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BackgroundAimsMethods & proceduresOutcomes & resultsConclusionsPersons with aphasia (PWAs) are often impaired in time reference/tense production. It has been suggested that this impairment is due to encoding or/and retrieval deficits. However, to the best of our knowledge, no experimental design that enables teasing apart selective encoding and retrieval deficits has been proposed thus far.This study aims at disentangling time reference-related encoding deficits from time reference-related retrieval deficits in PWAs.Two sentence completion tasks tapping production of time reference and subject-verb agreement (control condition) were administered to eight Greek-speaking PWAs, eight Russian-speaking PWAs, six Italian-speaking PWAs, seven English-speaking PWAs and four groups of language-, age- and education-matched healthy controls. Task 1 tapped encoding and retrieval processes to a similar extent. Task 2 predominantly tapped retrieval processes. Comparisons between each PWA and the corresponding control group, as well as within-participant comparisons were performed.All four control groups performed at ceiling. Twenty-eight out of 29 PWAs were impaired in time reference in at least one of the two completion tasks, and all but three PWAs were impaired in production of subject-verb agreement in at least one of the two tasks. In all language groups, there were PWAs exhibiting between-task dissociations. A double dissociation emerged in the time reference condition, as some Greek-, Russian- and English-speaking PWAs performed better on Task 1 than on Task 2, whereas other Greek- and Italian-speaking PWAs performed worse on Task 1 than on Task 2. In the agreement condition, in each language group, there were PWAs performing better on Task 1 than on Task 2. However, none PWA exhibited the opposite pattern. Based on the results, we identified both PWAs with selective time reference-related encoding deficits and PWAs with selective time reference-related retrieval deficits.The present experimental design provides a sound basis for teasing apart selective time reference-related encoding deficits and time reference-related retrieval deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAimsMethods & proceduresOutcomes & resultsConclusionsTense production is often impaired in people with aphasia (PWA). Interestingly, the literature suggests that not all tenses are affected in the same way, although the pattern of dissociation is still debated in the literature. The heterogeneity of tense production deficits in PWA might partly explain this lack of consensus in the literature. While this heterogeneity has been demonstrated by descriptive statistics or double dissociations in several studies, no study has used cluster analyses to highlight the main patterns of tense dissociation. Furthermore, the factors underlying this heterogeneity have been little explored.Our study aimed to use cluster analyses on tense production performance to (1) identify the main patterns of dissociation between tenses in PWA and (2) explore the clinical (aphasia type and severity) and cognitive (executive disorders and temporality) factors that may underlie these patterns.Twenty-one French-speaking participants with fluent and non-fluent aphasia completed a verb inflection production task, as well as language and cognitive tests. Cluster analyses were performed on the differences in performance between the tenses on the verb inflection production task. Generalized linear mixed models and nonparametric statistics were used to analyze the effect of tense and its interaction with the clusters, and to compare the clusters on the clinical and cognitive variables.Cluster analyses revealed two main clusters, one with worse performances in the past and future than in the present (PWA_1 – 70% of the PWA), and the other with worse performances in the past and present than in the future (PWA_2 – 30%). The type and severity of aphasia, and cognitive test performance did not differ between the two clusters. On the other hand, the PWA_2 cluster had a longer time post-onset than the PWA_1 cluster.Our results confirm the heterogeneity of verb inflection deficits in PWA. They suggest that most PWA would have difficulties with past and future tenses, questioning the presence of discourse linking in these two tenses. However, a minority of PWA, who are clinically and cognitively indistinguishable from the others, do not follow this pattern. Adopting the strategy of producing a morphologically simple tense in French – future – could explain the high performance in the future tense and the errors in substituting other tenses with the future in this subgroup. Finally, the clinical and research implications of this heterogeneity, in relation to therapies and the lack of consensus in the literature, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAimsMethods & proceduresOutcomes & resultsConclusionsPeople with fluent and non-fluent aphasia frequently have time reference deficits, which could be more pronounced for the past than for the present and future tenses. However, this performance pattern (past < non-past) is not consensual and might depend on the type of task used. Furthermore, the influence of cognitive processes on time reference deficits remains little explored, as does the origin of these difficulties (e.g. pre-phonological, morpho-phonological).The primary aims of the study were (1) to identify time reference deficits and (2) dissociations between tenses in French speakers with fluent and non-fluent aphasia and (3) to specify the effect of tasks on performance and tense dissociations. Secondly, our study also aimed to determine whether time reference deficits were (4) influenced by cognitive functions and (5) explained by pre-phonological or morpho-phonological deficits.Twenty-one French-speaking participants with fluent and non-fluent aphasia and 21 matched control subjects performed three tasks assessing time reference (verb inflection production, verb inflection selection, and adverb selection) and five neuropsychological tests (verbal and non-verbal working memory, inhibition, flexibility, and temporality). Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted.Participants with fluent and non-fluent aphasia had worse performances than controls on the three time-reference tasks. The performance of the participants with fluent and non-fluent aphasia was quantitatively similar but qualitatively different on the verb inflection production task (i.e. different error types). A main task effect was also found: the verb inflection production task was the only one to show worse performances in the past than in the present and future. Regarding cognitive predictors, verbal working memory and temporality were linked to the three tasks assessing time reference. In contrast, non-verbal working memory was associated only with the two selection tasks, possibly related to the mental timeline. Finally, task analysis suggested a pre-phonological (encoding of diacritic features deficit) rather than a morpho-phonological origin.Our study is the first to replicate time reference deficit in French speakers with aphasia. It suggests that the type of task might influence the performance profiles observed and help to shed light on the origin of the difficulties. Cognitive functions that have rarely been investigated before may also influence performance. These results have important clinical implications by questioning the tasks used to assess time reference. They also underline the importance of identifying the origin of difficulties in proposing targeted treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that people prefer risk-taking at the end of gambles, a phenomenon called the ending effect. By using the Guess Gambling Game, we investigated the impact of gain-loss status on the ending effect (Experiment 1) and whether and how this effect may be affected by time reference (Experiment 2) and gender (Experiment 1&2). In Experiment 1, we observed the ending effect only in the gain group. Furthermore, gender differences exist in the loss group behavior, females were more risk-averse than males, and males tend to investment more initially and then reduce their investment in a U-shaped pattern (Experiment 1&2). Next, in Experiment 2, the findings indicated that participants in the gain group made riskier decisions and were willing to allocate more money for additional decision opportunities, irrespective of the time conditions. Additionally, under time-limited condition, participants tended to make more decisions in the final round, aiming to maximize their choices times within the limited time. These results contribute to a better understanding of the boundary conditions surrounding the ending effect in risky decision-making and may offer a scientific basis for mitigating and intervening in irrational decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of navigation satellite constellation systems, to improve navigation service and orbit determination performance, the accuracy requirements for maintaining temporal references have increased rapidly. Among the current navigation satellites, a dual one-way ranging (DOWR) approach based on intersatellite links (ISLs) is widely adopted in the BeiDou system and global positioning system (GPS) to transmit satellite time reference information. However, the accuracy of DOWR is restricted by the pseudonoise (PN) code rate. To improve the accuracy of DOWR, the PN code measurement must be replaced by the carrier phase measurement. This paper introduces an algorithm that utilizes frequency hopping to achieve carrier phase ranging. In addition to the high-precision advantages of carrier phase measurements, the anti-interference performance of the ranging signal is also improved due to the characteristics of the frequency hopping signal itself. Ultimately, at a carrier-to-noise ratio of 40 dB-Hz, the measurement accuracy is 9.54 μm, while the PN code measurement accuracy in the same environment is 0.13 m. As the carrier-to-noise ratio increases, the measurement accuracy further improves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to think about nonpresent time is a crucial aspect of human cognition. Both the past and future imply a temporal displacement of an event outside the "now." They also intrinsically differ: The past refers to inalterable events; the future to alterable events, to possible worlds. Are the past and future processed similarly or differently? In this study, we addressed this question by investigating how Spanish speakers process past/future time reference violations during sentence processing, while recording eye movements. We also investigated the role of verbs (in isolation; within sentences) and adverbs (deictic; nondeictic) during time processing. Existing accounts propose that past processing, which requires a link to discourse, is more complex than future processing, which-like the present-is locally bound. Our findings show that past and future processing differs, especially at early stages of verb processing, but this difference is not limited to the presence/absence of discourse linking. We found earlier mismatch effects for past compared to future time reference in incongruous sentences, in line with previous studies. Interestingly, it took longer to categorize the past than the future tense when verbs were presented in isolation. However, it took longer to categorize the future than the past when verbs were presented in congruous sentences, arguably because the future implies alterable worlds. Finally, temporal adverbs were found to play an important role in reinspection and reanalysis triggered by the presence of undefined time frames (nondeictic adverbs) or incongruences (mismatching verbs). