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The published stability criteria for impulsive neural networks are scale-free on time line, which is only appropriate for discrete or continuous ones. The issue of global exponential stability for impulsive delayed neural networks on time scales is analyzed by employing the convex combination method in this article. Several algebraic and linear matrix inequality conditions are proved by constructing impulse-dependent Lyapunov functionals and using timescale inequality techniques. Unlike the published works, impulsive control strategies can be designed by utilizing our theoretical results to stabilize delayed neural networks on time scales if they are unstable before introducing impulses. Sufficient criteria for global exponential stability in this article are derived based on the timescale theory, and they are applicable to discrete-time impulsive neural networks, their continuous-time analogues, and neural networks whose states are discrete at one time and continuous at another time. Four numerical examples are offered to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our new theoretical results in the end.

The ability to generate memories that persist throughout a lifetime (that is, memory persistence) emerges in early development across species. Although it has been shown that persistent fear memories emerge between late infancy and adolescence in mice, it is unclear exactly when this transition takes place, and whether two major fear conditioning tasks, contextual and auditory fear, share the same time line of developmental onset. Here, we compared the ontogeny of remote contextual and auditory fear in C57BL/6J mice across early life. Mice at postnatal day (P)15, 21, 25, 28, and 30 underwent either contextual or auditory fear training and were tested for fear retrieval 1 or 30 d later. We found that mice displayed 30-d memory for context– and tone–fear starting at P25. We did not find sex differences in the ontogeny of either type of fear memory. Furthermore, 30-d contextual fear retrieval led to an increase in the number of c-Fos positive cells in the prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex only at an age in which the contextual fear memory was successfully retrieved. These data delineate a precise time line for the emergence of persistent contextual and auditory fear memories in mice and suggest that the prelimbic cortex is only recruited for remote memory recall upon the onset of memory persistence.

This paper divided the evolution of modern Chinese vernacular architecture (1949–2010) into 3 stages: early exploration, confine and confusion, and modern development, by taking time line as the clue, vernacular characteristics of modern architecture in Xi’an during different phases as the support, and combining literature research and field investigation. On this basis, it reviewed historical background, relevant context and typical features of modern vernacular architecture in Xi’an during different phases, and further concluded the evolution laws and research level of modern Chinese vernacular architecture.

Kala-azar (KA) and Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), two out of the six vector borne diseases slated for elimination from the country by Government of India. Kala-azar or Visceral Leishmaniasisis prevalent in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh mainly in the districts bordering to Bihar, the state known for high endemicity of the disease. This disease has been targeted for elimination not only from thestate butfrom the country by 2020 by bringing down the Kala-azar prevalenceto

In this paper the Robot technology development will be evaluated in teaching and business. Impacts hypothesis of robot’s applications are discussed in addition to the types of the robots with time line. The results of this study show the advantages and disadvantages of using the Robot teacher in classroom and business and it shows that the Robot teacher performance is not like the human teacher due to the senses that owned by human being. Robot impacts minimizes the employment worldwide and it is predicted that around 800 million of global workers will lose their jobs in 2030. The results show that impacts hypothesis is minimized through improving the performance of robot technology by using AI Artificial Intelligence, also the Robot applications in the global health system have contributed effectively and successfully to prevention of the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. The Sophia Robot with AI improvements, behaves with good feelings, senses and debating friendly and it is approved by UNDP on 2018. In this study, it is concluded that the robot is not like human being, although developing human-like robot is still out of reach. Also, AI is the best tool for enhancing the Robot technology and increase the employment involvement rate in near future, which is one of the future challenges and studies proposed in this research, industry 4.

Investigates the hypothesis that spatial processes are involved in judgments on membership in a category. It is argued that membership versus nonmembership of an object or a concept, in a category, is spatially simulated in mental space by a minimal continuum with 2 levels, left for membership and right for nonmembership. In analogy to other embodied dimensions (e.g., time line or number line), the orientation of membership levels on the mental dimension is assumed to follow the acquired reading/writing schema, with procedural primacy implying dominance, hence leftward positioning of dominant elements. This rationale is tested in 7 experiments. A recognition memory paradigm (modified 2AFC paradigm, Experiment 1) revealed that participants were faster indicating the location of an old word on the screen when displayed left within a pair of words, indicating a spatial representation of category membership ("member" = left, "nonmember" = right). For category discrimination (Experiment 2) we found faster and more accurate performance when a target word is presented left as compared with right. This pattern is replicated in Experiments 4a and 4b, with different response alternatives. Discriminating categories in a stimulus-response compatibility paradigm (Experiment 3), participants were faster making correct responses with their left hand than with their right hand in target category trials. In contrast, no differences were found for distractor trials. Experiments 5a and 5b address the spatial bias in spontaneous sorting situations. Overall, this pattern of results across the 7 experiments provides evidence in support of a spatial simulation of category assignment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Mega projects (MP) require efficient management of risks during their construction. Therefore, it is crucial to identify any possible deviations towards meeting their objectives. Such deviation forced MP to be delivered behind schedule and over budget. According references, MP does not require only qualitative analysis but requires an accurate quantitative analysis based on knowledge and practice. Thus, this paper aims to undergo a systematic review of quantitative analysis literature in construction of worldwide MP, with the utmost aim to improve contractors quantitative risk analysis practices in the presence of uncertainty. A time line was produced which shows the process of quantitative risk analysis in this literature including the past six years from 2013 to 2018. This was followed by a critical analysis in order to account for quantitative risk analysis techniques highlighted throughout literature sources. Furthermore, the paper reviews the literature of worldwide mega projects by which quantitative risk analysis process was practiced. It was observed that Monte Carlo analysis technique has succeeded in supporting project managers in allocating deviations in the objectives of MP. The paper adds value to practitioners using the process of quantitative risk analysis as well as contractors working on construction of MP.

