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As the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) approaches its thirty-fifth year of operations, we outline the Australian Government's approach to address extraordinary natural and human mediated biosecurity challenges across our sparsely populated northern shores. NAQS is a concept that is unique worldwide but could be equally well applied in many other island nations dealing with similar circumstances. Key to the success of the NAQS has been long collaborations with biosecurity scientists in the neighbouring nations to the north. Some examples of how these relationships have borne fruit as we tackle regionally important plant diseases are illustrated. We also focus on how the plant pathology component of the program developed and evolved from the early 1990s to 2023. This is the story of how the Australian Government has been protecting Australia's remote northern coastline from biosecurity invasions from neighbouring countries. It is a story of boots on the ground plant health surveillance across Australia's north and also over the horizon, in the countries that lie so close to our northern shore. Key to success has been collaborative field work overseas, with biosecurity scientists of Indonesia, Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Photograph by Kerry Trapnell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of the Province of East Timor from Indonesia in 1999 resulted in the displacement of East Timorese from the East Timor region to several provinces in Indonesia. Some refugees remained in Indonesia and chose to become Indonesian citizens. As new citizens, the former East Timor refugees experienced a struggle to foster a sense of nationalism toward Indonesia. This article originates from the results of qualitative reflective research using literature data and archival notes from former East Timor refugees, which were analyzed using ethnographic content analysis and rhetorical analysis methods. The study concludes that memories of past life in East Timor and the present reality of life in ex-refugee settlements in Indonesia generate diverse imaginations about Indonesia. To build a sense of nationality, the former East Timorese refugees must reconstruct their imaginations about Indonesia based on the past and present realities they have experienced, which are not all imaginary.

Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memberdayakan siswa sekolah dasar di Yayasan An-Nur dengan memberikan mereka pelatihan dan pendampingan dalam mengajar puisi menggunakan metode karyawisata. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini meliputi pelatihan, workshop, penyuluhan, dan karyawisata. Pelatihan akan diberikan kepada guru-guru untuk meningkatkan kompetensi mereka dalam mengajar puisi dan penggunaan metode karyawisata. Workshop melibatkan siswa secara langsung dalam mempelajari teknik menulis puisi melalui diskusi dan latihan menulis. Kegiatan ini berhasil meningkatkan keterampilan menulis puisi siswa dan meningkatkan motivasi dan minat mereka terhadap menulis. Guru-guru yang terlibat juga mendapatkan manfaat berupa peningkatan kompetensi dalam mengajar puisi menggunakan metode yang lebih kreatif dan efektif. Meskipun terdapat beberapa hambatan selama pelaksanaan kegiatan, semua hambatan tersebut dapat diatasi dengan baik melalui koordinasi yang baik, perencanaan yang matang, dan fleksibilitas dalam pelaksanaan.

The coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.), (CRB) is a major pest of coconut and oil palms that causes significant damage in the Asia/Pacific region. Traditional methods for surveillance and detection of CRB involve in‐person inspections, but these are expensive to carry out and were made impossible by travel restrictions during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In this paper, a method to remotely detect possible CRB incursions and assess damage levels using publicly available images is described. The method involves searching for pictures of palms and identifying those with the distinctive V‐shaped cuts in fronds characteristic of CRB feeding. The method was validated by examining palm images from known outbreak areas and those free from the pest. We found evidence of CRB damage in the previously unreported site of Dili, Timor Leste and possible evidence of CRB in the Solomon Islands even before it was first reported in 2015. Potential limitations and broader applications of this approach are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research has been carried out in three districts consisting of Liquica, Ermera, and Ainaro districts, from January 2021 to January 2022. The location was chosen with consideration: (i) Geographically Liquica district represents lowland areas with an altitude of 700-900 m asl, Ermera district represents moderate plains with an altitude of 1000-1400 m asl and Ainaro district represents highland areas with an altitude of 1500-1750 m asl; (ii) Ecology of coffee farming in the districts of Liquica, Ermera and Ainaro under the supervision of the agriculture and plantation service. This study aimed to determine the ecological characteristics of arabica coffee farming in Timor Leste and to analyse the ecological politics and sustainability of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabika L) farming in Timor Leste. The type of research used in this study was a case study. The research method used was Mix-methods, i.e., a research approach that combines or associates qualitative and quantitative forms in the data collection stage. Respondents were selected as many as 180 coffee farmers using Purposive Sampling Technique. Respondent characteristic data were analysed descriptively, and data related to ecological politics on the sustainability of coffee farming management were analysed using multiple linear regression, continuing with the T test. The results showed that from the aspect of farmers' characteristics, they still needed improvement and assistance considering that the age of the farmer was dominated by 51-56 years (30%), with relatively low formal education, only elementary school by 40%. Political ecological analysis of the sustainability of coffee farming from the social aspect, community aspect and product responsibility aspect displayed a very significant effect (p < 0.01) and for environmental aspects it has a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the sustainability of coffee farming. Meanwhile, the economic and labour aspects exhibited no significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the determination of Indonesia and Timor Leste land boundaries, especially in the Noel Besi - Citrana segment. This study uses critical geopolitical analysis, especially the geopolitical vision according to Agnew (2013) and O Tuathail (1996), to explain the issue of land boundaries in the Noel Besi - Citrana segment. This study uses qualitative methods, in which the primary data is drawn from in-depth interviews with several key informants. The secondary data is through scientific literature and news in online media. This study shows that the issue of land boundaries in the Noel Besi - Citrana segment is caused by the different geopolitical visions of the two countries (Indonesia and Timor Leste). Although the two countries both refer to the 1904 Treaty between the Netherlands and the Portuguese, which contains a territorial boundary agreement on the island of Timor, the two countries have different geopolitical visions. Indonesia perceives the mouth of the Noel Besi River as the beginning of determining the boundary line in the east. Meanwhile, Timor Leste perceives that the delimitation should be drawn from Noel Besi, depicted in a small ditch (Nono Tuinan) in the west. The two countries then visualized the Naktuka region in constructing a map of the country's boundaries based on their respective perceptions. These results support the arguments of Agnew (2013) and O Tuathail (1996), which emphasize the role of geopolitical vision in writing the world by visualizing the surrounding environment based on perceptions as outlined in the construction of images and maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to find out how happy the ex‐East Timor refugees who chose to become Indonesians after more than 20 years of the Timor Leste referendum were. Descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis were employed for investigating the responsible factors for their happiness level. An open survey method and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) scale distribution were used in this study with 173 Indonesians who participated in the 1999 Timor Leste referendum. The results show that on a scale of 1 to 6 participants are in the second or third lowest levels of happiness. Five main factors determine the happiness of the refugees, including economic condition, recognition and appreciation from the Indonesian government, security, family, and education access. These research findings offer a deeper understanding of the ex‐refugee studies to obtain psychological well‐being rights in their country of choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Asia Pacific region, pigs play an important cultural and economic role in society. However, the cultural significance and use of livestock is often overlooked in agricultural research and development. This paper describes the contribution of pigs to the social and cultural life of rural households in Timor Leste from the perspectives of women, men and children. Three lowland patrilineal and two highland matrilineal communities in Bobonaro district were selected for qualitative research. Eight focus groups were held in five sub-villages in two locations with 20 women, 20 men and 21 children involved in pig raising and 16 people not raising pigs at the time. Ten key informants were individually interviewed. Our research found geographic, gender and age differences in ceremonial roles and pig husbandry including types and numbers of pigs used, ritual activities and pig housing or feeding. Pig raising is mostly done by women and children, with men organizing cultural events and making decisions on using pigs for rituals. Challenges and opportunities to improve pig husbandry in contexts, such as Timor Leste with limited resources, absence of formal meat markets, exotic disease outbreaks and strong cultural obligations, are discussed.

Timor-Leste during and after the process of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) in the years 2000-2004 did not achieve an acceptable level of security. This article, using a DDR maximalist perspective and a liberal perspective in security studies, examines the UN limitations in providing a solid problem-solving process and its implications for DDR. The qualitative data collected from several personal interviews to different stakeholders is analyzed using thematic analysis. Based on these interviews and observations this research finds that the UN had several limitations to carry out DDR in Timor-Leste, being the most salient, the weak legitimacy and the lack of professionalism in human resources.

