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1. Binding of Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) Peptide Derivatives to CCKA and CCKB Receptors

Author: Heinrich Repke, Monika Boomgaarden, Reinhard Sohr, Rainer Harhammer, Ute Schäfer, Tilmann Ott, and Peter Henklein
Subjects: Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Norleucine, Succinimides, Peptide, Biology, Binding, Competitive, digestive system, Biochemistry, Cholecystokinin receptor, Pentapeptide repeat, Sincalide, Structure-Activity Relationship, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animals, Structure–activity relationship, Amino Acid Sequence, Rats, Wistar, Receptor, Peptide sequence, Cholecystokinin, chemistry.chemical_classification, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Peptide Fragments, Rats, Kinetics, chemistry, Indicators and Reagents, Receptors, Cholecystokinin, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Abstract: The structural requirements for the selective binding of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8)-related peptides to peripheral (CCKA) receptors are not sufficiently understood. In this study, the interaction of a series of newly shortened analogues of CCK-8 with both receptor subtypes was analyzed by displacement studies using [3H]-CCK-8 and 125I-Bolton-Hunter (BH)-CCK-8 as radioligands. The pentapeptide derivative of CCK-8, succinyl-Tyr (SO3H)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-phenethylamide, was found to bind selectively with high affinity to the CCKA receptor. The replacement of Met28 and/or Met31 by norleucine and of L-Trp30 by its D-analogue had no significant effect on the binding properties of the peptide. Further C-terminal shortening resulted in a drastic loss of affinity and selectivity of the CCK receptor binding.
Published: 2008

2. Mechanism of terfenadine block of ATP-sensitive K+ channels

Author: Tilmann Ott, Ingo Rustenbeck, Bernd J. Zünkler, and Stephan Kühne
Subjects: Pharmacology, endocrine system, Chemistry, Protein subunit, Intracellular pH, Cardiac action potential, Potassium channel blocker, Potassium channel, Electrophysiology, cardiovascular system, medicine, Biophysics, Terfenadine, Channel blocker, medicine.drug
Abstract: The ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel is a complex of a pore-forming inwardly rectifying K(+) channel (Kir6.2) and a sulphonylurea receptor (SUR). The aim of the present study was to gain further insight into the mechanism of block of K(ATP) channels by terfenadine. Channel activity was recorded both from native K(ATP) channels from the clonal insulinoma cell line RINm5F and from a C-terminal truncated form of Kir6.2 (Kir6.2Delta26), which - in contrast to Kir6.2 - expresses independently of SUR. Kir6.2Delta26 channels were expressed in COS-7 cells, and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA was used as a reporter gene. EGFP fluorescence was visualized by a laser scanning confocal microscope. Terfenadine applied to the cytoplasmic side of inside-out membrane patches concentration-dependently blocked both native K(ATP) channel and Kir6.2Delta26 channel activity, and the following values were calculated for IC(50) (the terfenadine concentration causing half-maximal inhibition) and n (the Hill coefficient): 1.2 microM and 0.7 for native K(ATP) channels, 3.0 microM and 1.0 for Kir6. 2Delta26 channels. Terfenadine had no effect on slope conductance of either native K(ATP) channels or Kir6.2Delta26 channels. Intraburst kinetics of Kir6.2Delta26 channels were not markedly affected by terfenadine and, therefore, terfenadine acts as a slow channel blocker on Kir6.2Delta26 channels. Terfenadine-induced block of Kir6. 2Delta26 channels demonstrated no marked voltage dependence, and lowering the intracellular pH to 6.5 potentiated the inhibition of Kir6.2Delta26 channels by terfenadine. These observations indicate that terfenadine blocks pancreatic B-cell K(ATP) channels via binding to the cytoplasmic side of the pore-forming subunit. The presence of the pancreatic SUR1 has a small, but significant enhancing effect on the potency of terfenadine.
Published: 2000

