Search

The present study focuses on the archaeometric investigation of 10 brown tesserae belonging to Early Christian/Byzantine wall mosaics of three monuments of Thessaloniki, inscribed on the World Heritage List of UNESCO: Rotunda, St. Sophia, and St. Demetrios. The tesserae were analyzed via optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and UV‐Vis reflectance spectroscopy to define their composition and technological characteristics. Nine of the tesserae are made of silica glass while one tessera is made of a siliceous rock. The majority of the glass tesserae, despite the chronological distance of the monuments they were collected from, present similar technological features, base glass composition, colorants, and opacifiers. Metallic copper is the main element responsible for the brown color in relation to iron which serves as a reducing agent. Opacification is attributed to tin compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing interest in using stannous chloride without filtration to achieve hexavalent chromium maximum contaminant level compliance in California, there is new urgency to quantify its effects on water quality and risks to public health manifested in distribution and premise plumbing systems. Accordingly, a 12‐week groundwater pilot study was completed using ubiquitous premise plumbing materials under flowing (to waste) and stagnating conditions of hexavalent chromium‐containing groundwater following stannous chloride addition without filtration. Results quantified the accumulation and release of chromium and tin, with total chromium concentrations exceeding regulatory or acceptable levels under stagnating conditions. Sediment with elevated chromium, tin, arsenic, and manganese concentrations was also observed. Given these observations would likely occur and worsen over time in distribution systems that cumulatively serve large populations, the use of stannous chloride without filtration represents an unacceptable risk to public health compared to other, more well‐established, best available technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ALD-SnO2 thin films are prepared at FTO and Au(111) substrates. Their investigation is referenced, if relevant, to a model system of SnO2 cassiterite (001) single crystal. Open questions about the photoelectrochemical activity and band energetics after calcination and UV-excitation are addressed. We analyze the data from AFM, Raman, Kelvin probe, photoelectrochemistry of water oxidation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (flatband potentials determined from Mott–Schottky plots) in aqueous and acetonitrile media. Calcination of ALD-SnO2 causes strong enhancement of work functions, surface coarsening, and decrease of band-gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a new method for efficient and low-damage machining of Ti6Al4V: laser-assisted CBN belt grinding. The impact of laser power and grinding depth on the machining behavior of the material is investigated, the elemental distribution and chemical state of the ground surface are analyzed, and the removal mechanism of laser-assisted CBN belt grinding is described. The results show that increasing laser power will improve processing efficiency, enhance plastic material removal, and improve surface quality; the tangential grinding force is decreased by 63.5% and the normal grinding force is decreased by 72.6% at the maximum laser power; a large amount of Ti and N are present on the ground surface, and they are present in the form of TiN compounds. This study is a guide to the research on efficient and low-damage machining of hard-to-process materials like titanium alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudocapacitive materials with surface‐redox reactions are capable of realizing high capacities at ultrahigh rates; however, it remains a challenge in the synthesis of active components with high surface area to boost surface‐redox sodiation but restrain side reactions. Herein, a two‐step, topochemical synthesis of 2D mesoporous TiN (2D‐meso‐TiN) with high surface area and rich mesoporosities is presented. It is demonstrated that the sodium‐ion storage mechanism of TiN anode is based on the existence of surficial titanium oxides via redox reactions between Ti4+ and Ti3+. The interconnected, highly conductive 2D‐meso‐TiN with high surface area largely increases the pseudocapacitive capacities, leading to a high capacity of 160/93 mAh g−1 at 0.1/10 A g−1, which is much higher than 2D‐TiN (120/72 mAh g−1) and commercial TiN nanoparticles (57/30 mAh g−1). The surface‐redox (de)sodiation undergoes no destruction of crystalline TiN, which enables high initial coulombic efficiency and long‐term cycles. Furthermore, a novel hybrid sodium‐ion capacitor consisting of 2D‐meso‐TiN anode and Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode is assembled without any presodiation treatments. The hybrid capacitor delivers both high energy density (94 Wh kg−1 at 64 W kg−1) and high power density (38 Wh kg−1 at 4.4 kW kg−1), as well as long cycling stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we carried out in-depth study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of intrinsic, fluorine (F)- and chlorine (Cl)-doped SnO2, using a pseudo-potential plane-wave scheme in the framework of the density functional theory. We found that the substitution of oxygen by F or Cl elements slightly modified the crystalline parameters without altering the stability of SnO2 compounds. The doping of tin oxide by these two halogens is confirmed by the displacement of the Fermi level position to the conduction band. Consequently, the doped materials are strongly degenerated as illustrated by the Moss-Burstein shift: 2.310 and 2.332 eV for F:SnO2 and Cl:SnO2, respectively. On the other hand, the density of states and Mulliken population analysis show that the covalent character of Sn–O bond is maintained after doping, while Sn–X (X = F or Cl) bond reveals an ionic nature. In terms of optical properties after doping, intrinsic SnO2 exhibits low absorption, while the doped ones are transparent in the visible range, making them more efficient in photovoltaic applications. Moreover, in the ultraviolet (UV) scale, pure and doped tin oxide compounds show better absorption, which may be beneficial for use in devices of protection against UV light and UV absorbers or sensors. Finally, the plasma frequencies of 28.22, 29.16, and 27.67 eV for pure, F-, and Cl-doped SnO2, respectively, were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of Cu–Sn–Pb bronze (18.2 wt-% Sn) in a simulated soil solution was examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning Kelvin probe, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical techniques. The findings demonstrated that the α-phase possessed a more negative corrosion potential, and the central annular position was more active owing to the difference in the solid-solution tin content during casting. Cl− was not directly involved in the production of corrosive products in the early stage of corrosion, but it damaged the copper oxide layer and promoted the loss of copper ions. Subsequently, the tin oxide was gradually produced on the surface, and the