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Time reference is used to build the temporal framework of discourse and is essential in ensuring efficient communication. Several studies have reported time reference deficits in fluent and non-fluent aphasia and have shown that tenses (past, present, future) are not all impaired to the same extent. However, there is little consensus on the dissociations between tenses, and the question of the influence of the type of aphasia (fluent vs. non-fluent) on time reference remains open. Therefore, a systematic review and an individual participant data meta-analysis (or mega-analysis) were conducted to determine (1) whether one tense is more impaired than another in fluent and non-fluent aphasia and, if so, (2) which task and speaker-related factors moderate tense effects. The systematic review resulted in 35 studies reporting the performance in time reference of 392 participants. The mega-analysis was then performed on 23 studies for a total of 232 participants and showed an alteration of past tense compared to present and future tenses in both types of aphasia. The analysis also showed a task and an age effect on time reference but no gender effect, independently of tenses. These results add to our knowledge of time reference in aphasia and have implications for future therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the recognitionality of references to time as a participants’ category and resource in social interaction. In short, we ask: How does referring to time in more vs. less recognitional ways contribute to the formation and ascription of action in context, and how can analysts of social interaction approach this dimension of reference in ways that remain grounded in the details of participant joint-conduct? After considering some of the complexities of recognitionality as an analytic category, we turn our focus to formulations built with when (e.g., “when I was in the Marine Corps”). Our aim in examining whenformulations in a range of different sequential and action environments is to use this exploration as a means to further develop the concept of recognitionality, namely as a phenomenon that is best understood as scalar and multidimensional in nature. We then probe what implications this has for our understanding of the preference organization of references to time (and other ontological categories), and conclude by presenting some possible avenues for future research.

Time reference is used to build the temporal framework of discourse and is essential in ensuring efficient communication. Several studies have reported time reference deficits in fluent and non-fluent aphasia and have shown that tenses (past, present, future) are not all impaired to the same extent. However, there is little consensus on the dissociations between tenses, and the question of the influence of the type of aphasia (fluent vs. non-fluent) on time reference remains open. Therefore, a systematic review and an individual participant data meta-analysis (or mega-analysis) were conducted to determine (1) whether one tense is more impaired than another in fluent and non-fluent aphasia and, if so, (2) which task and speaker-related factors moderate tense effects. The systematic review resulted in 35 studies reporting the performance in time reference of 392 participants. The mega-analysis was then performed on 23 studies for a total of 232 participants and showed an alteration of past tense compared to present and future tenses in both types of aphasia. The analysis also showed a task and an age effect on time reference but no gender effect, independently of tenses. These results add to our knowledge of time reference in aphasia and have implications for future therapies.

This study investigates whether the perceptual salience of grammatical morphemes influences the online processing of temporarily ambiguous sentences during adult first-language (L1) comprehension. In a bidirectional self-paced reading task, adult L1 English participants (N = 44) read sentences with time adjuncts that were in a structural position in which they could attach either to the most recent verb phrase (VP) or to a VP in a higher clause. Consistent with previous findings, the reading times on these sentences indicated processing difficulty when this adjunct allowed only for high attachment. Crucially, this effect was modulated by the perceptual salience of the grammatical morphemes used to indicate time reference in these clauses. Specifically, the processing cost for high attachment was larger when time in the lower clause was indicated by the auxiliary verb will compared to when it was indicated by the relatively less salient past - ed morpheme. These findings were taken to indicate that the influence of perceptual salience extends beyond the acquisition of and sensitivity to grammatical morphemes during L1 and L2 development. Rather, the perceptual salience of these forms also appears to affect online structural processing during adult L1 sentence comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of navigation satellite constellation systems, to improve navigation service and orbit determination performance, the accuracy requirements for maintaining temporal references have increased rapidly. Among the current navigation satellites, a dual one-way ranging (DOWR) approach based on intersatellite links (ISLs) is widely adopted in the BeiDou system and global positioning system (GPS) to transmit satellite time reference information. However, the accuracy of DOWR is restricted by the pseudonoise (PN) code rate. To improve the accuracy of DOWR, the PN code measurement must be replaced by the carrier phase measurement. This paper introduces an algorithm that utilizes frequency hopping to achieve carrier phase ranging. In addition to the high-precision advantages of carrier phase measurements, the anti-interference performance of the ranging signal is also improved due to the characteristics of the frequency hopping signal itself. Ultimately, at a carrier-to-noise ratio of 40 dB-Hz, the measurement accuracy is 9.54 μm, while the PN code measurement accuracy in the same environment is 0.13 m. As the carrier-to-noise ratio increases, the measurement accuracy further improves.

