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5. Epidemiological profiles and outcomes of healthcare workers hospitalized for COVID-19 in five Sub-Saharan African countries: a cohort study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

Author

Tamba Mina Millimouno, Fassou Mathias Grovogui, Karifa Kourouma, Shermarke Hassan, Ibrahima Kaba, Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara, Jerry-Jonas Mbasha, Timire Collins, Laura Merson, and Alexandre Delamou

Subjects
Research Article, Articles, Pandemic, COVID-19, Healthcare workers, Epidemiological profiles, Outcomes, Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract

Background The COVID-19 pandemic placed immense strain on global health systems and healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological profiles and outcomes of HCWs hospitalized for COVID-19 across five sub-Saharan African countries. Methods This was a cohort study using secondary data collected between January 30, 2020, and December 31, 2022, as part of the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium study. The study population consisted of HCWs who were hospitalized due to clinically suspected or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Demographic and clinical characteristics and case management were summarized using proportions or medians and interquartile ranges. Factors associated with risk of mortality among HCWs were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for age and sex. Results Findings showed that South Africa recorded a lower percentage (2.4%) of patients who were HCWs compared to Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, and Malawi. Overall, many HCWs were aged ≥50 years and the majority were females (66.8%). In three of the five countries, however, the majority of the HCWs were Conclusions Our study underscores the critical need for continuous protection and enhanced readiness for HCWs, particularly during epidemics and pandemics. Strengthening infection prevention and control measures and focusing on vulnerable groups such as older and female HCWs are essential for mitigating the impact of future health crises. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these findings.

Published
2024
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7. Catastrophic costs among tuberculosis-affected households in Zimbabwe: A national health facility-based survey.

Author

Timire, Collins, Ngwenya, Mkhokheli, Chirenda, Joconiah, Metcalfe, John, Kranzer, Katharina, Pedrazzoli, Debora, Takarinda, Kudakwashe, Nguhiu, Peter, Madzingaidzo, Geshem, Ndlovu, Kwenzikweyinkosi, Mapuranga, Tawanda, Cornell, Morna, and Sandy, Charles

Subjects
Zimbabwe, financial protection, patient cost, social protection, tuberculosis, universal health coverage, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antitubercular Agents, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Care Costs, Health Expenditures, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Tuberculosis, Young Adult, Zimbabwe
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and major drivers of catastrophic costs among TB-affected households in Zimbabwe. METHODS: We conducted a nationally representative health facility-based survey with random cluster sampling among consecutively enrolled drug-susceptible (DS-TB) and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) patients. Costs incurred and income lost due to TB illness were captured using an interviewer-administered standardised questionnaire. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine the risk factors for experiencing catastrophic costs. RESULTS: A total of 841 patients were enrolled and were weighted to 900 during data analysis. There were 500 (56%) males and 46 (6%) DR-TB patients. Thirty-five (72%) DR-TB patients were HIV co-infected. Overall, 80% (95% CI: 77-82) of TB patients and their households experienced catastrophic costs. The major cost driver pre-TB diagnosis was direct medical costs. Nutritional supplements were the major cost driver post-TB diagnosis, with a median cost of US$360 (IQR: 240-600). Post-TB median diagnosis costs were three times higher among DR-TB (US$1,659 [653-2,787]) than drug DS-TB-affected households (US$537 [204-1,134]). Income loss was five times higher among DR-TB than DS-TB patients. In multivariable analysis, household wealth was the only covariate that remained significantly associated with catastrophic costs: The poorest households had 16 times the odds of incurring catastrophic costs versus the wealthiest households (adjusted odds ratio [aOR: 15.7 95% CI: 7.5-33.1]). CONCLUSION: The majority of TB-affected households, especially those affected by DR-TB, experienced catastrophic costs. Since the major cost drivers fall outside the healthcare system, multi-sectoral approaches to TB control and linking TB patients to social protection may reduce catastrophic costs.

Published
2021

8. Health care seeking patterns of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis patients in Harare, Zimbabwe: A prospective cohort study.