selective copper dissolution led to abundant tin compounds on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the importance of determining the strain states of semiconductor compounds with high accuracy is demonstrated. For the matter in question, new software titled LAPAs, the acronym for LAttice PArameters is presented. The lattice parameters as well as the chemical composition of Al1− x In x N and Ge1− x Sn x compounds grown on top of GaN- and Ge- buffered c-Al2O3 and (001) oriented Si substrates, respectively, are calculated via the real space Bond's method. The uncertainties in the lattice parameters and composition are derived, compared and discussed with the ones found via x-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping. Broad peaks lead to increased centroid uncertainty and are found to constitute up to 99% of the total uncertainty in the lattice parameters. Refraction correction is included in the calculations and found to have an impact of 0.001 Å in the lattice parameters of both hexagonal and cubic crystallographic systems and below 0.01% in the quantification of the InN and Sn contents. Although the relaxation degrees of the nitride and tin compounds agree perfectly between the real and reciprocal-spaces methods, the uncertainty in the latter is found to be ten times higher. The impact of the findings may be substantial for the development of applications and devices as the intervals found for the lattice match the condition of Al1− x In x N grown on GaN templates vary between ∼1.8% (0.1675–0.1859) and 0.04% (0.1708–0.1712) if derived via the real- and reciprocal spaces methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricymantrenyltin oxide {[С5H4Mn(CO)3]3Sn}2O (I) is synthesized in a yield of 72% by the reaction of tricymantrenyltin chloride with sodium hydroxide in an acetone–water solution. The structure of the synthesized compound is studied by IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) (CIF file ССDC no. 2044007). The IR spectrum of complex I exhibits characteristic absorption bands attributed to stretching vibrations of carbonyl groups at 1921 and 2019 cm−1. According to the XRD data, the tin atoms in compound I have a distorted tetrahedral coordination: the CSnC angles are 102.3(2)°−120.1(2)°, the Sn−С bond lengths are 2.107(6)−2.119(7) Å, and the Sn−О distances are 1.945(4) and 1.959(4) Å. The structural organization of the crystal in complex I is controlled by intermolecular bonds С–H⋅⋅⋅O≡С (2.57−2.71 Å). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SnS and CdS thin films were chemically prepared from the bath solutions with different pH values of 9.8, 9.9, and 10, and 11.3, 11.4, and 11.5 respectively. The X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of orthorhombic SnS with a preferred orientation along the 013 plane and cubic CdS along the 311 planes. Crystallite size and lattice strain were calculated from the Williamson-Hall plot, and it was found that the crystallite size increased as pH increased. Raman spectra showed the prominent peaks of SnS and CdS thin films. Optical studies revealed a decrease in the optical band gap of both samples with increasing pH values. SnS films showed needle-like morphology with agglomerates and CdS flake-like interconnected structures. From the EDS analysis, it was noticed that both the SnS and CdS thin films shifted to a metal-rich composition with the increase in the pH of the bath solution. Finally, a solar cell (ITO/SnS/CdS/Ag) was made, and it was found that cell structures formed with SnS and CdS that were deposited with pH values of 10 and 11.3 showed better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel ZrSn1−xCoxO4−δ catalysts for the direct decomposition of nitrous oxide (N2O) were synthesized using a co‐precipitation method. Metastable ZrSnO4 with an α‐PbO2‐type structure was used as the mother solid because of its interstitial open spaces derived from its lattice distortion that may be effective for N2O adsorption. The doping of Co2+/3+ into the ZrSnO4 lattice improved the N2O decomposition activity, likely owing to the enhancement of the redox properties and the increase in the number of oxygen vacancies. Among the prepared catalysts, Zr1.17Sn0.73Co0.10O4−δ exhibited the highest activity decomposing N2O completely decomposed at 550°C. In addition, the Zr1.17Sn0.73Co0.10O4−δ catalyst showed high durability in the presence of CO2, O2, and H2O vapor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resembling the widely studied PbTe−AgSbTe2 (LAST) and GeTe−AgSbTe2 (TAGS) thermoelectric materials, alloying group I−V−VI2 compounds to tin monochalcogenides (SnTe, SnSe, and SnS) was also initially studied in the 1960s. Nevertheless, this thermoelectric strategy has regained popularity only in recent years, and boosted performance is now generally expected in these alloys. Given its encouraging revival and the absence of a corresponding research summary, here we carefully review current advances in this system, which is categorized into three major subgroups, that is, I−Sb−VI2‐alloyed SnTe, I−Bi−VI2‐alloyed SnTe, and I−Sb−VI2‐alloyed SnSe. Emphasis is placed on exploring the underlying mechanisms of this system in addition to its thermoelectric properties. Some future directions of this reinvigorating strategy are also proposed in the hope that they can serve as a guide for its further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organotin compounds (OTCs) are a commercially important group of organometallic compounds of tin used globally as polyvinyl chloride stabilizers and marine antifouling biocides. Worldwide use of OTCs has resulted in their ubiquitous presence in ecosystems across all the continents. OTCs have metabolic and endocrine disrupting effects in marine and terrestrial organisms. Thus, harmful OTCs (tributyltin) have been banned by the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems since 2008. However, continued manufacturing by non-member countries poses a substantial risk for animal and human health. In this study, structural binding of common commercial OTCs, tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), monophenyltin (MPT), and azocyclotin (ACT) against sex-steroid nuclear receptors, androgen receptor (AR), and estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) was performed using molecular docking and MD simulation. TBT, DBT, DPT, and MPT bound deep within the binding sites of AR, ERα, and Erβ, showing good dock score, binding energy and dissociation constants that were comparable to bound native ligands, testosterone and estradiol. The stability of docking complex was shown by MD simulation of organotin/receptor complex with RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA plots showing stable interaction, low deviation, and compactness of the complex. A high commonality (50–100%) of interacting residues of ERα and ERβ for the docked ligands and bound native ligand (estradiol) indicated that the organotin compounds bound in the same binding site of the receptor as the native ligand. The results suggested that organotins may interfere with the natural steroid/receptor binding and perturb steroid signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility limit of tin (Sn) in germanium (Ge) is very small, and, therefore, it is difficult to synthesize high Sn concentration GeSn crystals by conventional methods. An amorphous phase can contain elements beyond the solubility limit of the crystal state, and, therefore, recrystallization of the amorphous alloy is one of the possible ways to realize materials far from the equilibrium state. To suppress Sn precipitation during thermal annealing, knowledge of crystallization processes is required. In the present study, amorphous GeSn thin films with different Sn concentrations were prepared by sputtering, and their crystallization processes were examined by in situ transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the crystallization temperature decreases with increasing Sn concentration, and it became lower than the eutectic temperature when the Sn concentration exceeded ∼25 at. %. Radial distribution function analyses revealed that phase decomposition occurs in the amorphous state of the specimens which crystallize below the eutectic temperature, and Sn crystallites were simultaneously precipitated with crystallization. On the other hand, no remarkable phase decomposition was detected in amorphous GeSn with <25 at. % Sn. Sn precipitation occurred at a higher temperature than the crystallization in these specimens, and the difference between the crystallization and Sn precipitation temperatures became large with decreasing Sn concentration. Because of the existence of this temperature difference, a temperature window for suppressing Sn segregation existed. We demonstrated that large GeSn grains with high Sn concentration could be realized by annealing the specimens within the temperature window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrostatic simulations are performed to study Richtmyer-Meshkov instability and jet formation in elastic-plastic Pb under shock wave loading. The effects of yield strength and surface perturbation on perturbation growth and jet formation are investigated. An algebraic relationship between the upper limit of ejecta mass and bubble saturation amplitude for the elastic-plastic solid is revealed, and an analytic expression for the maximum ejecta mass varying with material strength, surface perturbation, and shock conditions is presented based on Richtmyer-Meshkov instability theories for the elastic-plastic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectricity has been considered a promising green energy source for mankind. This method of energy generation poses challenges due to scarcity of the constituent elements of the efficient thermoelectric materials. The development of high performance materials for thermoelectric generation is limited with the co-responsive nature of transport parameters. In this work, earth abundant tin nitride (Sn3N4) thin films were deposited by reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering and investigated its thermoelectric response. The electron bands of the prepared thin films were actively aligned to optimize the trade-off between the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity for the enhancement of power factor (S2σ). The reduction in nitrogen gas pressure of reactive sputtering reduced both working pressure and the amount of reactive nitrogen. This experimental approach of combined effect introduced preferred orientation (PO) and stoichiometric variations simultaneously in the fabricated thin films. The increased scattering associated with preferred orientation and increased carrier concentration associated with stoichiometric variations converged the conduction band along with shifting of Fermi energy toward the conduction band minimum. The engineered band structure of tin nitride thin film realized over 2-fold hike in power factor up to 390 μW/m-K2 at 250 °C with a Seebeck coefficient of −144 μV/K and resistivity of 53.11 μΩ-m. This study reveals the potential nature of the earth abundant nitrides in the field of renewable energy generation. The experimental strategy adopted in this study provides an alternative approach to engineer the band structure of a thin film for optimized transport parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic behaviors of various tin compounds for the conversion of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) to methyl lactate (ML) in methanol, as well as the reaction process, were briefly investigated in a batch reactor. The results indicated that metal cations with strong Lewis acidity, in particular Sn2+ and Sn4+, catalyzed efficiently the conversion of DHA to ML. The performance of tin cation was closely related to its counterpart anions, with the halide anions (Cl- and Br-) acting as promoters. Besides, high temperature favored the yield of methyl lactate when SnCl2 served as a catalyst, yielding the DHA conversion and ML selectivity of 98.2% and of 96.0% respectively at 100℃ Moreover, the evolution of reaction products against time suggested that the conversion of DHA to ML proceeded through a combination of consecutive and parallel reaction steps. Pyruvic aldehyde hemiacetal was the detectable reaction intermediate, whereas ML proved to be final products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the top ecological priorities is to find sensitive indicators for pollution monitoring. This study focuses on the bioconcentration and responses (condition index, survival, oxygen consumption, heart rates, and oxidative stress and neurotoxic effect biomarkers) of mussels from the Volga River basin, Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis , to long-term exposure to toxic chemicals such as tributyltin (TBT, 25 and 100 ng/L) and copper (Cu, 100 and 1000 μg/L). We found that TBT was present in the tissues of zebra and quagga mussels in comparable amounts, whereas the bioconcentration factor of Cu varied depending on its concentration in water. Differences in responses between the two species were revealed. When exposed to high Cu concentrations or a Cu-TBT mixture, quagga mussels had a lower survival rate and a longer heart rate recovery time than zebra mussels. TBT treatment caused neurotoxicity (decreased acetylcholinesterase activity) and oxidative stress (increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in both species. TBT and Cu levels in mussel tissues correlated positively with the condition index, but correlated with the level of acetylcholinesterase in the mussel gills. The principal component analysis revealed three main components: the first consists of linear combinations of 14 variables reflecting TBT water pollution, TBT and Cu levels in mussel tissues, and biochemical indicators; the second includes Cu water concentration, cardiac tolerance, and mussel size; and the third combines weight, metabolic rate, and heart rates. Quagga mussels are less tolerable to contaminants than zebra mussels, so they may be used as a sensitive indicator. [Display omitted] • Two dreissenids showed significant responses to tributyltin (TBT) and copper exposure. • 25–100 ng/L TBT caused neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in quagga and zebra mussels. • TBT and Cu levels in mussels correlated with the condition and metabolic parameters. • High Cu and its mix with TBT caused low