O Timor-Leste, que teve sua independência em 2002, é o país mais católico da Ásia. Objetivo deste artigo é analisar a devoção mariana no país, suas raízes culturais e sua vocação como expressão católica que ilumina e inspira a região. Segue-se uma metodologia de revisão de literatura e diálogo entre os autores, sendo um deles um sacerdote timorense. Neste artigo, destaca-se duas localidades como santuários marianos e reflete-se sobre seus significados. O Santuário Nacional de Aitara, em uma localização sagrada, passa por ressignificação – de local da árvore da degola para árvore da cura, assim, o lugar do suplício e tormento se torna alívio e alento. A “pequena menina” – a Virgem de Aitara – se torna a Grande Protetora, irradiando uma mensagem de redenção e benção para toda região. O Santuário de Nossa Senhora de Fátima, no pico Ramelau, reúne três características tradicionais para os timorenses: geograficamente, está no centro do país; ocupa seu lugar mais alto; é lugar sagrado de transcendência de repouso dos antepassados. Ramelau se tornou também espaço real e simbólico da resistência à ocupação indonésia

Smallholder pig production in Timor-Leste is culturally and economically important for most households. However, regular and ongoing disease surveillance and pig husbandry training for farmers are limited. This article describes collaborative social and diagnostic research followed by a pilot community engagement program to improve farmer and technician knowledge, skills, and working relationships. There were three phases: (1) A qualitative study in 2020 to explore the experiences and knowledge of 133 pig farmers, 6 village leaders, and 16 district veterinary technicians on pig diseases and reporting, treatment methods, and access to information or assistance. (2) A pilot community engagement program in 3 villages in 2021 with the diagnostic investigation with samples analyzed from 27 dead pigs, and (3) Evaluation of community engagement and training outcomes. Results of the qualitative study revealed limited reporting of sick or dead pigs by farmers to veterinary technicians due to a lack of trust in the veterinary diagnostic system. Most technicians lacked experience with sampling or post-mortems so diagnostic training was undertaken for the pilot disease investigation. Evaluation results showed improved knowledge, motivation, and confidence of government staff and farmers. The credibility of veterinary technicians improved and gave them more confidence to work with communities. Farmers felt supported because all aspects of pig husbandry were addressed, and they were more willing to report dead or sick pigs. The project indicates that improved passive disease surveillance can be achieved by engaging communities in smallholder pig farming in Timor-Leste. Further research and testing of the approach in other districts and countries is recommended.

This paper presents a new analysis of a class of words previously analyzed as postpositions in the Papuan language Fataluku. Closer examination reveals that these words exhibit verbal characteristics, such as taking verbal morphology and occupying the same grammatical slots as action verbs. Additionally, a number of words may express either events or sematically-related positional relationships, following established pathways of semantic bleaching. I argue that many verbs have acquired adposition-like meanings through their use in serial verb constructions, a common areal feature, and that their synchronic behavior is more consistent with a verbal analysis than an adpositional one.

This study aimed to reveal the communication styles in the Organizasaun Lospalos Uan Ukani Bandung organization with the influence of their original culture, namely Fataluku. This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. The data sources in this study were divided into two types of data sources, namely primary sources and secondary sources. The technique of determining the informants in this study was using purposive sampling technique. The result showed that the communication style of the students of the Lospalos Uan Ukani Bandung members takes place with a formal communication style using the very standard Fataluku language. The speaking style of the members also used a verbal communication style by using words in speaking accompanied by non-verbal communication in the form of hand movements and facial mimics.

