fingerprinting of two closely resembling Tinospora species followed by HPTLC–MS analysis and identification of compounds differentiating Tinospora crispa (TCP) and Tinospora cordifolia (TCR) and a rapid and quantitative assessment by HPLC with a photodiode array detector (HPLC–PDA) with MS/MS characterization of specific TCP and TCR analytical markers. Methods An HPTLC-based method was developed using chloroform–toluene–methanol–formic acid (7 + 4 + 2 + 0.2, by volume). The TCP compounds could be distinguished and isolated using successive column chromatography with complete characterization. Further these used in the reverse phase (RP)-HPLC–PDA coupled with LC–ESI (electrospray ionization)-MS/MS to quantify and confirmation in TCP and TCR. Results The fingerprinting showed distinct bands in TCP stems, confirmed as clerodane- furanoditerpenoids with indirect profiling by the HPTLC–MS technique. Systematic isolation confirmed these compounds as borapetosides B and E. Thus, the RP-HPLC–PDA method was developed for these borapetosides B and E, with tinosporide to differentiate these two species. The quantitation method was well validated with good linearity (r2 >0.99) with sensitive LOD (0.49–3.71 mcg/mL) and LOQ (1.48–11.23 mcg/mL) with recoveries of 92.34–96.19%. Conclusion A novel, validated HPLC–PDA method showed good resolution and reliability (up to 1% adulteration) in quantification for targeted major analytical markers from TCP to differentiate TCR. Thus, HPTLC and HPLC–PDA-based techniques are helpful with MS/MS-based characterization to identify and quantify these analytical markers from TCP (borapetoside B and E) and TCR (tinosporide) in dry and powder form. Highlights This article reports on the systemic use of HPTLC–MS for separating and identifying analytical markers in Tinospora species, distinguishing TCR and TCP with quantitative HPLC–PDA and MS/MS assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes turns out to be an intense worldwide public health problem. Makaradhwaja is in practice for the treatment of Madhumeha (diabetes mellitus) due to its Pramehaghna (antidiabetic) and Rasayana (immunomodulatory and rejuvenating) properties with the number of preclinical and clinical trials in diabetes. The present study was carried out to compare the efficacy of Shadguna Makaradhwaja prepared from (Varkha) thin foils of gold (SM‑V) and Shadguna Makaradhwaja prepared from Apakwa Talastha Swarna Bhasma (residue of gold remained at the bottom of glass bottle during Kupipakwa) (SM‑R) with Guduchi Ghana (GG) (aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia Miers) in type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: In this prospective, randomized, double‑blind clinical trial, 82 patients of type 2 diabetes were treated with SM‑V with GG (250 mg) and SM‑R with GG (250 mg) twice daily before food with honey for 28 days. The assessment of changes observed in hemogram, blood glucose, lipid profile, hepatic, renal profile, and clinical symptoms was carried out. Results: After 28 days of medication, fasting blood glucose level decreased significantly in SM‑R, whereas postprandial blood glucose level significantly decreased in SM‑V treated group. A significant improvement in subjective parameters and reduction in blood and urine sugar was noted with baseline. Hemogram and hepatic and renal function profiles(safety parameters) in both groups were notsignificantly different from the baseline. No adverse events were reported during the study period. Conclusion: SM‑V, along with GG, is more effective in comparison with SM‑R, thereby improving the quality of life of patients along with significant glycemic control and free from any untoward effect. Makaradhwaja can be used as an effective drug for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal herbs are modern feed additives for poultry that have antioxidant, anti-microbial, and immune-modulatory impacts. In this study, the protective effects of medicinal natural herbs (Herb-AllTM LIVER) on performance, litter, immunity, biochemical changes, and histopathological changes in broilers fed Mycotoxins-contaminated diets were assessed. One-day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=120). Group A was fed a standard commercial diet; Group B was fed a standard diet + (Herb-AllTM LIVER); Group C (positive control) was fed a Mycotoxins-contaminated diet, and Group D received a Mycotoxins-contaminated diet + Herb-AllTM LIVER. Performance, litter hygiene, immunity, and histopathological changes were determined. Results indicated that herbal supplements (B and D) significantly improved the body weight gain and FCR of birds. Also, litter hygiene, blood indices, antibody titers, and organ functions were enhanced. In group D, liver and kidney histological architectures were mostly restored, as well as Caspase-3 and TNF expressions were moderately enhanced. It can be concluded that using Herb-AllTM LIVER as a feed additive reduces the adverse effects of Mycotoxins on broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infections caused mild-to-moderate illness. However, a sizable portion of infected people experience a rapid progression of hyper-inflammatory and hypoxic respiratory illness that necessitates an effective and safer remedy to combat COVID-19. Methods: A total of 150 COVID-19-positive patients with no to mild symptoms, between the age groups 19–65 years were enrolled in this randomized, open-labeled three-armed clinical trial. Among them, 136 patients completed the study with RT-PCR negative reports. The patients received herbal drugs orally (Group A (Adhatoda vasica; AV; 500 mg; n = 50); Group B (Tinospora cordifolia; TC; 500 mg; n = 43), and Group C (AV + TC; 250 mg each; n = 43)) for 14 days. Clinical symptoms, vital parameters, and viral clearance were taken as primary outcomes, and