survival rate and cardiac tolerance in quagga. • Quagga was less tolerable than the zebra mussel and may be a better indicator species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tin oxide and Ag 3 Sn intermetallic compounds are combined to create composites. • The material can realize photocatalytic antibacterial in visible light response. • The material encapsulated into the hydrogels can achieve antibacterial and healing. • The sustained release of Ag can provide long-term antimicrobial activity. Bacterial infection has become a serious clinical challenge and a great threat to human health due to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, developing new antimicrobial agents are essential. It is noteworthy that the new antibacterial strategy, photocatalytic antimicrobial therapy, addresses the issue of bacterial resistance. Metal oxides, particular tin oxide, hold great promise in the photocatalytic antimicrobial properties. In addition, noble metal Ag has an excellent improvement effect on the visible light photocatalytic activity of photocatalyst. However, the pure Ag has some shortcomings, such as instability at high temperature. Here, Ag 3 Sn intermetallic compounds are synthesized, wherein the tin atoms are naturally oxidized to SnO x in the air. The composites (Ag 3 Sn-SnO x) possess a narrow band gap energy, rendering it suitable as a photocatalytic material responsive to visible light. Meanwhile, Ag 3 Sn-SnO x will slowly release Ag and play a long-term antibacterial effect. In addition, carboxymethyl chitosan-hyaluronic acid hydrogel are synthesized via amidation reaction, and Ag 3 Sn-SnO x is loaded into the hydrogel (Ag 3 Sn-SnO x @Gel), which is also endowed with ability to promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Coupled with its good biosafety profile, Ag 3 Sn-SnO x @Gel is expected to emerge as a reliable and effective alternative to the currently used clinical wound dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin-oxo clusters, as molecular model compounds of tin oxide materials, have attracted increasing attention. Although various tin-oxo clusters have been obtained, the systemic studies on ligand functionalization of tin-oxo clusters remain to be well developed. In this study, we adopted 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (HAPZC) as the functionalized ligand, and successfully synthesized a novel tin-oxo cluster [(n -BuSn) 12 (OH) 6 O 14 (APZC) 2 ]·2H 2 O (CTGU-SnC-3). Due to the functionalization of the APZC ligands, the structure and charge of Sn 12 cage in CTGU-SnC-3 are all different from those of reported cationic football cage. This Sn 12 cage in CTGU-SnC-3 presents the interesting low-symmetrical football framework with the functionalized ligands. Different from the reported cationic football cages, the CTGU-SnC-3 is charge-neutral structure without any counteranions. Moreover, the CTGU-SnC-3 exhibits hydrophobic behavior and catalytic activity in electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction. The novel low-symmetrical charge-neutral football framework CTGU-SnC-3 was successfully synthesized via the functionalization of the ligands. It exhibits hydrophobic behavior and good catalytic activity in electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction. [Display omitted] • A novel low-symmetrical tin-oxo football cage CTGU-SnC-3 was successfully constructed via the functionalization of the ligands. • The Sn 12 cage in CTGU-SnC-3 is charge-neutral structure without any counteranions, which is different from the reported typical cationic football cages. • The CTGU-SnC-3 exhibits hydrophobic behavior and good catalytic activity in electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel poly-thiolactone synthesis with endocyclic ether, polyether, and lactone groups. • Controlled thioester bond formation using diacyl chlorides and organometallic tin compounds. • Preparation of diverse polythiolactones including cyclo and spiro compounds. • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals structural characteristics based on ring size and functional groups. • Crystal packing governed by C-H···O hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, forming unique tubular arrangements. The synthesis and isolation of new thiolactone species containing endocyclic ether, polyether, and lactone groups were designed using the reaction between diacyl chlorides with organometallic tin compounds as a template for controlled thioester bond formation. Thus, eight polythiolactones, including cyclo and spiro compounds with different ring sizes and functional groups were prepared, namely 1-oxa-4,9-dithiacycloundecane-5,8-dione (1a), 1-oxa-4,10-dithiacyclododecane-5,9-dione (1b), 1,4-dioxa-7,12-dithiacyclotetradecane-8,11-dione (2a), 1,4-dioxa-7,13-dithiacyclopentaecane-8,12-dione (2b), 2,15,19,32-tetraoxa-6,11,23,28-tetrathia-spiro[16.16]tritriacontane 3,7,10,14,20,24,27,31-octaone (3a), 2,16,20,34-tetraoxa-6,12,24,30-tetrathia-spiro[17.17]pentatriacontan-3,7,11,15,21,25,29,33-octaone (3b), 9,12,25,28-tetraoxa-6,15,22,31-tetratia-1(1,4),17(1,4)-diphenylcyclodotriacontane-5,16,21,32-tetraone (2c), and 2,17,21,36-tetraoxo-6,13,25,32-tetrathia-8(1,4)27(1,4)-diphenyl-spiro[18-18]heptatriacontane-3,7,12,16,22,26,31,35-octaone (3c). The structural characteristics of the eight closely related derivatives were determined by examining the impact of ring size and functional groups, through single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystal packing of these polythiolactones was found to be mainly governed by weak C-H···O hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, resulting in partially overlapping tubular arrangements. Hirshfeld analysis was performed to investigate the crystal packing and intermolecular interactions. The results of this study show the possibility of forming 3D tubular arrangements using polythiolactones with various endocyclic groups, including both flexible and rigid spacers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By electrochemically coupling microbial and abiotic catalysts, bioelectrochemical systems such as microbial electrolysis cells and microbial electrosynthesis systems synthesize energy-rich chemicals from energy-poor precursors with unmatched efficiency. However, to circumvent chemical incompatibilities between the microbial cells and inorganic materials that result in toxicity, corrosion, fouling, and efficiency-degrading cross-reactions between oxidation and reduction environments, bioelectrochemical systems physically separate the microbial and inorganic catalysts by macroscopic distances, thus introducing ohmic losses, rendering these systems impractical at scale. Here we electrochemically couple an inorganic catalyst, a SnO2 anode, with a microbial catalyst, Shewanella oneidensis, via a 2-nm-thick silica membrane containing -CN and -NO2 functionalized p-oligo(phenylene vinylene) molecular wires. This membrane enables electron flow at 0.51 μA cm-2 from microbial catalysts to the inorganic anode, while blocking small molecule transport. Thus the modular architecture avoids chemical incompatibilities without ohmic losses and introduces an immense design space for scale up of bioelectrochemical systems.