In the Asia Pacific region, pigs play an important cultural and economic role in society. However, the cultural significance and use of livestock is often overlooked in agricultural research and development. This paper describes the contribution of pigs to the social and cultural life of rural households in Timor Leste from the perspectives of women, men and children. Three lowland patrilineal and two highland matrilineal communities in Bobonaro district were selected for qualitative research. Eight focus groups were held in five sub-villages in two locations with 20 women, 20 men and 21 children involved in pig raising and 16 people not raising pigs at the time. Ten key informants were individually interviewed. Our research found geographic, gender and age differences in ceremonial roles and pig husbandry including types and numbers of pigs used, ritual activities and pig housing or feeding. Pig raising is mostly done by women and children, with men organizing cultural events and making decisions on using pigs for rituals. Challenges and opportunities to improve pig husbandry in contexts, such as Timor Leste with limited resources, absence of formal meat markets, exotic disease outbreaks and strong cultural obligations, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is my story of how I, a teacher in an Australian university, and twelve students from Timor Leste negotiated cultural difference and gained a deeper understanding of ourselves and each other--and the lesson the story has for researchers. Using autoethnography and structured vignette analysis, I show how each of us evolved coping strategies to deal with our different cultural expectations, and in the process experienced enlightenment and personal transformation. Phenomenology and in particular autoethnography are well suited not only to understanding the interaction between researcher and the researched, but also the role that researcher selfawareness plays in the process of cultural adaptation. To gain perspective on the student experience, I undertook a case study by conducting a focus group and individual interviews. For the students, learning how to exist in Australian culture became the hidden curriculum. For me, understanding the impact of the cultural distance between teacher and students became imperative as the tension between their wellbeing and my own gathered momentum. This demonstrates how the initially separate cultural journeys of researchers and researched can come together as a shared journey of increasing self-understanding and personal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current study aimed at analyzing and conceptualizing the Government Regulation number 5 of 2020 concerning Standards for Organizing Balinese Cultural Tourism and compare it with other regulations in the neighborhood countries, including that of Timor Leste. The study found that the Bali Regulation under study was promulgated to ensure the sustainability of Balinese Cultural Tourism and uphold its cultural values, natural environment, customs, spiritualism, maritime and local wisdom of the community. complementing and combining the physical characteristics of village-based tourism destinations between Bali and Timor Leste regions in order to increase tourism which was heavily impacted during the pandemic. The study made a normative and empiric legal analysis of the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 5/2020 concerning the Standard for the Implementation of Balinese Cultural Tourism and the relevant Timor Leste regulation by utilizing comparative research approach. The rationale behind this study was to find ways how to develop village-based tourism destinations on urgent basis as the livelihood of the people in Bali and Timor Leste is critically dependent on tourism. The data was collected from library resources, legislations, journal articles, and legal archives. The study found that various legislations including Bali Provincial Regulation No 5 of 2020 concerning with the Standards for Balinese Cultural Tourism Implementation encouraged equal business opportunities and equal benefits to face the challenges of changing local, national and global life amidst the pandemic. However, now there is a need to establish business quality, services, processes, systems and / or services to tourists that meet standards, business qualification requirements, human resource competencies while not overriding the smooth running of traditional ceremonial activities as an intangible cultural heritage based on the Tri Hitakarana philosophy. The findings of the study would have useful implications on the tourism business of the two sectors under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article departs from liberal institutionalism theory which argues that security sector reform is an important element to guarantee community security in post-conflict state. Nevertheless, this article discovers that Security Sector Reform run by the United Nations in Timor Lester from 2000-2012 failed to provide effective community security. While the people of Timor Leste have their own perceptions about the meaning of security, religious and cultural institutions, the church and "uma lisan" have provided mainly social protection and mechanisms for conflict resolution. Based on in-depth interviews with 15 key informants and survey to 100 respondents during the field research in Dili, this article suggests that the security role of the church and "uma lisan" has substantially substituted the ineffectiveness of the international and state-led security institutions during the United Nations mission in the country.