biochemical, hematological parameters, cytokines, and biomarkers were evaluated at three time points as secondary outcomes. Results: We found that the mean viral clearance time was 13.92 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.85–14.99) in Group A, 13.44 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.14–14.74) in Group B, and 11.86 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.62–13.11) days in Group C. Over a period of 14 days, the mean temperature in Groups A, and B significantly decreased linearly. In Group A, during the trial period, eosinophils, and PT/INR increased significantly, while monocytes, SGOT, globulin, serum ferritin, and HIF-1α, a marker of hypoxia reduced significantly. On the other hand, in Group B hsCRP decreased at mid-treatment. Eosinophil levels increased in Group C during the treatment, while MCP-3 levels were significantly reduced. Conclusions: All the patients of the three-armed interventions recovered from COVID-19 and none of them reported any adverse effects from the drugs. Group C patients (AV + TC) resulted in a quicker viral clearance as compared to the other two groups. We provide the first clinical report of AV herbal extract acting as a modifier of HIF-1α in COVID-19 patients along with a reduction in levels of ferritin, VEGF, and PT/INR as the markers of hypoxia, inflammation, and thrombosis highlighting the potential use in progression stages, whereas the TC group showed immunomodulatory effects. Trial registration Clinical Trials Database -India (ICMR-NIMS), CTRI/2020/09/028043. Registered 24th September 2020, https://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=47443&EncHid=&modid=&compid=%27,%2747443det%27 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian natural climbing shrub Tinospora cordifolia, often known as “Guduchi” and “Amrita,” is a highly esteemed medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine (ISM). It is a member of the Menispermaceae family which consists of a rich source of protein, micronutrients, and rich source of bioactive components which are used in treating various systemic diseases. The current study was designed to know the biological characterization of the plant genome and biosynthesis of plant metabolites essential for its medicinal applications. Tinospora cordifolia’s complete genome was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencing technology. The draft genome was assembled through a de novo method. An integrative genome annotation approach was used to perform functional gene prediction. The pathway analysis was carried out using the KEGG database. The total genome size obtained after genome assembly was 894 Mb with an N50 of 9148 bp. The integrative annotation approach resulted in 35,111 protein-coding genes. In addition, genes responsible for the synthesis of syringin, a secondary metabolite found in plants, were identified. In comparison to the standard drug (dopamine, rasagiline, and selegiline), syringin’s molecular docking exhibited a greater binding affinity from the range of − 4.3 to − 6.6 kcal/mol for all the targets of Parkinson’s disease and for Alzheimer’s targets; it has shown the maximum potency from the range of − 6.5 to − 7.4 kcal/mol with respect to the standard drug (donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine). This study provides the genomic information of Tinospora cordifolia which is helpful in understanding genomic insights and metabolic pathways connected to the corresponding plant genome and predicts the possible useful effect for the molecular characterization of therapeutic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human fertility regulation is a major way to control overpopulation. In this perspective, this study emphasized the in vitro effect of hydro-methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCHME) stem for spermicidal and reproductive hypo-functions using human and rat samples. Control, 0.5-, 1-, and 2-mg TCHME-charged groups were considered to assess the relevant parameters. Levels of spermiological parameters like sperm motility, viability, the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane, and nuclear chromatin decondensation were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the dose- and duration-dependent TCHME-charged groups compared to the control. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of TCHME on motile human and rat sperms were 0.8 and 0.4 mg/ml, respectively. Testicular androgenic key enzymes and antioxidant enzymes (human sperm pellet, testes, and epididymis of rat)' activities were significantly diminished (p < 0.05), while antioxidant enzymes' activities were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in renal and insignificantly (p > 0.05) elevated in hepatic tissues of rat in TCHME-charged groups compared to the control. Significant elevation (p < 0.05) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)' level in human sperm pellet, testes, and epididymis of rats and significant diminution (p < 0.05) in TBARS levels of liver and kidney were observed in TCHME-charged groups. It focused that TCHME is more potent for stress imposition on reproductive tissues and sperm compared to the other tested tissues. Non-significant alterations (p > 0.05) in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the said organs of rat indicated its non-toxic effect. It highlighted that TCHME possesses spermicidal and reproductive tissue-specific effects which strengthen the possibilities of male contraceptive development from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinospora cordifolia and Actinidia deliciosa are the widely used plant in Ayurvedic systems of medicine. Both plants are well known for their immunomodulatory activity. In the current study, in silico exploration was performed using advanced computational