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The mean body size of workers of the holarctic ant Leptothorax acervorum increases with latitude. Workers from populations near the Polar Circle were 10% larger than workers from central Europe. This gradient does not appear to be associated with variation in colony size. According to controlled rearing experiments with brood from populations in Cape Kartesh, Karelia (67°N) and Erlangen, Germany (49.7°N), larger adult body size in boreal populations is not an epiphenomenon of slow cell growth and larger cell size at lower temperatures. Larger workers survived longer without food both at room temperature and < 0°C, suggesting that selection for increased fasting endurance in boreal habitats might lead to this Bergmann's rule-like pattern in an ectothermic ant.

In contrast to the many studies of external morphology of hymenopteran larvae little is known on internal morphology, and especially on the structure of the reproductive organs. This study describes a simple histological method which allows a very accurate (100%) determination of male and female individuals from the very first larval instar to the fourth instar in two formicoxenine ant species. Both female and male gonads are located between the fifth and sixth abdominal segments dorsodistal from the midgut. The male gonads are larger than the female ones throughout all larval instars, and have a heart-like shape formed by a small nucleus cell type (spermatogonia) organised into four or five lobes. In contrast, female gonads are round in cross-section and are formed by two types of cells, large nucleus cells (oogonia) and small nucleus cells (prospective follicle cells). Larval sexing is equally successful as in whole larvae when only the posterior part of the larvae is used, so that the anterior part is available for further studies on ploidy, genetics or others. Due to the accuracy and effectiveness of this method already in the first instar larvae, it is a true alternative to the methods used so far for primary sex ratio determination. All of them have higher error rates in determining sex ratio.