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva apresentar uma investigação sobre a distribuição de três modificadores de grau em tétum (los, liu e tebes), língua austronésia falada no Timor Leste, realizada em Macedo (2019a). Os vocábulos em questão parecem apresentar a mesma distribuição à primeira vista, sendo traduzidos pelo advérbio ‘muito’ em português. Para averiguar sua distribuição, exploramos a hipótese de que a seleção dos modificadores seria determinada pela natureza escalar do elemento modificado adotando a tipologia escalar de Kennedy e McNally (2005). A coleta de dados para esse estudo se deu em três etapas: (i) teste de tradução de sentenças do português para o tétum; (ii) teste de averiguação de aceitabilidade das sentenças em tétum (cf. MATTHEWSON, 2004); (iii) experimento para averiguação de aceitabilidade das sentenças em tétum (MACEDOa, 2019). Os resultados obtidos mostram que nenhum modificador apresentou preferência ou rejeição de 100%. A gradação encontrada é interpretada levando-se em conta as especificidades da língua tétum e da natureza da metodologia adotada, no que diz respeito ao tipo de experimento escolhido (de aceitabilidade com escala Likert). Palavras-chave: advérbios; intensificadores; semântica; tétum; Timor Leste. Abstract: This article aims to present an investigation on the distribution of three degree modifiers in Tetum (los, liu and tebes), an Austronesia language spoken on the island of Timor, done by Macedo (2019a). The three modifiers appear to have the same distribution at first sight, being translated by ‘very’ in English and ‘muito’ in Portuguese. In order to investigate its distribution, we explored the hypothesis that the selection of these modifiers would be determined by the scalar nature of the modified element following the scalar typology presented in Kennedy and McNally (2005). The data collection was performed in three stages: (i) translation of sentences from Portuguese into Tetum; (ii) verification of acceptability of Tetum sentences (cf. MATTHEWSON, 2004); (iii) experimental test to verify the acceptability of sentences in Tetum (MACEDO, 2019a). The results show that no modifier showed 100% of preference or rejection. The gradation found is interpreted considering the particularities of Tetum and the nature of the methodology adopted, namely the type of experiment (acceptability task with Likert scale). Keywords: adverbs; intensifiers; semantics; Tetum; East Timor.

Abstract Background Timor Leste has made remarkable progress from malaria control to malaria elimination in a span of 10 years during which organized malaria control efforts were instituted. The good practices and possible factors that have contributed to the remarkable transition from malaria control to elimination in a newly independent country devastated by civil unrest which left the entire administrative structure including the health sector in a disrupted non-functional state are highlighted. Methods Data from the National Malaria Control Programme were reviewed. A literature search was carried out using the key words “malaria”, “Timor Leste”, “East Timor”, and “malaria control” and “malaria elimination”. All relevant manuscripts and reports that were identified in the search were reviewed. Key personnel of the NMCP, WHO and the GFATM involved in the project were interviewed. Results With the setting up of the National Malaria Control Programme just after independence in 2003 with two officers, the programme expanded over the years and strategic malaria control activities in an organized manner commenced in 2009 with funding from the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The incidence of malaria declined dramatically from 223,002 cases in 2006 with the last indigenous case being reported in June 2017. The decline in malaria was associated with strategic application of key evidence-based interventions taking into account the burden of disease, characteristics of vectors, and stratification of risk areas ensuring universal access to malaria prevention, and quality assured diagnostic tools and effective anti-malarial medicines at point of care, intensified surveillance, monitoring and evaluation, and capacity building, including training of staff, with adequate programme funding. The programme was provided with technical expertise and sustained political commitment that ensured uninterrupted implementation of interventions based on national strategic plans. The incorporation of the malaria control programme within an evolving health system helped the transition from malaria control to malaria elimination. Conclusion Universal access to quality assured malaria diagnosis and treatment and focussed vector control, implemented throughout the country in an organized manner with adequate funding and political commitment were key to the successful interruption of malaria transmission in the country. All the practices or factors listed did not work in isolation but rather synergistically in an integrated manner. Malaria elimination is possible even in tropical areas of South and Southeast Asia.

This is my story of how I, a teacher in an Australian university, and twelve students from Timor Leste negotiated cultural difference and gained a deeper understanding of ourselves and each other—and the lesson the story has for researchers. Using autoethnography and structured vignette analysis, I show how each of us evolved coping strategies to deal with our different cultural expectations, and in the process experienced enlightenment and personal transformation. Phenomenology and in particular autoethnography are well suited not only to understanding the interaction between researcher and the researched, but also the role that researcher self-awareness plays in the process of cultural adaptation. To gain perspective on the student experience, I undertook a case study by conducting a focus group and individual interviews. For the students, learning how to exist in Australian culture became the hidden curriculum. For me, understanding the impact of the cultural distance between teacher and students became imperative as the tension between their wellbeing and my own gathered momentum. This demonstrates how the initially separate cultural journeys of researchers and researched can come together as a shared journey of increasing self-understanding and personal growth.