Author

Tadokera, Rebecca, Huo, Stella, Theron, Grant, Timire, Collins, Manyau-Makumbirofa, Salome, and Metcalfe, John

Subjects
Adult, Antitubercular Agents, Cost of Illness, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Rifampin, Zimbabwe
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Delays in seeking and accessing treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) and multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB) are major impediments to TB control in high-burden, resource-limited settings. METHOD: We prospectively determined health-seeking behavioural patterns and associations with treatment outcomes and costs among 68 RR-TB patients attending conveniently selected facilities in a decentralised system in Harare, Zimbabwe. RESULTS: From initial symptoms to initiation of effective treatment, patients made a median number of three health care visits (IQR 2-4 visits) at a median cost of 13% (IQR 6-31%) of their total annual household income (mean cost, US$410). Cumulatively, RR-TB patients most frequently first visited private facilities, i.e., private pharmacies (30%) and other private health care providers (24%) combined. Median patient delay was 26 days (IQR 14-42 days); median health system delay was 97 days (IQR 30-215 days) and median total delay from symptom onset to initiation of effective treatment was 132 days (IQR 51-287 days). The majority of patients (88%) attributed initial delay in seeking care to not feeling sick enough. Total delay, total cost and number of health care visits were not associated with treatment or clinical outcomes, though our study was not adequately powered for these determinations. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the public availability of rapid molecular TB tests, patients experienced significant delays and high costs in accessing RR-TB treatment. Active case finding, integration of private health care providers and enhanced service delivery may reduce treatment delay and TB associated costs.

Published
2021

10. Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Zimbabwe: A health facility-based cross-sectional survey

Author

Timire, Collins, Metcalfe, John Z, Chirenda, Joconiah, Scholten, Jerod N, Manyame-Murwira, Barbara, Ngwenya, Mkhokheli, Matambo, Ronnie, Charambira, Kelvin, Mutunzi, Herbert, Kalisvaart, Nico, and Sandy, Charles

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Tuberculosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, Biodefense, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, HIV/AIDS, Rare Diseases, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Female, Health Facilities, Humans, Isoniazid, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Prevalence, Rifampin, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sputum, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, Young Adult, Zimbabwe, Drug resistant TB, Previously treated TB, Rifampicin resistant TB, MDR, Gene Xpert, Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Public health
Abstract

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of resistance to rifampicin alone; rifampicin and isoniazid, and second-line anti-TB drugs among sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients in Zimbabwe.DesignA health facility-based cross-sectional survey.ResultsIn total, 1114 (87.6%) new and 158 (12.4%) retreatment TB patients were enrolled. MTB was confirmed by Xpert MTB/RIF among 1184 (93%) smear-positive sputum samples. There were 64 samples with Xpert MTB/RIF-determined rifampicin resistance. However, two were rifampicin susceptible on phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. The prevalence of RR-TB was [4.0% (95% CI, 2.9, 5.4%), n=42/1043) and 14.2% (95% CI, 8.9, 21.1%; n=20/141) among new and retreatment patients, respectively. The prevalence of MDR-TB was 2.0% (95% CI, 1.3, 3.1%) and 6.4% (95% CI, 2.4, 10.3%) among new and retreatment TB patients, respectively. Risk factors for RR-TB included prior TB treatment, self-reported HIV infection, travel outside Zimbabwe for ≥one month (univariate), and age

Published
2019

13. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners regarding Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Silicosis in Zimbabwe

Author

Moyo, Dingani, primary, Kavenga, Fungai, additional, Ncube, Ronald Thulani, additional, Macheri, Farai Peter, additional, Mando, Tariro Christwish, additional, Moyo, Florence, additional, Muzvidziwa, Orippa, additional, Ncube, Mpokiseng, additional, Masvingo, Hellen, additional, Chigaraza, Blessings, additional, Nyambo, Andrew, additional, Mangwanya, Albert, additional, Mwale, Rosemary Ncube, additional, Mazadza, Trust, additional, Magidi, Tinashe, additional, Benny, Gerald, additional, Ndudzo, Chamunorwa, additional, Kandido, Victoria Varaidzo, additional, Mutungamiri, Kudzaishe, additional, and Timire, Collins, additional