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This research contributes to the interdisciplinary area of marketing and information systems by examining two different strategies to increasing e-book consumption. Information technologies have changed the culture of book purchasing, which provides an opportunity to examine the impact of print-book marketing strategies on e-books. Information technologies facilitate value cocreation, part of service-dominant logic. This research examined the influence of both a technology- and non-technology-based marketing strategy on consumers' intention and decision to download and/or purchase e-books from an e-book sales platform. 192 participants completed browse-and-purchase tasks in two experimental conditions: with/without a technology-based free e-book preview; with/without a non-technology-based strategy of including a numbered time reference in an e-book title. The results indicated that providing free previews of e-books significantly improved participants' purchase intentions and purchase behavior. This improvement was more marked for free e-books than for priced e-books. The results also indicate that including a time reference in an e-book title improves participants' purchase intentions and purchase behavior. This finding was more significant for the leisure genre compared with the how-to genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental time travel and language enable us to go back and forth in time and to organize and express our personal experiences through time reference. People with Alzheimer's disease have both mental time travel and time reference impairments, which can greatly impact their daily communication. Currently, little is known about the potential relationship between time conceptualization (i.e., mental time travel) and time reference difficulties in this disease. A systematic review of the literature was performed to determine if this link had already been investigated. Only three articles integrated both time conceptualization and time reference measures. However, the link between the two was not systematically analyzed and interpreted. This review highlights the lack of research addressing the question of the influence of time conceptualization impairments in Alzheimer's disease on other cognitive domains, and especially language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental time travel and language enable us to go back and forth in time and to organize and express our personal experiences through time reference. People with Alzheimer’s disease have both mental time travel and time reference impairments, which can greatly impact their daily communication. Currently, little is known about the potential relationship between time conceptualization (i.e., mental time travel) and time reference difficulties in this disease. A systematic review of the literature was performed to determine if this link had already been investigated. Only three articles integrated both time conceptualization and time reference measures. However, the link between the two was not systematically analyzed and interpreted. This review highlights the lack of research addressing the question of the influence of time conceptualization impairments in Alzheimer’s disease on other cognitive domains, and especially language.

The article covers some issues that concern the syntax and semantics of the present perfect construction in English and other languages. It states that all Present Perfects may be associated with what is considered the canonical construal in which an assertion is located at the present time but reports the existence of a past situation. However, some Present Perfects may, in addition, have a simple past aorist meaning. The author focuses on pluractional and evidential construals of the Present Perfect in some languages, argue that the Passé Composé construal and the Aorist construal of the perfect construction belong to two different modes of discourse, discours and récit, underlines their variability associated with a complex syntactic structure (an auxiliary verb and a verbal participle for Present Perfect, while the Aorist construal is associated with a simple verbal structure). According to the author, the Perfect has both syntactic and analytical ways of realization, thus the analytical syntactic structure of the Perfect is in English, French and German, with both a tensed auxiliary verb and a past participle, whereas it is synthetic in Latin, Russian and Arabic as is presented in the past participle alone; in languages with overt aspectual marking, aspect may vary on either the auxiliary, if it exists, or on the participle.