techniques such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach. Bioactive molecules from the Tinospora cordifolia and Actinidia deliciosa were docked against the Human IL-2. Out of all the docked bioactive molecules, Pygenic acid-B (PubChem CID:146157192) showed the highest negative binding affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-tuberculosis drug induced liver injury (Anti-TB DILI) is the most common adverse events (AEs) necessitating therapy interruption but there is no preventing regimen. This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of herbs/alternative medicines for preventing anti-TB DILI. Relevant articles were identified through a systematic search in 5 international databases from inception till March 2022. All randomized controlled trials (RCT) assessing the effects of herbal or alternative medicines against anti-TB DILI were included. The network meta-analysis (NMA) was used to synthesize the evidence for preventing hepatotoxicity using a random-effects model. A total of 3423 patients from 14 RCTs were included. The NMA indicated that supplementation of Turmeric plus Tinospora cordifolia (RR 0.07; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.28), and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (RR 0.09; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.75) significantly reduced the incidence of anti-TB DILI compared with placebo. In addition, poly herbal product significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (MD − 21.80; 95% CI − 33.80 to − 9.80) and total bilirubin (Tbil) compared with placebo (MD − 0.51; 95% CI − 0.76 to − 0.26). There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of AEs in any intervention. In conclusion, Turmeric plus Tinospora cordifolia, NAC and poly-herbal product may provide benefit for preventing anti-TB DILI in TB patients. However, these findings are based on a small number of studies. Additional studies are warranted to confirm the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and encapsulated magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were synthesized using a hydrothermal method with Tinospora Cordifolia (TC) leaf extract. XRD analysis revealed a face-centered cubic structure for both types of nanoparticles, with an average crystallite size of 26.94 nm and 36.48 nm. The pure and encapsulated MgO nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, the encapsulated MgO nanoparticles had a lower optical energy band gap of 5.304 eV compared to pure MgO nanoparticles at 5.506 eV. FTIR and BET results confirmed the presence of phytochemicals such as phenolic and flavonoid groups encapsulated over the surface of MgO nanoparticles. HRTEM analysis showed nearly spherical shaped encapsulated MgO nanoparticles with a thickness of 8.1 nm. Histogram represents the average particle size of encapsulated MgO NPs was found to be 37.08 ± 4.70 nm. In vitro analysis revealed that these nanoparticles exhibited anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties that were comparable to commercially available Metformin drug. The antidiabetic and antioxidant ability of encapsulated MgO NPs was shown by effective inhibition against carbohydrate digestive enzymes such as α- amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 48.71 µg/ml and 46.29 µg/ml respectively and DPPH radical with IC50 value of 48.012 µg/ml. Encapsulated MgO nanoparticles exhibited higher efficacy in vitro against carbohydrate digestive enzymes and DPPH free radicals than pure MgO nanoparticles due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid groups. The spectral analysis indicates that the use of Tinospora Cordifolia extract to synthesize MgO nanoparticles results in a green method that shows promise for various biomedical applications.

Medicinal herbs are being widely accepted as alternative remedies for preventing various diseases especially in India and other Asian countries. However, most plant-based herbal medicines are not yet being scientifically accepted worldwide. “Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook.F. & Thomson”, one of the most promising plant species of Tinospora known as “Giloy” or Guduchi that is used in several traditional medicines in treating diseases e.g., metabolic and immune disorders, diabetes, heart diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases, has been widely investigated. Varieties of bioactive phytochemical constituents isolated from the stem, root and whole plant of T. cordifolia have been identified. In the last two decades, the diverse pharmacological activities of T. cordifolia have been continuously studied. Due to its therapeutic efficacy in immune modulation, it could be effective in viral and other diseases treatment as well. A medicinal plant could be well-suited not only for the treatment of target site but also for boosting the body's immune system. As an alternate source of medication, medicinal herbs are continuously showing better compatibility with the human body with minimal side effects than other therapies. Keeping this in mind, the present review highlights the pharmacological potential of T. cordifolia against various diseases.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of ZOE-based, calcium hydroxide, and epoxy resin-based sealers on modification with three herbal extracts. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extracts of selected herbs were combined with ZOE-based, calcium hydroxide, and epoxy resin-based sealers. Cultures were prepared from E. faecalis and C. albicans and agar plates prepared. Prepared mixtures were inoculated in punched holes, and inhibitory zones were measured. Results: No statistical significance was obtained on comparing mean scores of test groups. Conclusion: None of the combinations used was found to be significantly better than others.