Central neuropathic pain (CNP) was long held to be a psychiatric condition. People with CNP as a result of spinal cord injury (SCI) were marginalized partly due to a shortened life expectancy up until the early 1950s and later because the condition was thought to be psychosomatic. In fact, evidence-based research demonstrates many peripheral and central mechanisms contribute to CNP after SCI, which is clearly not psychosomatic but spinally and supraspinally mediated by permanent somatosensory circuit changes. This chapter begins with a brief history, reviews pain terminology, describes types of neuropathic pain after SCI, considers the challenges of developing mammalian models of CNP after SCI, and then presents the pathophysiology of SCI. For the purposes of the presentation of the progression of the pathophysiology after SCI, the time line post-SCI is the following: (1) immediate, primary injury response; (2) early acute mechanisms that occur minutes to hours; (3) subacute mechanisms that occur over days and weeks; (4) chronic mechanisms that persist when the “wound healing” has subsided. Several mechanisms of CNP are discussed in the temporal progression of the pathophysiology of SCI. Incorporated into the discussions are interventions that may prove successful in treating not only CNP after SCI but also CNP from other causes. Future directions are suggested in the closing paragraphs. In conclusion, CNP after SCI is clearly not psychogenic but a product of very real pathophysiological mechanisms that offer opportunities for treatment and a life free of pain.

During the last ten years, a significant interest on Sustainability of Supply Chains has arises. The integration of the three dimensions of sustainability, economic, environmental, and social is no more an option but a necessity. Based on our previous research work on the field of SSC, we aim through this book chapter to give an updated look to practices and patterns of sustainability applied on supply chain during the last ten years starting from 2010 till 2020, providing analytical and critical insights through and extended version of the research work. Thanks to its investigation of more than 93 papers, this book chapter is a valuable paper for practitioners. A data analysis is led and provides an overview of trends of sustainable supply chains field. A time line of pertinent reviews is presented, pinpointing on methodologies adopted. Furthermore, a focus on practices and patterns adopted and those who needs to be developed is given with a highlight of the main issues of the field. A holistic framework is defined and the role of each stakeholder is precisely delimited. Lastly, results and future considerations are provided with a highlight on current issues.

The paper attempts to provide an overview of the ongoing trade war between the United States and China. The major focus is to discuss the recent developments and discuss a time line of the events. It also looks at some of the other aspects that are linked with the ongoing trade war such as the Foreign Investment Law, the White Paper issues by the Chinese government discussing the trade war, and the Huawei issue.

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and impact of an action and coping planning intervention deployed in gambling venues to improve adherence to expenditure limits. We conducted a 2-group parallel-block randomised controlled trial comparing one 20-min session of action and coping planning to an assessment alone. Gamblers who were intending to set a monetary limit on EGMs (n = 184) were recruited in venues and administered the intervention prior to gambling. Measures were adherence to self-identified gambling limits and adherence to expenditure intentions at 30-days post-intervention using the Time Line Follow-Back. The intervention was feasible in terms of recruitment and willingness of gamblers to engage in a pre-gambling intervention. Most gamblers enacted strategies to limit their gambling prior to entering the venue, albeit these limits were on average higher than the Australian low risk gambling guidelines. In terms of impact, the intervention did not improve adherence to limits at post or 30-day follow-up assessment. However, Moderate Risk/Problem Gamblers in the Intervention group spent less (a median of $60 less) than intended (median $100) within the venue. All intervention participants intended to spend significantly less in the 30 days after the intervention compared to the amount spent in the 30 days prior to the intervention. This reduction was not found for participants in the control group. A simple brief intervention appears feasible in gambling venues and have an impact on gambling intentions over the short term.