Published
2023
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19. ‘I am on treatment since 5 months but I have not received any money’: coverage, delays and implementation challenges of ‘Direct Benefit Transfer’ for tuberculosis patients – a mixed-methods study from South India

Author

Abhay Subhashrao Nirgude, Ajay M. V. Kumar, Timire Collins, Poonam Ramesh Naik, Malik Parmar, Li Tao, Kibballi Madhukeshwar Akshaya, Pracheth Raghuveer, Santosh K. Yatnatti, Navya Nagendra, Sharath B. Nagaraja, Shaira Habeena, Badarudeen MN, Ramkrishna Rao, and Suresh Shastri

Subjects
conditional cash transfer, cash incentives, nutritional support, catastrophic expenditure, operational research, sort it, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Background: In March 2018, the Government of India launched a direct benefit transfer (DBT) scheme to provide nutritional support for all tuberculosis (TB) patients in line with END TB strategy. Here, the money (@INR 500 [~8 USD] per month) is deposited electronically into the bank accounts of beneficiaries. To avail the benefit, patients are to be notified in NIKSHAY (web-based notification portal of India’s national TB programme) and provide bank account details. Once these details are entered into NIKSHAY, checked and approved by the TB programme officials, it is sent to the public financial management system (PFMS) portal for further processing and payment. Objectives: To assess the coverage and implementation barriers of DBT among TB patients notified during April–June 2018 and residing in Dakshina Kannada, a district in South India. Methods: This was a convergent mixed-methods study involving cohort analysis of patient data from NIKSHAY and thematic analysis of in-depth interviews of providers and patients. Results: Of 417 patients, 208 (49.9%) received approvals for payment by PFMS and 119 (28.7%) got paid by 1 December 2018 (censor date). Reasons for not receiving DBT included (i) not having a bank account especially among migrant labourers in urban areas, (ii) refusal to avail DBT by rich patients and those with confidentiality concerns, (iii) lack of knowledge and (iv) perception that money was too little to meet the needs. The median (IQR) delay from diagnosis to payment was 101 (67–173) days. Delays were related to the complexity of processes requiring multiple layers of approval and paper-based documentation which overburdened the staff, bulk processing once-a-month and technological challenges (poor connectivity and issues related to NIKSHAY and PFMS portals). Conclusion: DBT coverage was low and there were substantial delays. Implementation barriers need to be addressed urgently to improve uptake and efficiency. The TB programme has begun to take action.

Published
2019
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21. Coverage and effectiveness of conditional cash transfer for people with drug resistant tuberculosis in Zimbabwe: A mixed methods study

Author

Timire, Collins, primary, Sandy, Charles, additional, Ferrand, Rashida A., additional, Mubau, Regina, additional, Shiri, Peter, additional, Mbiriyawanda, Obert, additional, Mbiba, Fredrick, additional, Houben, Rein M. G. J., additional, Pedrazzoli, Debora, additional, Bond, Virginia, additional, Foster, Nicola, additional, and Kranzer, Katharina, additional

Published
2022
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22. The Triple Burden of Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Silicosis among Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners in Zimbabwe

Author

Moyo, Dingani, primary, Ncube, Ronald, additional, Kavenga, Fungai, additional, Chikwava, Lilian, additional, Mapuranga, Tawanda, additional, Chiboyiwa, Nathan, additional, Chimunhu, Chipo, additional, Mudzingwa, Frank, additional, Muzvidziwa, Orippa, additional, Ncube, Petronella, additional, Mando, Tariro Christwish, additional, Moyo, Florence, additional, Chigaraza, Blessings, additional, Masvingo, Hellen, additional, and Timire, Collins, additional