This paper presents a new analysis of a class of words previously analyzed as postpositions in the Papuan language Fataluku. Closer examination reveals that these words exhibit verbal characteristics, such as taking verbal morphology and occupying the same grammatical slots as action verbs. Additionally, a number of words may express either events or sematically-related positional relationships, following established pathways of semantic bleaching. I argue that many verbs have acquired adposition-like meanings through their use in serial verb constructions, a common areal feature, and that their synchronic behavior is more consistent with a verbal analysis than an adpositional one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies comment on regional variation in Fataluku, but no detailed study of phonetic variation has yet been published. This paper reports on the distribution of [z], [j], and other voiced coronals in phonetically-controlled speech from fourteen Fataluku speakers—seven from the village of Tutuala and seven from the village of Lospalos. In Tutuala, I find complementary distribution between voiced coronal obstruents and glides, while in Lospalos, the relationship between obstruents and glides is chaotic and speaker-dependent. This difference in homogeneity parallels the make-up of these villages, as Lospalos draws a diverse array of workers from across the Fataluku-speaking area, while Tutuala is relatively remote and has a much smaller draw.

This paper presents a study of wind speeds for heights of 100 and 120 m above Hera mountain which is located in Dili. The results of wind speed simulation from January to December 2014 are used as input data to estimate wind energy. The weather research and forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate one year's wind speed for nesting domain 1x1 km at 100 and 120 m heights above Hera mountain. It is done using six-hourly interval 1° x 1° NCEP FNL analysis data for initial simulation. The system advisor model version SAM 2017.9.5 is used to estimate wind energy performance with the power purchase agreement (single owner) model. The results show the lowest average wind speed is 3.83 m/s obtained in November with an average monthly energy of 3.8 GWh for 100 m height and 5.57 GWh for 120 m height. The highest average monthly wind energy is 33.9 GWh obtained in January for 100 m height and 50 GWh for 120 m height when average wind speeds from both heights reached ±9 m/s. Finally, it is concluded that the WRF model performed with SAM is a good combination to simulate local wind speed and wind energy for local consumption.

In March 4, 2011, Timor Leste applied for membership in ASEAN through formal application conveying said intent. This is an intriguing case, as Timor Leste, is a Southeast Asian country that applied for ASEAN Membership after the shift of ASEAN to acknowledge ASEAN Charter as its constituent instrument. Therefore, this research paper aims to provide a descriptive overview upon the requisites of becoming ASEAN Member State under the prevailing regulations. The substantive requirements of Timor Leste to become the eleventh ASEAN Member State are also surveyed in the hopes that it will provide a comprehensive understanding as why Timor Leste has not been accepted into ASEAN. Through this, it is to be noted how the membership system in ASEAN will develop its own existence as a regional organization. This research begins with a brief introduction about ASEAN’s rules on membership admission followed by the practice of ASEAN with regard to membership admission and then a discussion about the effort of Timor Leste to become on eof ASEAN member state.