Organotin compounds are widely used in the plastic industry. We demonstrate the role of brain magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with leukoencephalopathy. A 38-year-old man who worked with trimethyltin and dimethyltin in a polyvinyl chloride factory reported a two-week progression of impaired memory, loss of balance, apathy, tinnitus, scaly darkened skin, and psychomotor slowing that rendered him unable to continue his daily activities. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse bilateral white matter lesions. Tin concentrations in both blood (344 μ/L) and urine (3,050 μg/L) were elevated. Removal from exposure and treatment with succimer were associated with clinical, laboratory, and imaging improvements. The high lipid content of myelin is a likely target for lipid-soluble alkyl tin compounds. This patient demonstrates the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of organotin toxicity. The contribution of chelation to the patient's recovery is uncertain and warrants further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InGaN-ZnSnN2 based quantum wells (QWs) structure is proposed and studied as an active region for high efficiency amber (λ ∼ 600 nm) light emitting diodes (LEDs), which remains a great challenge in pure InGaN based LEDs. In the proposed InGaN-ZnSnN2 QW heterostructure, the thin ZnSnN2 layer serves as a confinement layer for the hole wavefunction utilizing the large band offset at the InGaN-ZnSnN2 interface in the valence band. The barrier layer is composed of GaN or AlGaN/GaN in which the thin AlGaN layer is used for a better confinement of the electron wavefunction in the conduction band. Utilizing the properties of band offsets between ZnSnN2 and InGaN, the design of InGaN-ZnSnN2 QW allows us to use much lower In-content (∼10%) to reach peak emission wavelength at 600 nm, which is unachievable in conventional InGaN QW LEDs. Furthermore, the electron-hole wavefunction overlap (Γe-h) for the InGaN-ZnSnN2 QW design is significantly increased to 60% vs. 8% from that of the conventional InGaN QW emitting at the same wavelength. The tremendous enhancement in electron-hole wavefunction overlap results in ∼225× increase in the spontaneous emission radiative recombination rate of the proposed QW as compared to that of the conventional one using much higher In-content. The InGaN-ZnSnN2 QW structure design provides a promising route to achieve high efficiency amber LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystallographic and magnetic structures of the HfFe6Ge6-type compound Ho0.5Y0.5Mn6Sn6 have been studied by powder neutron diffraction and in-situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. Besides the nonlinear thermal expansion of lattice parameters, an incommensurate conical spiral magnetic structure was determined in the temperature interval of 2–340 K. A spin reorientation transition has been observed from 50 to 300 K, where the alignment of the c-axis component of magnetic moments of the Ho sublattice and the Mn sublattice transfers from ferrimagnetic to ferromagnetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin sulfides, SnxSy, are an important class of materials that are actively investigated as novel photovoltaic and water splitting materials. A first-principles evolutionary crystal structure search is performed with the goal of constructing the complete phase diagram of SnxSy and discovering new phases as well as new compounds of varying stoichiometry at ambient conditions and pressures up to 100 GPa. The ambient phase of SnS2 with P 3 ¯ m 1 symmetry remains stable up to 28 GPa. Another ambient phase, SnS, experiences a series of phase transformations including α-SnS to β-SnS at 9 GPa, followed by β-SnS to γ-SnS at 40 GPa. γ-SnS is a new high-pressure metallic phase with P m 3 ¯ m space group symmetry stable up to 100 GPa, which becomes a superconductor with a maximum Tc = 9.74 K at 40 GPa. Another new metallic compound, Sn3S4 with I 4 ¯ 3 d space group symmetry, is predicted to be stable at pressures above 15 GPa, which also becomes a superconductor with relatively high Tc = 21.9 K at 30 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small variation in the elemental composition of a chemical compound can cause the formation of additional electronic defect states in the material, thereby altering the overall microstructure and thus induced properties. In this work, we observed chemical constitution-induced modification in the morphology and optoelectronic properties of SnS. To this end, SnS particles were prepared using the solution chemical route and were characterized using a wide range of experimental techniques, such as x-ray diffractometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). All these SnS particles are found to be Sn-rich and p-type. However, distinctly different morphologies (i.e., flower-like and aggregated ones) are observed. These are then correlated with the electronic defect states, which are induced because of the presence of Sn vacancies, Sn antisites, and/or Sn interstitials. A combination of EDS, XPS, and STS data confirmed the presence of a higher concentration of Sn vacancies along with lower quantities of Sn interstitials and/or antisites in the SnS particles with flower-like morphologies giving rise to higher hole concentration, which subsequently leads to reduced transport, optical band gaps, and barrier heights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and characterization of bis(di-tert-butylindenyl) germanium(II), tin(II) and lead(II) complexes are reported, which includes the first structurally authenticated example of a bis(indenyl)germanocene. The species were studied in detail in solution and in the solid, which includes single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy, as well as Mössbauer spectroscopy of the tin compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the current challenges in medicine is to achieve a rapid and unequivocal detection and quantification of extremely low levels of disease biomarkers in complex biological samples. Here, we present the development and analytical evaluation of a low-cost smartphone-based system designed for ultrasensitive detection of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using two detection alternatives: electrochemical or optical, by coupling the smartphone with a portable potentiostat or magnifying lenses. An antibody tagged with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate platform (ITO-PET) have been used to develop a sandwich-type immunoassay. Then, a controlled silver electrodeposition on the AuNPs surface is carried out, enhancing their size greatly. Due to such strong nanoparticle-size amplification (from nm to μm), the final detection can be dual, by measuring current intensity or the number of silver-enlarged microstructures generated. The proposed strategies exhibited limit detections (LOD) of 102 and 37 fg/mL for electrochemical and optical detection respectively. The developed immunosensor reaches excellent selectivity and performance characteristics to quantify biomarkers at clinically relevant values without any pretreatment. These proposed procedures could be useful to check and verify possible recurrence after clinical treatment of tumors or even report levels of disease serum biomarkers in early stages., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Guillermo Redondo-Fernández reports financial support was provided