Published
2022
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25. An Update on the Surveillance of Livestock Diseases and Antimicrobial Use in Sierra Leone in 2021—An Operational Research Study

Author

Bangura (Turay), Fatmata Isatu, primary, Leno, Amara, additional, Hann, Katrina, additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Nair, Divya, additional, Bah, Mohamed Alpha, additional, Gborie, Sahr Raymond, additional, Satyanarayana, Srinath, additional, Edwards, Jeffrey Karl, additional, Davtyan, Hayk, additional, Kamara, Sorie Mohamed, additional, Jalloh, Amadu Tejan, additional, Sellu-Sallu, David, additional, Kanu, Joseph Sam, additional, Johnson, Raymonda, additional, and Nantima, Noelina, additional

Published
2022
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26. Pesticide Importation in Sierra Leone, 2010–2021: Implications for Food Production and Antimicrobial Resistance

Author

Johnson, Raymonda A. B., primary, Hann, Katrina, additional, Leno, Amara, additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Bangura, Alpha J. A., additional, George, Margaret I. Z., additional, Davtyan, Hayk, additional, Satyanarayana, Srinath, additional, Nair, Divya, additional, Mansaray, Alie H. D., additional, Bangura, Fatmata I., additional, Kanu, Joseph S., additional, and Edwards, Jeffrey K., additional

Published
2022
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27. Retention and performance of peer educators and sustainability of HIV prevention services for adolescents in the Zimbabwe Smart-LyncAges project: an ecological study

Author

Mabaya, Simbarashe, primary, Ncube, Ronald, additional, Tweya, Hannock, additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Edwards, Jeffrey Karl, additional, Ameyan, Wole, additional, Zwangobani, Nonhlahla, additional, Makoni, Talent, additional, Mangombe, Aveneni, additional, Xaba, Sinokuthemba, additional, and Samuelson, Julia, additional

Published
2022
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29. Tuberculosis and Silicosis Burden in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Miners in a Large Occupational Health Outreach Programme in Zimbabwe

Author

Moyo, Dingani, primary, Zishiri, Christopher, additional, Ncube, Ronald, additional, Madziva, Godknows, additional, Sandy, Charles, additional, Mhene, Reginald, additional, Siziba, Nicholas, additional, Kavenga, Fungai, additional, Moyo, Florence, additional, Muzvidziwa, Orippa, additional, Ncube, Petronella, additional, Chigaraza, Blessings, additional, Nyambo, Andrew, additional, and Timire, Collins, additional

Published
2021
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30. Operational Research to Assess the Real-Time Impact of COVID-19 on TB and HIV Services: The Experience and Response from Health Facilities in Harare, Zimbabwe

Author

Thekkur, Pruthu, primary, Takarinda, Kudakwashe C., additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Sandy, Charles, additional, Apollo, Tsitsi, additional, Kumar, Ajay M. V., additional, Satyanarayana, Srinath, additional, Shewade, Hemant D., additional, Khogali, Mohammed, additional, Zachariah, Rony, additional, Rusen, I. D., additional, Berger, Selma Dar, additional, and Harries, Anthony D., additional

Published
2021
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32. Reduced Bacterial Counts from a Sewage Treatment Plant but Increased Counts and Antibiotic Resistance in the Recipient Stream in Accra, Ghana—A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Adomako, Lady A. B., primary, Yirenya-Tawiah, Dzidzo, additional, Nukpezah, Daniel, additional, Abrahamya, Arpine, additional, Labi, Appiah-Korang, additional, Grigoryan, Ruzanna, additional, Ahmed, Hawa, additional, Owusu-Danquah, Josiah, additional, Annang, Ted Yemoh, additional, Banu, Regina A., additional, Osei-Atweneboana, Mike Y., additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Tweya, Hanock, additional, Ackon, Stephen E. D., additional, Nartey, Emmanuel, additional, and Zachariah, Rony, additional