3. Kaliumkan�le und Kardiotoxizit�t von Arzneimitteln

Author: Tilmann Ott, Bernd J. Zünkler, and Stephan Kühne
Subjects: Gynecology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine, business
Abstract: Die fur die Repolarisation erforderliche Zeit der Ventrikel kann als QT-Intervall im EKG gemessen werden. Dieses Intervall wird vor allem durch Aktivierung des delayed rectifier K+-Stroms (IK) bestimmt, der aus einer schnellen (IKr) und einer langsamen (IKs) Komponente besteht. Arzneimittel, die IKr blockieren, verlangern das Aktionspotential (AP) des Herzens. Eine verlangerte Repolarisation ist als verlangertes QT-Intervall im EKG zu erkennen. Bei verlangerten APs kommt es uber eine Stimulation von Einwartsstromen zu fruhen Nachdepolarisationen, die wiederum das Risiko von Torsades de Pointes (TdP)-Herzrhythmusstorungen erhohen. Eine TdP-Rhythmusstorung ist durch ein Tanzen der Kammerkomplexe um die isoelektrische Linie charakterisiert. TdP-Rhythmusstorungen haben eine Frequenz von 150 bis 250 min–1 und konnen gelegentlich in Kammerflimmern mit letalem Ausgang ubergehen. Die Inzidenz von durch Arzneimitteln ausgelosten TdP-Rhythmusstorungen ist bei Antiarrhythmika der Klassen IA und III am hochsten. Unter bestimmten klinischen Bedingungen konnen jedoch auch einige nicht Herzkreislauf-wirksame Arzneimittel QT-Intervallverlangerungen im EKG oder TdP-Rhythmusstorungen hervorrufen. Da alle Arzneimittel, die TdP-Rhythmusstorungen hervorrufen, den IKr blockieren, scheint bei der Entwicklung neuer Arzneimittel eine Untersuchung hinsichtlich der Wirkungen auf APs von IKr-exprimierenden Herzzellen erforderlich zu sein. Wenn diese in-vitro elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen ergeben, das die neue Substanz AP-Verlangerungen oder K+-Kanal-Blockaden bei geeigneten Modellen und in relevanten Konzentrationen hervorruft, dann ist entweder die weitere klinische Entwicklung der neuen Substanz nicht gerechtfertigt, oder die Risikofaktoren, die das Auftreten von TdP-Rhythmusstorungen begunstigen, mussen bei weiteren klinischen Studien berucksichtigt werden. Bei einer Herzischamie fuhrt die Offnung von ATP-empfindlichen K+-(KATP)Kanalen zu einer Verkurzung des APs im ischamischen Myokard. Dieses hemmt die Kontraktilitat des Herzens und schutzt uber eine Hemmung des ATP-Verbrauchs die Zelle vor einer irreversiblen Schadigung der Zellfunktionen. Auf der anderen Seite kann eine Offnung von KATP-Kanalen reentry-Kammerrhythmusstorungen wahrend einer Herzischamie hervorrufen; diese Rhythmusstorungen sind die haufigste Todesursache bei Auftreten eines Herzinfarkts. Eine klinische Studie, die von dem University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) im Jahr 1970 durchgefuhrt wurde, ergab, das die Einnahme von Tolbutamid (einem Sulfonylharnstoffderivat) zu einer erhohten kardiovaskularen Mortalitat bei Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus und gleichzeitig bestehender koronarer Herzerkrankung fuhrte. Dagegen sprechen die Ergebnisse der vor kurzem durchgefuhrten UK Prospective Diabetes Study (1998) gegen die Vorstellung von unerwunschten kardiovaskularen Wirkungen von Sulfonylharnstoffen. Dieses wird durch neuere elektrophysiologische und molekularbiologische Untersuchungen gestutzt. KATP-Kanale werden aus einem inward rectifier K+-Kanal (Kir6.2) und einem Sulfonylharnstoffrezeptor (SUR) gebildet. Der KATP-Kanal der B-Zelle des Pankreas setzt sich aus Kir6.2 und SUR1 zusammen, und der Kanal im Herzen aus Kir6.2 und SUR2A. SUR1 bindet Sulfonylharnstoffe mit hoherer Affinitat als SUR2A. Die hypoglykamischen Wirkungen von Sulfonylharnstoffen resultieren aus einer Stimulation der B-Zelle des Pankreas uber eine Blockade der pankreatischen KATP-Kanale, wohingegen die KATP-Kanale des Herzens eine geringere Empfindlichkeit gegenuber der Blockade durch Sulfonylharnstoffe haben.
Published: 1999

4. Synthesis and biological activity of CCK peptides with antagonist activity for CCK-A-receptor

Author: M. Boomgaarden, Peter Henklein, Reinhard Sohr, Tilmann Ott, Jean Martinez, and R. Morgenstern
Subjects: Pharmacology, Peptide fragment, Contraction (grammar), digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Organic Chemistry, Antagonist, Biological activity, General Medicine, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Biochemistry, Drug Discovery, Peptide synthesis, Guinea pig ileum, CCK-A Receptor, Cholecystokinin
Abstract: The synthesis of a series of cholecystokinin analogues derived from the well-known antagonist Ge 410 (Suc-Tyr(SO3)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-β-phenethylamide) is reported. Replacements of l -Trp by d -Trp, Asp by Glu and Met by Nle were carried out and the resulting changes in biological activities investigated. All compounds synthesized were tested for their ability to inhibit CCK-induced contraction on isolated guinea pig ileum. SAR studies for these compounds are discussed.
Published: 1992

5. 2-bromolisuride, an ergot derivative, with dopamine antagonistic and serotonin agonistic properties