by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Guillermo Redondo-Fernández reports financial support was provided by Principado de Asturias GRUPIN, co-financed by the Feder Programme of the European Union. Guillermo Redondo-Fernández reports financial support was provided by University of Oviedo., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Organotin pollution in components of benthic ecosystems was investigated in 2019 in the Barents Sea (South shore, Kola Peninsula) and the Fram Strait (Icefjord, Svalbard Archipelago). Six species of organotin compounds (OTs), including monobutyltin, dibutyltin, tributyltin, tetrabutyltin, triphenyltin and tricyclohexyltin, were measured in the surface sediments, bivalve molluscs (Ciliatocardium ciliatum, Macoma calcarea, Chlamys islandica) and macrophyte algae (Saccharina latissima, Palmaria palmata, Ulvaria obscura, Fucus serratus, Fucus distichus). The results obtained showed moderate contamination of the studied samples with OTs. The total content of six tin compounds was in the ranges 35–139 ng g−1, 13–108 ng g−1 and 2.9–75 ng g−1 (dry weight) in the samples of sediments, bivalves and algae, respectively. In most cases, the concentrations of tributyltin in bottom sediments and mollusc tissues did not exceed the established international regulations. The degradation indices analysis of butyl tin derivatives indicated the active transformation of tributyltin and tetrabutyltin in bottom sediments and macrophyte algae and the accumulation of these compounds in the soft tissues of molluscs. The sediment and mollusc concentrations of OTs measured in this study were comparable to those reported for other areas of the Arctic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, p-type tin monoxide (SnO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) have gained interest for all-oxide complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits for flexible electronics and back-end-of-line integration with Si. However, most SnO TFTs demonstrated so far exhibit a low on– off-current ratio and limited field effect mobility. To understand and improve SnO TFT performance, it is necessary to quantitatively characterize the subbandgap defects in SnO and at its dielectric interface. In this work, we establish numerical models which provide this understanding. By concurrent fitting of simulated ${I}_{\text{D}}$ – ${V}_{\text{GS}}$ and effective mobility versus ${V}_{\text{GS}}$ to experimentally measured data, we can accurately extract SnO defect state profiles. Using the extracted simulation models, we then identify ways to improve SnO TFT performance. Specifically, a reduction in the density of shallow, bulk Gaussian acceptor states, is necessary to reduce the off-current, while reducing the contact resistance and interface donor-like tail state density can improve the SnO field effect mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantum chemical study of tin–substituent bonds in tricoordinated tin compounds is conducted using the PC GAMESS-Firefly package. The structures of the studied molecules are optimized by the DFT method (B3PW91 functional; aug-cc-pVTZ-pp effective core potential basis set for tin; 6-311++(2d,p) basis set for other atoms). The wave functions and the NBOs of tin–substituent bonds are calculated with HF method using the x2c-TZVPall all-electron relativistic basis set for tin and the 6-311G(2d,2p) basis set for other atoms. Topological characteristics of tin–substituent bonds are calculated with the AIM method. It is shown that these bonds can be referred to as "intermediate type" bonds characterized by small contributions of Sn AOs to the bond MOs, large difference between the charges of tin atoms and the substituent, and low populations of bond MOs. The energies of Sn–R bonds are estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New complexes of dibutyltin(IV) based on the isothiocyanate ligand. • Supramolecular assembly of tin compound through noncovalent interactions. • Comparative solution and solid structural characterization. • Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to analyze the intermolecular interactions. • Thermal properties of the complexes were investigated. Dibutyltin(IV) complex [SnBu 2 (NCS) 2 ] (1) has been prepared from the reaction of SnBu 2 Cl 2 and potassium thiocyanate in a molar ratio of Sn:KNCS/1:2 in ethanol. The reaction of [SnBu 2 (NCS) 2 ] (1) with 4,4ꞌ-di- tert -butyl-2,2ꞌ-bipyridine (bu 2 bpy) in a molar ratio of Sn:bu 2 bpy/1:1 resulted in the formation of [SnBu 2 (NCS) 2 (bu 2 bpy)] (2). The products were characterized using elemental analysis, IR, and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn) spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structure determination of the complex [SnBu 2 (NCS) 2 (bu 2 bpy)] (2) revealed that the geometry around the Sn(IV) atom is highly distorted octahedral with trans -[SnBu 2 ] configuration. On the other hand, the new single crystals of bu 2 bpy (3) were characterized by X-ray crystallography from the crystallization of 2 in diethyl ether. The various types of weak interactions in their networks have been assessed using the 3D Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint maps for 2 , and 3 which show the major contribution of intermolecular interactions is related to H...H interactions. The thermal properties analysis showed that the complex [SnBu 2 (NCS) 2 ] (1) is stable up to 153 °C while the complex [SnBu 2 (NCS) 2 (bu 2 bpy)] (2) is stable up to 190 °C. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using density-functional-theory calculations combined with hybrid functional, we investigate the band gaps and built-in electric fields of ZnSnN2/ZnO (001) short-period superlattices. The band gap of ZnSnN2/ZnO (001) superlattice can be tuned from 1.9 eV to 0 eV by varying the thickness of both the ZnSnN2 and ZnO regions. Compared to the III-nitride superlattices, stronger built-in electric fields, induced by the polarizations, form inside the ZnSnN2/ZnO superlattices. The lowest electron and uppermost hole states are mainly localized at the two opposite interfaces of the superlattice, but the tails of the lowest electron states extend over several atomic layers. Based on the electrostatic argument, we demonstrate that variations of the band gap are approximately described by a geometric factor. The influence of the in-plane strain is also discussed. The results will be valuable in the design of ZnSnN2/ZnO heterostructures for electronics and optoelectronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-acknowledged pro-inflammatory chemicals, but their associations with blood cell-based inflammatory biomarkers need further investigation. Moreover, the effects and mechanisms of essential metals on PAH-related inflammation remain poorly understood. To elucidate the associations of PAHs on inflammatory biomarkers, as well as the effects and mechanisms of essential metals on these associations. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1388 coke oven workers. We analyzed the modification effects of key essential metal(s) on PAHs-inflammatory biomarkers associations. To explore the possible mechanisms from an inflammation perspective, we performed a bioinformatic analysis on the genes of PAHs and essential metals obtained from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and performed a mediation analysis. We observed associations of PAHs and essential metals with lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) (P < 0.05). PAH mixtures were inversely associated with LMR (β QGC-index = −0.18, P < 0.001), with 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) being the most prominent contributor (weight = 63.37 %), whereas a positive association between essential metal mixtures and LMR was observed (β QGC-index = 0.14, P < 0.001), with tin being the most significant contributor (weight = 51.61%). An inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR was weakened by increased tin exposure (P < 0.05). The CTD database showed that PAHs and tin compounds co-regulated 22 inflammation-associated genes, but they regulated most genes in opposite directions. Further identified the involvement of oxidative stress and mediation analysis showed that the mediation effect of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) on 1-OH-Pyr-LMR association presented heterogeneity between low and high tin tertile groups (I 2 = 37.84%). 1-OH-Pyr and tin were significantly associated with LMR. Modification effects indicated that the inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR was mitigated with an increase in tin. The mediation effect of 8-OHdG on the inverse association of 1-OH-Pyr with LMR may be partially dependent on tin. [Display omitted] • PAH mixtures were related to decreased LMR, with pyrene contributing the most. • Essential metals had joint effects on elevated LMR, with tin being predominant. • Tin had a modifying effect on pyrene-LMR association. • Pyrene and tin regulated inflammation-related common genes in opposite directions. • 8-OHdG mediated pyrene-LMR association and partially dependent on the dose of tin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of potentially hypercoordinate tin compounds derived from a substitutionally labile tosyl stannane (5) was produced to gain access to a library of propyloxybiphenyl (11), propylmethoxy (12, 14, 18, 22) or propylthioester (13, 15, 19, 23) stannanes for structure/property/polymerization investigations. Structural characterizations by single crystal X‐ray diffraction of 12, 14, 18 and 19 were also undertaken. The relative energies of hypercoordinate conformers for the propylmethoxystannanes 12, 14, 18, and 22 were determined with DFT methods and the fractional abundance of conformers in the gas and solution (CHCl3) phase were estimated. Relativistic DFT calculations of 119Sn NMR chemical shifts were carried out for a series of non‐hypercoordinate reference compounds and the conformers, allowing the estimation of Boltzmann‐averaged chemical shifts of the hypercoordinate propylmethoxystannanes. A semi‐crystalline homopolymer (25) was isolated from the dehydropolymerization of 22 using Wilkinson's catalyst. Conversion of the liable tosylated polystannane (24) to a new partially substituted polystannane (28) via nucleophile displacement reactions was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, three Ibuprofen tin complexes were synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 119Sn-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopies to identify the structures. The complexes were mixed separately with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to improve its photo-stability properties. Their activity was demonstrated by several approaches of the FTIR to exhibit the formation of new groups within the polymer structure due to the exposure to UV light. Moreover, the polymer’s weight loss during irradiation and the average molecular weight estimation using its viscosity before and after irradiation were investigated. Furthermore, different techniques were used to study the surface morphology of the PVC before and after irradiation. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and optical microscope demonstrated that applying Ibuprofen tin complexes keeps the surface of PVC smoother, with fewer cracks and spots after irradiation comparing to the blank PVC. Finally, It seems possible that such synthesized Ibuprofen tin complexes can work as excellent photo-stabilizers of PVC. In particular, complex 1 showed the best results among other stabilizers due to the large conjugation system of the stabilizer.

In this work, the release of giant liposome (∼100 μm in diameter) content was imaged by shadow electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy. Giant unilamellar liposomes were pre-loaded with a sucrose solution and allowed to sediment at an ITO electrode surface immersed in a solution containing a luminophore ([Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ ) and a sacrificial co-reactant (tri- n -propylamine). Upon polarization, the electrode exhibited illumination over its entire surface thanks to the oxidation of ECL reagents. However, as soon as liposomes reached the electrode surface, dark spots appeared and then spread over time on the surface. This observation reflected a blockage of the electrode surface at the contact point between the liposome and the electrode surface, followed by the dilution of ECL reagents after the rupture of the liposome membrane and release of its internal ECL-inactive solution. Interestingly, ECL reappeared in areas where it initially faded, indicating back-diffusion of ECL reagents towards the previously diluted area and thus confirming liposome permeabilization. The whole process was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively within the defined region of interest. Two mass transport regimes were identified: a gravity-driven spreading process when the liposome releases its content leading to ECL vanishing and a diffusive regime when ECL recovers. The reported shadow ECL microscopy should find promising applications for the imaging of transient events such as molecular species released by artificial or biological vesicles.

Indium lung is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to indium-tin-oxide (ITO) dust. Compared to other occupational lung diseases, indium lung has a shorter latency period and the respiratory status continues to worsen even after exposure to the work environment improves. Paraseptal emphysema which affects mainly the subpleural area is seen on chest images obtained via computed tomography (CT), regardless of the smoking history. However, the pathogenesis of emphysema in indium lung is still unclear. Therefore, we re-evaluated the pathology of three previously reported cases of indium lung. Paraseptal emphysema was observed in both smokers and nonsmokers. Obstructive respiratory impairment worsened over time in the cases with paraseptal emphysema. Many alveolar walls were destroyed independent of the presence or absence of emphysetamous changes or fibrosis. Moreover, bronchiolitis was found to be less common in indium lung than in asbestosis (the most common occupational lung disease) or common cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by smoking. It has been shown that ITO causes protease anti-protease imbalance, oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, and continuous, abnormal inflammation (the three major causes of emphysema). In addition, nano-sized ITO is less likely to be trapped in the upper airways and may easily reach the subpleural alveoli. Furthermore, ITO may continue to cause sustained tissue injury at the alveolar level potentially resulting in emphysema. Further studies are needed to elucidate the detailed pathogenesis of indium lung by comparing it with other occupational lung diseases.