Published
2021
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33. National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017–2019): A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Kanu, Joseph Sam, primary, Khogali, Mohammed, additional, Hann, Katrina, additional, Tao, Wenjing, additional, Barlatt, Shuwary, additional, Komeh, James, additional, Johnson, Joy, additional, Sesay, Mohamed, additional, Vandi, Mohamed Alex, additional, Tweya, Hannock, additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Abiri, Onome Thomas, additional, Thomas, Fawzi, additional, Sankoh-Hughes, Ahmed, additional, Molleh, Bailah, additional, Maruta, Anna, additional, and Harries, Anthony D., additional

Published
2021
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35. Prevalence, risk factors and treatment outcomes of isoniazid resistant TB in Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe: A cohort study

Author

Manyame-Murwira, Barbara, Takarinda, Kudakwashe Collins, Thekkur, Pruthu, Payera, Bright, Mutunzi, Herbert, Simbi, Raiva, Siziba, Nicholas, Sibanda, Edwin, Banana, Catherine, Muleya, Norbert, Makombe, Evidence, Jongwe, Paula Littia, Bhebhe, Regina, Mangwanya, Douglas, Dzangare, Janet, Mudzengerere, Fungai Hamilton, Timire, Collins, Wekiya, Enock, and Sandy, Charles

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The isoniazid-resistant TB poses a threat to TB control efforts. Zimbabwe, one of the high TB burden countries, has not explored the burden of isoniazid resistant TB. Hence among all bacteriologically-confirmed TB patients diagnosed in Bulawayo City during March 2017 and December 2018, we aimed to assess the proportion with isoniazid resistant TB and associated factors. Also, we aimed to describe the TB treatment outcomes. METHODOLOGY: A cohort study involving routinely collected data by the National TB Reference Laboratory (NTBRL) in Bulawayo City and National TB programme of Zimbabwe. The percentage with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to express the proportion with isoniazid-resistant TB. The modified Poisson regression was used to assess the association of demographic and clinical characteristics with isoniazid mono-resistant TB. RESULTS: Of 2160 bacteriologically-confirmed TB patients, 1612 (74.6%) had their sputum received at the NTBRL and 743 (46.1%) had culture growth. Among those with culture growth, 34 (4.6%, 95% CI: 3.5-6.7) had isoniazid mono-resistant TB, 25 (3.3%, 95% CI: 2.2-4.9) had MDR-TB. Thus, 59 (7.9%, 95% CI: 6.1-10.1) had isoniazid-resistant TB. Children < 15 years had a higher prevalence of isoniazid mono-resistant TB (aPR= 3.93; 95% CI: 1.24-12.45). Among those with rifampicin sensitive TB, patients with isoniazid-sensitive TB had higher favourable treatment outcomes compared to those with isoniazid-resistant TB (86.3% versus 75.5%, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of isoniazid-resistant TB was low compared to neighbouring countries with high burden of TB-HIV. However, Zimbabwe should consider reviewing treatment guidelines for isoniazid mono-resistant TB due to the observed poor treatment outcomes.

Published
2020

37. Does peer education go beyond giving reproductive health information? Cohort study in Bulawayo and Mount Darwin, Zimbabwe

Author

Mangombe, Aveneni, Owiti, Philip, Madzima, Bernard, Xaba, Sinokuthemba, Makoni, Talent M, Takarinda, Kudakwashe C, Timire, Collins, Chimwaza, Anesu, Senkoro, Mbazi, Mabaya, Simbarashe, Samuelson, Julia, Ameyan, Wole, Tapera, Talent, Zwangobani, Nonhlanhla, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, and Kumar, Ajay MV