In times of accelerated globalization, with the overheated circulation of lifestyle desires and future imaginaries of the good life, children's education has become a site of contested governmental, activist, and entrepreneurial assemblages that connect translocal actors and communities. The literature on transnational education has demonstrated that knowledge circulation prompts the production of "mobile worlds"—the movement of bodies, ideas, and finances. This article extends this well-established body of research and focuses on the connectivities of "minor utopias" emerging from within and across borders. It builds on past ethnographic work in Indonesia as a route into a discussion of recent observations of the emerging national permaculture curriculum pertaining to primary school education in Timor Leste. To theorize the relations and processes that connect translocal actors and communities, I draw on the concept of "worlding"—the continual process of emplacing translocal ideas and assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nomadas (01217550) is the property of Universidad Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to present an investigation on the distribution of three degree modifiers in Tetum (los, liu and tebes), an Austronesia language spoken on the island of Timor, done by Macedo (2019a). The three modifiers appear to have the same distribution at first sight, being translated by 'very' in English and 'muito' in Portuguese. In order to investigate its distribution, we explored the hypothesis that the selection of these modifiers would be determined by the scalar nature of the modified element following the scalar typology presented in Kennedy and McNally (2005). The data collection was performed in three stages: (i) translation of sentences from Portuguese into Tetum; (ii) verification of acceptability of Tetum sentences (cf. MATTHEWSON, 2004); (iii) experimental test to verify the acceptability of sentences in Tetum (MACEDO, 2019a). The results show that no modifier showed 100% of preference or rejection. The gradation found is interpreted considering the particularities of Tetum and the nature of the methodology adopted, namely the type of experiment (acceptability task with Likert scale). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Timor Leste has made remarkable progress from malaria control to malaria elimination in a span of 10 years during which organized malaria control efforts were instituted. The good practices and possible factors that have contributed to the remarkable transition from malaria control to elimination in a newly independent country devastated by civil unrest which left the entire administrative structure including the health sector in a disrupted non-functional state are highlighted. Methods: Data from the National Malaria Control Programme were reviewed. A literature search was carried out using the key words "malaria", "Timor Leste", "East Timor", and "malaria control" and "malaria elimination". All relevant manuscripts and reports that were identified in the search were reviewed. Key personnel of the NMCP, WHO and the GFATM involved in the project were interviewed. Results: With the setting up of the National Malaria Control Programme just after independence in 2003 with two officers, the programme expanded over the years and strategic malaria control activities in an organized manner commenced in 2009 with funding from the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The incidence of malaria declined dramatically from 223,002 cases in 2006 with the last indigenous case being reported in June 2017. The decline in malaria was associated with strategic application of key evidence-based interventions taking into account the burden of disease, characteristics of vectors, and stratification of risk areas ensuring universal access to malaria prevention, and quality assured diagnostic tools and effective anti-malarial medicines at point of care, intensified surveillance, monitoring and evaluation, and capacity building, including training of staff, with adequate programme funding. The programme was provided with technical expertise and sustained political commitment that ensured uninterrupted implementation of interventions based on national strategic plans. The incorporation of the malaria control programme within an evolving health system helped the transition from malaria control to malaria elimination. Conclusion: Universal access to quality assured malaria diagnosis and treatment and focussed vector control, implemented throughout the country in an organized manner with adequate funding and political commitment were key to the successful interruption of malaria transmission in the country. All the practices or factors listed did not work in isolation but rather synergistically in an integrated manner. Malaria elimination is possible even in tropical areas of South and Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses about the reasons of Indonesia which provides a referendum to East Timor which resulted in East Timor being independent from Indonesia. This paper is analytical descriptive, using qualitative methods, with the data collection techniques, using "librarian research" where data to support arguments are obtained by collecting such data from various sources such as books or literature, journals, newspapers, Magazines, as well as data sourced from the internet. The results of the discussion in this paper indicate the fact that the process of independence of Timor Leste from Indonesia because of the influence of human rights norms that at that time developed and became the international world agenda. So that, with using the human rights norms, Timor Leste and the international community succeeded in intervening in Indonesia to provide a referendum to Timor Lesete as the embodiment of human rights enforcement in Indonesia. Tulisan ini membahas tentang alasan Indonesia yang memberikan referendum kepada Timor Leste yang mengakibatkan Timor Leste merdeka dari Indonesia. Tulisan ini bersifat diskriptif analitis, dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data, menggunakan teknik librarian researchdimana data-data untuk mendukung argumen diperoleh dengan cara mengumpulkan data tersebut dari berbagai sumber seperti buku-buku atau literatur, jurnal, surat kabar, majalah, maupun data-data yang bersumber dari internet. Adapun hasil dari pembahasan dalam tulisan ini menunjukkan adanya fakta bahwa proses kemerdekaan Timor Leste dari Indonesia karena adanya pengaruh dari norma HAM yang saat itu berkembang dan menjadi agenda dunia internasinal. Sehingga dengan menggunakan norma HAM tersebut, Timor Leste bersama masyarakat internasional berhasil mengintervensi Indonesia untuk memberikan referendum kepada Timor Lesete sebagai perwujudan penegakan HAM di Indonesia.