Developing low-cost and efficient methods to enhance the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity of luminophores is highly desirable and challenging. Herein, we developed an efficient ECL system based on palladium-modified graphene oxide as a substrate and tin dioxide quantum dot-modified spike-like gold-silver alloy as an immunoprobe. Specifically, palladium-modified graphene oxide was rationally selected as the sensor substrate for the attachment of zearalenone antigens while facilitating the amplification of the ECL signal through enhanced electron transfer efficiency. A spike-like gold-silver alloy modified with tin dioxide quantum dots was attached to the zearalenone antibody as an immunoprobe, and the sensor exhibited remarkable sensitivity due to the exceptional ECL performance of the quantum dots. To demonstrate the practical feasibility of the principle, zearalenone levels were detected in actual samples of maize and pig urine, and the sensor showed a broad linear range (0.0005-500 ng mL -1 ) and low detection limit (0.16 pg mL -1 ) in the high-sensitivity detection of Zearalenone. Overall, this work first reports the construction of a highly sensitive ECL immunosensor for the detection of zearalenone using a protruding gold-silver alloy modified with tin dioxide as an immunoprobe and a palladium modified graphene oxide as a substrate. It provides a novel approach for the detection of small molecule toxin-like substances., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have read and complied with the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Talanta. All the authors listed have approved the submission: The First author Yuze Feng declares that he has no conflict of interest. The second author Gaobiao Cheng declares that he has no conflict of interest. The third author Zhe Wang declares that he has no conflict of interest. The fourth author Kang Wu declares that he has no conflict of interest. The fifth author Anping Deng declares that he has no conflict of interest. Corresponding Author Jianguo Li declares that he has no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A biosensing electrochemical platform for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been developed by integrating a three-electrode indium tin oxide (ITO) on a chip. The platform includes modifications to the reference electrode and working electrode for the detection of HSP70. The new platform is constructed by assembly of HSP70 antibody on PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode to create a high HSP70 sensitive surface. The PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode is obtained by immersing the ITO electrode into the PS-AuNPs@Cys solution and performing constant potential deposition at -1.4 V (Ag/AgCl). The PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au film deposited on ITO glass provides a desirable substrate for the immobilization of the HSP70 antibody and improves the loading of antibody between PS-AuNPs@Cys/Au and the electrode resulting in a significant amplification. Under optimal conditions, the fabricated sensor demonstrates a linear range extending from 0.1 ng mL - 1 to 1000 ng mL - 1 , with an impressive detection limit of 25.7 pg mL - 1 (S/N = 3). The developed immunoassay method successfully detected the HSP70 content in normal human blood samples and outperformed the ELISA method commonly used for clinical sample analysis., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are an emerging technology that holds promise for renewable energy production and the mitigation of environmental challenges. This research paper introduces a single-compartment MFC reactor that utilizes transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and indium tin oxides (ITO), as the working electrodes. The effectiveness of MFCs based on FTO and ITO was evaluated by characterizing the transparent electrode and examining its performance during biofilm cultivation. Additionally, the optical properties of the biofilm grown directly on these electrodes were investigated using LEDs as a light source. The impressive average current density of 200 μA cm -2 over 100 days demonstrates the efficiency of the see-through electrodes in bioenergy extraction. The correlation between spectroscopic and microscopic analyses substantiates the feasibility of employing transparent electrodes for accurate quantification of biofilm thickness, with an initial accuracy of ±10 μm in the initial cycle, ±22 μm in the subsequent cycle, and a maximum of ±31 μm after seven days of growth. This innovative approach holds great potential for advancing our understanding of MFCs and their application in environmentally friendly energy generation and optical-based monitoring., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To assess the effect of different tin-containing toothpastes on the control of erosive tooth wear in enamel and dentin., Methods: Enamel and dentin slabs were randomly distributed into 7 experimental groups (n = 10/substrate): C-: negative control (Artificial saliva); AmF (regular fluoridated toothpaste without tin); Sn-1 (SnF 2 /NaF); Sn-2 (SnF 2 /NaF/SnCl 2 ); Sn-3 (SnCl 2 /NaF); Sn-4 (SnF 2 /SnCl 2 ); Sn-5 (SnCl 2 /AmF/NaF/chitosan). Specimens were submitted to 5-day erosion-abrasion cycling. Surface loss (SL) was determined with an optical profilometer. Tin deposition on the tooth surfaces and some characteristics of the toothpastes (pH, potentially available F - , %weight of solid particles, and RDA) were also assessed. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05)., Results: For enamel, the Sn-2 presented the lowest SL, not differing significantly from AmF, C+, and Sn-3. The SL of these groups was significantly lower than the C-, except for Sn-3. Sn-1 and Sn-4 were also not significantly different from C-. For dentin, C- significantly showed the highest SL values, whilst, Sn-1 presented the lowest SL, not differing significantly from AmF, Sn-2, C+, and Sn-3. There was a significant positive association between enamel SL and the pH and tin deposition. Dentin SL was significantly negatively associated with the %weight of solid particles and RDA., Conclusions: Most of the tin-toothpastes were able to exhibit some protection against ETW. In this process, the toothpastes characteristics play a role, as lower enamel SL was significantly associated with lower pH values and tin deposition; and lower dentin SL was associated with higher %weight of solid particles and RDA of the toothpastes., Clinical Significance: Tin-containing toothpastes can be used for erosive tooth wear protection, but our study showed that their effect depends on the pH, amount of tin deposition, % weight of solid particles and RDA of the toohpastes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)