Background: It has been demonstrated that reference to the past is difficult for individuals with agrammatic aphasia, leading to the formulation of the PAst DIscourse LInking Hypothesis (PADILIH). Many of the previous studies have focused on Indo-European languages, in which time reference is expressed through verb inflection. The current study examined the PADILIH in Thai, a language that does not use verb inflection but instead uses aspectual markers to refer to time. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the pattern of impairment of time reference in Thai speakers with agrammatic aphasia, by investigating how grammatical reference to past, present, and future was processed. Methods and Procedures: A total of 15 Thai agrammatic speakers and 18 Thai non-brain-damaged (NBD) speakers participated in a sentence production task and an auditory sentence-to-picture matching comprehension task, both of which probed past, present, and future time reference. Outcomes and Results: While the NBD participants performed close to ceiling in both production and comprehension, the agrammatic speakers showed significantly more difficulty in conditions requiring reference to the future in both modalities. In production, however, the agrammatic speakers replaced the target future time reference construction with negation (a construction that can be used as an alternative means for future reference). When responses using negation were counted as correct, the individuals with agrammatic aphasia showed equal impairment across conditions. Conclusions: The results of this study were inconsistent with the PADILIH predictions: Thai agrammatic speakers experienced more vulnerability in reference to the future than the present and the past. This suggested that impairments of time reference may differ depending on the structure of the language. We hypothesized that the problems with producing future time reference in Thai may be influenced by the grammatical status of the future marker. In addition, the use of negation in place of the target word might have been because this negative construction reduces the processing load for Thai agrammatic speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In PWA (people with aphasia) difficulties with sentences that refer to the past compared to non-past time reference have been shown for many languages, including Turkish. However, the impact of morphological complexity on past time reference ability in production has not yet been reported for Turkish-speaking PWA. Turkish, where verb forms have complex inflectional paradigms and exhibit overt and non-overt morphology, facilitates the examination of the effects of morphological complexity. The current study has two objectives: 1) to investigate whether the morphological complexity of the verb form affects time reference production of Turkish-speaking PWA and 2) to provide analysis for the error patterns discovered. Seventeen Turkish individuals with Broca’s aphasia who were matched in age with a control group of 17 neurologically intact Turkish individuals were tested with a picture sentence completion task. Test conditions were present progressive, simple past, past perfect, past progressive, and future tense. The task required the participants to complete each sentence frame with a verb. Our findings show that Turkish-speaking PWA were more successful in producing verb forms referring to non-past than verb forms referring to the past time reference. The current study supports previous findings that past is more difficult than non-past time reference for Turkish-speaking PWA. In terms of morphological complexity, we find that PWA were more impaired when producing morphologically complex verb forms rather than morphologically simple forms. We argue that these impairments lie in the realization of overt morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time is the fundamental measurement in satellite altimetry and the key parameter in building and keeping up a long-term, consistent, and reliable record for monitoring changes in sea level. Over the years, different time scales, although interconnected, have been used in altimetry and also in satellite positioning. This sometimes leads to inexplicit descriptions and ambiguous use of time and orbit coordinates as well as of their transformations between various reference and measuring systems. Altimetry satellites, like Sentinel-3, CryoSat-2, Jason-3, HY-2A/-2B, IceSat-2, etc., observe and practically realize ranges by measuring time differences between the transmission and reception of an electromagnetic wave (either radar or laser at present). Similar principles apply for global navigation satellite systems and for their terrestrial reference systems upon which altimetry is linked and tied together. Yet, the "meter" of any terrestrial reference systems is also defined by time. This work seeks to establish a standard reference system for "time" and "coordinates" in an effort to reach uniform and absolute standardization for satellite altimetry. It describes various errors generated from differences, discontinuities and interactions in time, frequency, range, time tagging, and reference coordinate frames. A new approach, called "fiducial reference measurements for altimetry", is here given to examine ways to connect errors with metrology standards in order to improve the estimation of uncertainty budgets in ocean and water level observation by altimetry. Finally, the geocentric inertial reference system and the international