Indonesia and Timor Leste have had an irrelevant relationship related to the history of Seroja Operation on 7 December 1975 when the TNI, formerly known as ABRI (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) carried out a total military operation in order to keep Timor Leste for not separate from Indonesia, while later it caused losses where many TNI and Falintil- Forças De Defesa De Timor Leste (F-FDTL)’s personnel were killed in the war. Time passed, now the relationship between both countries is getting better due to the efforts from the Indonesian and Timor Leste’s parties, especially the national armies, had been done. To solve the conflict between those countries, defense diplomacy is needed. In this article, the writers tend to describe how both armed forces conduct defense diplomacy so Indonesia and Timor Leste’s relationship is getting better, indeed now both countries have done some collaborations in some aspects in the economy and military. Later, the writers will analyze more to find out the best conflict resolution that had been done by both armed forces, and the existence of each State Leaders’ participation. It is clearly stated that by utilizing defense diplomacy through visiting state leaders, having an official meeting, holding military cooperation such as doing exchange troops are some best ways of conflict resolution that can be done by Indonesia and Timor Leste to create a better relationship.

Since its independence in 2002, Timor Leste has made significant strides in improving childhood vaccination coverage. However, coverage is still below national targets, and children continue to have missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV), when eligible children have contact with the health system but are not vaccinated. Timor Leste implemented the updated World Health Organization methodology for assessing MOV in 2016. The MOV data collection included quantitative (caregiver exit interviews and health worker knowledge, attitudes, practices surveys (KAP)) and qualitative arms (focus group discussions (FGDs) with caregivers and health workers and in-depth interviews (IDIs) with health administrators). During a four-day period, health workers and caregivers with children <24 months of age attending the selected eight facilities in Dili Municipality were invited to participate. The researchers calculated the proportion of MOV and timeliness of vaccine doses among children with documented vaccination histories (i.e., from a home-based record or facility register) and thematically analyzed the qualitative data. Researchers conducted 365 caregiver exit interviews, 169 health worker KAP surveys, 4 FGDs with caregivers, 2 FGDs with health workers, and 2 IDIs with health administrators. Among eligible children with documented vaccination histories (n = 199), 41% missed an opportunity for vaccination. One-third of health workers (33%) believed their knowledge of immunization practices to be insufficient. Qualitative results showed vaccines were not available at all selected health facilities, and some facilities reported problems with their cold chain equipment. This study demonstrates that many children in Timor Leste miss opportunities for vaccination during health service encounters. Potential interventions to reduce MOV include training of health workers, improving availability of vaccines at more health facilities, and replacing unusable cold chain equipment. Timor Leste should continue to scale up successful MOV interventions beyond Dili Municipality to improve vaccination coverage nationally and strengthen the health system overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies comment on regional variation in Fataluku, but no detailed study of phonetic variation has yet been published. This paper reports on the distribution of [z], [j], and other voiced coronals in phonetically-controlled speech from fourteen Fataluku speakers--seven from the village of Tutuala and seven from the village of Lospalos. In Tutuala, I find complementary distribution between voiced coronal obstruents and glides, while in Lospalos, the relationship between obstruents and glides is chaotic and speaker-dependent. This difference in homogeneity parallels the make-up of these villages, as Lospalos draws a diverse array of workers from across the Fataluku-speaking area, while Tutuala is relatively remote and has a much smaller draw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Democratic Republic of East Timor is located on the east of the island of Timor in Southeast Asia, with its capital city that of Díli. Colonized by the Portuguese and later invaded by Indonesia in 1975, the country only regained its independence in 2002, with the support of the United Nations (UN). East Timor's path to independence was in fact particularly turbulent, prompting the international community to take firm, prudent action to prevent human rights violations. The present work aims to investigate and understand the independence, pacification, and (re)construction process undergone in East Timor, examining the action taken by the UN and the population's cooperation, in order to analyze the effectiveness of the missions implemented in the country. The deductive approach has therefore been employed based on historical, conceptual, documentary, and normative analyses of the subject, producing a critical-epistemological and systematic understanding of the subject of the present scientific research. The countless resolutions issued by the UN, along with the nomination of Brazilian Sérgio Vieira de Mello as transitional administrator, demonstrate the direct role Brazil played in the shaping of the independence and pacification process undergone in East Timor, founded on the principle of international cooperation and protection of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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