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Efruxifermin (EFX) is a novel fusion biotherapeutic consisting of two modified human fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) variants tethered via short linkers to a hIgG1 Fc domain. EFX is under clinical development by Akero Therapeutics, Inc. for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Fusion to the IgG Fc moiety extends the circulating half-life of EFX, enabling once-weekly subcutaneous administration. In addition, point mutations in the FGF21 moiety of EFX, relative to native human FGF21, protect against degradation of the C-terminus by the endogenous endopeptidase fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and increase affinity for the FGF21 co-receptor b-Klotho, which together enhance in vivo PD activity of EFX. Accordingly, to support clinical PK a sensitive and specific assay is needed for determination of biologically active (i. e., C-terminal intact) EFX serum concentrations that is minimally cross-reactive with endogenous FGF21 or potential inactive metabolites of EFX. Moreover, the assay needs to have reliability with serum samples from NASH patients, in whom hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are prevalent. To achieve the analytical aims, we undertook development of a noncompetitive immunosorbent assay design, wherein a biotinylated version of a rat mAb directed against EFX's intact C-terminus serves as the capture reagent, while an affinity purified chicken anti-EFX pAb labeled with Sulfo-TAG functions as the detection reagent. This novel ECLIA design permits measurement of an electrochemiluminescence signal for maximizing assay sensitivity. In brief, serum samples are diluted 1: 10 in buffer and added to the MSD plate coated with rat mAb. After incubation and washing, bound EFX is detected using an affinity purified chicken anti-EFX PAB labeled with SULFO-TAG. After washing and addition of read buffer, the signal responses are measured in a SQ120 reader and concentration in test samples is estimated by dose-interpolation using a weighted 5-PL curve fit with an EFX standard curve ranging from 10–2,000 ng/mL. The new assay allows measurement of serum EFX at concentrations as low at 20 ng/mL. Upon pre-study validation, the assay has met analytical performance criteria outlined in BMV regulatory guidances. We conclude the optimized ECLIA will be useful for reliable assessment of EFX PK in patients with NASH. Presentation: No date and time listed

Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a member of the FGF19 sub-family of signaling molecules. They have been found to act at the localized paracrine/autocrine and systemic endocrine levels because of their extracellular matrix and co-receptor protein binding characteristics. While the molecule circulates systemically, it has specificity conferred by a co-factor binding protein β-Klotho which is preferentially expressed in hepatic and adipose tissues. This protein, in conjunction with the FGF receptor (FGFR), propagates the downstream effects of the growth factor signaling cascade, which has been linked to fat and glucose metabolism. FGF21 has been recognized as a possible pathway for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Targeting of the FGF21/FGFR/β-Klotho pathway may halt or reverse hepatic fat infiltration, inflammation, and fibrosis.Areas covered: This article summarizes preclinical and clinical data on the efficacy and safety of two FGF21 agonist therapies in development.Expert opinion: Preclinical and clinical data justify further investigation of FGF21 agonist therapies for the treatment of NAFLD. However, issues including injection site reactions and possible effects on bone homeostasis mean that safety must be evaluated carefully.

Palaeomagnetic and palaeointensity results are reported from a thin succession of lavas erupted in Lower Carboniferous times (ca. 355 Ma) in northern England. Characteristic magnetisations were apparently acquired at the time of eruption but the stable (normal) field direction is recovered from only two sites out of seven. The remainder are not compatible with younger overprinting and are interpreted as thermo remanent magnetisations (TRMs) recording transitional fields. Palaeointensity studies employing the Shaw method identify main field intensities averaging 20.8 μT within the range of estimates of the Lower Carboniferous field intensity from studies elsewhere. In contrast, the lavas recording transitional field directions yield palaeointensity estimates which fall mostly between 10 and 20% of this value. Hence it is inferred that Palaeozoic field inversions were, like Recent examples, characterised by a general decline in the intensity of the field.