atomic time are proposed in this paper for satellite altimetry observations and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Languages of the world have several ways of expressing time reference. Many languages such as those in the Indo-European group express time reference through tense. Languages such as Chinese and Standard Indonesian express time reference through aspectual adverbs, while Akan does so through grammatical tone. Previous studies have found that time reference is selectively impaired, with reference to the past being more impaired than reference to the non-past. The PAst DIscourse LInking Hypothesis (PADILIH) posits that pastime reference is difficult because it requires discourse linking. Aims: The goal of this study was first to examine whether pastime reference is impaired also in languages that do not use grammatical affixes but rather tone, to make time reference. Second, this study aims to decouple the effect of tone from the effect of temporal reference on Akan verbs. Method and Procedures: Ten Akan agrammatic speakers and 10 non-brain-damaged speakers (NBDs) participated in this study. An Akan adapted version of the Test for Assessing Reference of Time (African TART), for both production and comprehension was used. The TART focuses on the future, present (habitual) and the pastime frames. Additionally, five of the agrammatic speakers performed two tonal discrimination tasks: a non-linguistic and a linguistic (lexical) one. Outcomes and Results: While the NBDs scored at ceiling, the agrammatic speakers made errors, and these affected past more than present and the future time references, in both comprehension and production tasks. However, the comprehension data showed a dissociation between the present habitual and the future. The substitution error analysis revealed a preference for the present. The five agrammatic speakers showed an intact performance on non-linguistic tonal discrimination task. Conclusion: The conclusion is that regardless of how time reference is expressed, whether through inflectional morphology or grammatical tone, reference to the past is problematic for individuals with agrammatic aphasia. The fact that the agrammatic speakers could perceive the non-linguistic tonal differences demonstrates that it is not tone in general that is disrupted, but rather time reference, particularly reference to the past, as predicted by the PADILIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disputes about parenting, including investments of time, can arise when families break apart. One such context is that of kinship care, where relatives (typically grandparents or siblings) take over parenting responsibilities for a child. However, little is known about the discursive processes by which 'good' and 'bad' parental identities are constructed. From a corpus of video–recordings of kinship carer support groups, we examine how time references feature in carers' complaints about birth parents. Using Conversation Analysis, we identify two forms of reference: (i) reference to "child's time", a shared cultural device concerning children's experience, and (ii) juxtaposing reported events on a timeline to infer consequentiality, thus attributing unparental motives to the birth parent. Both forms of time reference substantiate carers' inferences about birth parents' ineligibility for membership of the "good parent" category, and thus affirm their own entitlement as members, as key actions in the formulation of their complaints. We consider the implications of these findings for understanding co-constructed time-referenced devices such as "child's time", and how Conversation Analytic studies could usefully investigate what other event-relative devices may be used to accomplish different social actions, and what identities might get constructed in the process. • Time reference can be used as a members' resource to cast identity in talk. • "Child's time" operates as a cultural "device" in ascribing good and bad parenting. • Motive can be inferred by the juxtaposition of time references on a single timeline. • The design of time reference can establish common cause and peer identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost asymmetry indicates that costs decrease to a lesser extent when sales decline than costs increase when sales rise by the same magnitude. This asymmetric sensitivity of costs to activity changes is denoted as "cost stickiness" (Anderson et al. in J Account Res 41:47–63, 2003). Prior studies on cost analysis identify resource adjustment costs and managerial discretion as fundamental drivers of asymmetric cost behavior. This study examines whether linguistically induced time perception arising from future time reference in languages relates to the asymmetric sensitivity of costs to activity changes. We find that asymmetric cost behavior is more pronounced for firms located in countries whose languages do not require future events to be grammatically marked. Our evidence suggests that time encoding in languages influences speakers' cognition, their resource adjustment decisions, and the cost behavior of firms they manage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at investigating verb inflection in aphasia and semantic dementia. In particular, it addresses the contribution of time reference and morphological complexity. Moreover, it investigates whether the lexical properties of the verb, such as argument structure and lexical aspect interact with the production of tense. Ten individuals