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Peer education is an intervention within the voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC)-adolescent sexual reproductive health (ASRH) linkages project in Bulawayo and Mount Darwin, Zimbabwe since 2016. Little is known if results extend beyond increasing knowledge. We therefore assessed the extent of and factors affecting referral by peer educators and receipt of HIV testing services (HTS), contraception, management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and VMMC services by young people (10-24 years) counselled. DESIGN: A cohort study involving all young people counselled by 95 peer educators during October-December 2018, through secondary analysis of routinely collected data. SETTING: All ASRH and VMMC sites in Mt Darwin and Bulawayo. PARTICIPANTS: All young people counselled by 95 peer educators. OUTCOME MEASURES: Censor date for assessing receipt of services was 31 January 2019. Factors (clients' age, gender, marital and schooling status, counselling type, location, and peer educators' age and gender) affecting non-referral and non-receipt of services (dependent variables) were assessed by log-binomial regression. Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 3370 counselled (66% men), 65% were referred for at least one service. 58% of men were referred for VMMC. Other services had 5%-13% referrals. Non-referral for HTS decreased with clients' age (aRR: ~0.9) but was higher among group-counselled (aRR: 1.16). Counselling by men (aRR: 0.77) and rural location (aRR: 0.61) reduced risks of non-referral for VMMC, while age increased it (aRR ≥1.59). Receipt of services was high (64%-80%) except for STI referrals (39%). Group counselling and rural location (aRR: ~0.52) and male peer educators (aRR: 0.76) reduced the risk of non-receipt of VMMC. Rural location increased the risk of non-receipt of contraception (aRR: 3.18) while marriage reduced it (aRR: 0.20). CONCLUSION: We found varying levels of referral ranging from 5.1% (STIs) to 58.3% (VMMC) but high levels of receipt of services. Type of counselling, peer educators' gender and location affected receipt of services. We recommend qualitative approaches to further understand reasons for non-referrals and non-receipt of services.

Published
2020

39. A feasibility study using time-driven activity-based costing as a management tool for provider cost estimation: Lessons from the National TB Control Program in Zimbabwe in 2018

Author

Chirenda, Joconiah, primary, Simwaka, Bertha Nhlema, additional, Sandy, Charles, additional, Bodnar, Katharine Donovan, additional, Corbin, Shevone, additional, Desai, Prathna, additional, Mapako, Tonderai, additional, Shamu, Shepherd, additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Antonio, Esther, additional, Makone, Albert, additional, Birikorang, Alexander, additional, Mapuranga, Tawanda, additional, Masunda, Tsitsi, additional, Dube, M, additional, Wandwalo, Eliud, additional, Ngwenya, Mkhokheli, additional, Morrison, Linden, additional, and Kaplan, Robert Samuel, additional

Published
2020
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40. Offering care for victims of torture among a migrant population in a transit country: a descriptive study in a dedicated clinic from January 2017 to June 2019

Author

Keshk, Manar, primary, Harrison, Rebecca, additional, Kizito, Walter, additional, Psarra, Christina, additional, Owiti, Phillip, additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Camacho, Mabel Morales, additional, De Maio, Gianfranco, additional, Safwat, Hadeel, additional, Matboly, Abeer, additional, and Van den Bergh, Rafael, additional

Published
2020
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48. Catastrophic costs among tuberculosis patients in Zimbabwe: a national health facility-based survey

Author

Timire, Collins, primary, Ngwenya, Mkhokheli, additional, Chirenda, Joconiah, additional, Metcalfe, John Z, additional, Kranzer, Katharina, additional, Pedrazzoli, Debora, additional, Takarinda, Kudakwashe Collin, additional, Nguhiu, Peter, additional, Madzingaidzo, Geshem, additional, Ndlovu, Kwenzikweyinkosi, additional, Mapuranga, Tawanda, additional, Cornell, Morna, additional, and Sandy, Charles, additional

Published
2020
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50. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission activities after one-off clinical mentorship training in selected health facilities, Zimbabwe: 2014-2018

Author

Mandewo, Winnie, primary, Muchuchuti, Cephas, additional, Shoko, Obey, additional, Timire, Collins, additional, Takarinda, Kudakwashe Collin, additional, Harries, Anthony David, additional, Tweya, Hannock, additional, Tapera, Talent, additional, Nyathi, Saziso, additional, Chadambuka, Addmore, additional, Chimwaza, Anesu, additional, and Mahomva, Agnes, additional

Published
2020
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