with (different types of) stroke aphasia and five individuals with semantic dementia and their respective control groups conducted a sentence completion task. Three tenses were tested: past perfective, past imperfective and present. All tenses had to be produced with three different verb classes, which differed with respect to syntactic and semantic properties: unergative, unaccusative and transitive verbs. The findings imply problems with marking aspect and an interaction between inflection and lexical aspect but no effect of morphological complexity or across the board difficulties with reference to the past in aphasia. Moreover, the results suggest problems with inflection in semantic dementia, an interaction between inflection and lexical aspect and a selective difficulty with imperfective tenses. The study contributes to a better understanding of inflection problems in aphasia and it provides evidence for inflection problems in semantic dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-linguistic studies on time reference in highly inflected languages have shown that tense inflection is particularly vulnerable in agrammatic speakers. According to the PAstDIscourseLInking Hypothesis (PADILIH), an asymmetry is predicted between past and non-past forms, due to the extra discourse linkage the former type imposes. The present paper investigates whether Greek agrammatic speakers are able to correctly use tense markers with respect to the relevant reference point, analyzing data from three different production tasks to understand how performance is modulated by different methodologies. seven agrammatic speakers and a control group participated in three experimental tasks (a) an elicited picture description, (b) a semi-standardized interview and (c) a sentence production priming task. Different outcomes were elicited across different tasks. Agrammatic speakers tended to accurately use past tense forms when they could freely select the content of their narration, as in the case of the two narrative tasks (the elicited picture description, and the semi-standardized interview). However, the same participants experienced significant difficulties referring to past and future events when using a sentence production priming task. Consequently, the predictions of PADILIH are not fully supported by the Greek data, given that, in addition to past tense deficits, the future tense was also severely compromised. Our data clearly suggest that language performance is affected by the processing demands placed on the patient's linguistic system by the experimental task used. Moreover, future tense deficits in Greek are interpreted as difficulties in the processing of conversational implicatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how a time-based planning system, which supports resource constraints, may be extended such that a resource constraint interval does not have to refer to the start- or end-time of the underlying activity but to any linear combination thereof, such as the middle. This way, an activity with multiple resource constraints referring to different time intervals no longer has to be split into sub-activities, which may simplify the planning model and the algorithm. To be able to describe the necessary transformations, we introduce the concept of PolygonStacks and describe the operations which a typical planning engine requires to intersect the sets of consistent timeline entries of all constraints defined on an activity. We then introduce Sliders and Offsets, which allow specifying the constraint intervals in a more generic way as supported in current planning models. Based on this preparation, we can derive two lemmas, which provide the conversions required by Sliders and Offsets. We continue with several conversion examples and point out how to solve the issues which will occur during implementation. A short sketch of the complexity of our current implementation demonstrates that further work on performance should be considered, even though in practice we observe that the bottleneck of calculation remains within profile calculation rather than PolygonStack operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the concepts of myth in the past and in the present. As a result of the analysis of a number of dictionary definitions the author comes to the conclusion that the words "antiquity" and "unauthenticity" are the main determinants of the lexeme "myth". The article describes the ways of myth transition in the 20th century from the categories of folklore to the categories of politics and speech manipulation. It is shown that the concept of myth is losing the determinant "antiquity", but preserves the "unauthenticity". The author studies the issues of consciousness mythologization, the use of myth as a part of the political discourse. The material of the research is represented by myths of the anti-utopian fairy tale Animal Farm by G. Orwell. The article aims at analyzing the fairy tale's three types of myths in reference to the time axis – about the past, the present and the future. The conclusion is made that in the Animal Farm the myths on the present power create the illusion of a safe, happy life; form an image of an enemy. Myths about the past draw gloomy pictures of pre-revolutionary life under the previous leader; create heroes. Myths about the future represent idyllic pictures of the future on the condition of full submission to authorities. These three types of myths are fully represented in the anti-utopia under the review.

This paper deals with the accuracy evaluation of a method for gathering synchronized phasor measurements of electrical quantities in nodes of power networks. Usually, this task is performed using commercially available instrumentation, for instance, the phasor measurement unit. They rely on a common time reference signal provided usually by the GPS system. After a brief recall of two methods already presented by authors in previous papers, which do not require a common time reference for providing synchronized phasors of voltages at the network nodes, the major sources of uncertainty in the measurement chain (lengths of the branches of the network; per-unit length reactance of the cables; and effect of the instrument transformers) are considered and investigation on their contribution, in one of the two methods, to the overall uncertainty performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies by Bastiaanse and colleagues found that time reference is selectively impaired in people with nonfluent agrammatic aphasia, with reference to the past being more difficult to process than reference to the present or to the future. To account for this dissociation, they formulated the PAst DIscourse LInking Hypothesis (PADILIH), which posits that past reference is more demanding than present/future reference because it involves discourse linking. There is some evidence that this hypothesis can be applied to people with fluent aphasia as well. However, the existing evidence for the PADILIH is contradictory, and most of it has been provided by employing a test that predominantly taps retrieval processes, leaving largely unexplored the underlying ability to encode time reference-related prephonological features. Within a cross-linguistic approach, this study tests the PADILIH by means of a sentence completion task that 'equally' taps encoding and retrieval abilities. This study also investigates if the PADILIH’s scope can be extended to fluent aphasia. Greek- and Italian-speaking individuals with aphasia participated in the study. The Greek group consisted of both individuals with nonfluent agrammatic aphasia and individuals with fluent aphasia, who also presented signs of agrammatism. The Italian group consisted of individuals with agrammatic nonfluent aphasia only. The two Greek subgroups performed similarly. Neither language group of participants with aphasia exhibited a pattern of performance consistent with the predictions of the PADILIH. However, a double dissociation observed within the Greek group suggests a hypothesis that may reconcile the present results with the PADILIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-powered sensing of the time-of-occurrence of an event is challenging, because it requires access to a reliable time reference or a synchronized clock. In this paper, we propose for the first time a self-powered integrated circuit that is capable of time-stamping asynchronous mechanical events of interest. The core of the proposed design is the integration of two self-powered modules: 1) a chip-scale Fowler–Nordheim tunneling-based timer array, for generating a precision, relative time reference; and 2) a linear piezoelectricity-driven hot-electron injector acting as a floating-gate memory to record the onset of mechanical events. This paper presents measured results from a $4 \times 4$ fully programmable timer array system-on-chip (SoC) and a linear injector array SoC, both of which have been prototyped in a standard double-poly CMOS process. The synchronization error of the timer array with respect to an external software clock was measured to be less than 1% over a duration of 100 h, and the average accuracy in sensing the time-of-occurrence of the event was measured to be 6.9%. The minimum activation energy of the self-powered system was measured to be 840 nJ (measured for event durations of 1 s), which is significantly lower than the energy that can be harvested from typical mechanical impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, we examined how adult heritage and monolingual speakers of Turkish process evidentiality (the linguistic expression of information source) through finite verb inflections and time reference, expressed on non-finite participles. A sentence-verification task was used to measure participants' sensitivity to evidentiality and time-reference violations in Turkish. Our findings showed that the heritage speakers were less accurate and slower than the monolinguals in responding to both evidentiality and time-reference violations. Also, the heritage speakers made more errors and had longer RTs when responding to evidentiality violations as compared to time-reference violations. The monolinguals had longer RTs (and more accurate responses) to time reference than to evidentiality violations. This study shows that evidentiality is susceptible to incomplete acquisition in Turkish heritage speakers. It is suggested that the requirement for simultaneous processing at different linguistic levels makes the evidentiality markers vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent studies in the area of afasiology, it is postulated that the nature of the deficit observed in the morphological marking of verbs in language is selective, that is, morphemes that indicate verbal tense appear to be more impaired compared to those that mark agreement. These deficits seem to be related mainly to the difficulty in reference to an event occurred in the past, when compared to events in the present and in the future. At the national level, there are no studies that analyze the production of verbal forms in the spontaneous speech of non-fluent aphasic (NFA). Thus, the objective was to investigate to what extent the verbal inflection related to the time reference may be impaired in the NFA. Also, verify if there is dissociation between the verbal agreement marking and the time reference in speech production in the AFN. Two subjects with ANF (1) C.A., 60 years, 11 years of schooling and with Broca's aphasia, and (2) M., 48 years, 13 years of schooling, with transcortical motor aphasia For that, we recorded the spontaneous discourse of two individuals, (1) C.A., 60 years old, 11 years of formal education, diagnosed with Broca's aphasia, and (2) M., 48 years old, 13 years of formal education, diagnosed with Motor Transcortical aphasia. The data were collected through a version of the Autobiographical Memory Interview, which assesses personal and autobiographic semantic memory. The results indicated a greater difficulty in the use of verbal forms related to the reference of past tense, when compared to the present and future. It was also possible to observe a greater difficulty on the part of both informants in the production of verbal forms involving the Imperfect tense and a dissociation between reference of time and verbal agreement, suggesting that the deficit in the production of the verbs can be selective, being the reference of time more Impaired in the production of language. Studies such as this are a small step towards broadening the understanding of how linguistic deficits impact oral communication in aphasia, contributing to qualify the evaluation of the real difficulties of these individuals, and to improve the diagnostic and rehabilitation methods, in order to foster greater integration of the aphasic family and community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]