Author: Heidrun Fink, R. Morgenstern, and Tilmann Ott
Subjects: Male, Serotonin, medicine.medical_specialty, Apomorphine, Dopamine, Clinical Biochemistry, Cyproheptadine, Ritanserin, Motor Activity, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Serotonergic, Biochemistry, Hydroxydopamines, Behavioral Neuroscience, Internal medicine, Limbic System, medicine, Animals, Serotonin Antagonists, Lisuride, Oxidopamine, Biological Psychiatry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Chemistry, Dopaminergic, Sympathectomy, Chemical, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Endocrinology, Dopamine receptor, Dopamine Antagonists, Stereotyped Behavior, Endogenous agonist, medicine.drug, Serotonin Agonist
Abstract: The open-field test was used to study the involvement of dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the effects of 2-bromolisuride on locomotor activity in the rat. 2-Bromolisuride produced a dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous locomotor activity. This is most likely due to an antagonistic action at postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Low doses of 2-bromolisuride potentiated apomorphine-induced hypermotility. This potentiating effect was not mediated by a blockade of presynaptic dopamine receptors, because it was not prevented by 6-OHDA lesion of the nucleus accumbens. The potentiating effect of 2-bromolisuride was completely blocked by the serotonin antagonists cyproheptadine and ritanserin. It is suggested that 2-bromolisuride possesses dopamine antagonistic and serotonin agonistic properties.
Published: 1991

6. The influence of tifluadom on cholecystokinin-induced antinociception

Author: R. Morgenstern, Michael Gericke, and Tilmann Ott
Subjects: Male, Agonist, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, Pharmacology, digestive system, Cholecystokinin receptor, Benzodiazepines, Mice, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Drug Interactions, Receptor, Injections, Intraventricular, Cholecystokinin, Analgesics, Mice, Inbred ICR, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Morphine, Chemistry, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Antagonist, Nociception, Endocrinology, Mechanism of action, medicine.symptom, Tifluadom, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, medicine.drug
Abstract: The effects of tifluadom, a benzodiazepine-κ-opioid-receptor agonist, on cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8)-induced antinociception were investigated in the mouse writhing test. When given alone, tifluadom produced pronounced, dose-dependent analgesia. The antinociceptive effect of intracerebroventricularly injected CCK-8 was potentiated by high doses of tifluadom. In contrast, when tifluadom was applied at low doses which did not induce antinociception, the antinociceptive effect of CCK-8 was completely antagonized. It is concluded that tifluadom acts both as κ-opioid receptor agonist and as an antagonist at CCK receptors mediating CCK-induced antinociception.
Published: 1990

7. Analysis of reproductive toxicity and classification of glufosinate-ammonium

Author: Olavi Pelkonen, Franz Oesch, Diether Neubert, Rob Kroes, Lewis B. Holmes, Sir Colin Berry, Rolf Schulte-Hermann, Erminio Giavini, Heinz Nau, Frank M. Sullivan, Gerald N. Wogan, Tilmann Ott, Elisabeth Robert-Gnansia, Andrew Czeizel, and Nigel A. Brown
Subjects: Pregnancy, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, No-observed-adverse-effect level, Offspring, Herbicides, Aminobutyrates, Reproduction, Physiology, General Medicine, Environmental Exposure, Biology, Toxicology, medicine.disease, Embryo, Mammalian, Glutamine, Animal data, Glutamine synthetase, medicine, Conceptus, Animals, Humans, Female, Reproductive toxicity
Abstract: CONCLUSION REGARDING CLASSIFICATION OF GLUFOSINATE-AMMONIUM: Science Partners' Evaluation Group (Evaluation Group) has conducted an independent analysis of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (GA) relative to its potential to cause reproductive toxicity in humans. Further, the Evaluation Group has evaluated the implementation of Annex 6 of Commission Directive 2001/59/EC (28th ATP of Council Directive 67/548/EEC) and Council Directive 91/414/EEC, with respect to classification of chemicals posing potential reproductive hazards. After consideration of all information available to us relevant to the potential of glufosinate-ammonium (GA) to cause reproductive toxicity, the Science Partners Evaluation Group concludes that no classification of GA is justified. The following form the basis of this conclusion. There are no human data to suggest that GA causes reproductive toxicity in women or in their conceptus. The issue concerning possible reproductive hazard to humans is raised solely on the basis of positive animal test results that show GA to cause preimplantation or implantation losses in rats. SPECIFICALLY: a. Daily treatment with GA had no detectable effect on the earliest stages of the reproductive sequence including gametogenesis, ovulation, mating and conception; b. Treatment with GA interfered with rat gestation before and at the stage when the conceptus implants into the uterus. This effect occurred at doses of 360 ppm in the feed (corresponding to daily doses of 27.8 mg/kg bw) and above; and c. After implantation, no further effect of GA on prenatal and post-natal development was recognized. Previous concerns that GA might be toxic to embryonic stages after implantation were not supported by the data. Abortions and stillbirth seen were associated with, and regarded as secondary to, maternal toxicity. There was no evidence suggesting the induction of malformations in the offspring. The mechanism underlying this adverse effect in experimental laboratory animals is identified-inhibition of glutamine synthetase. Glutamine is essential to the viability of the embryo. The embryo is dependent on a maternal source of the amino acid. For embryo lethality to occur, a significant reduction of maternal glutamine is required. Such reduction in maternal glutamine depends on a significant inhibition of glutamine synthetase by GA. This can only occur when the mother is exposed to very high levels of GA. SPECIFICALLY: a. The reproductive toxicity of GA is confined to very short, early stages of reproduction, during which the conceptus is dependent on maternal glutamine; and b. In order for the effect to occur, significant reduction in maternal blood glutamine level is required, which in turn depends on a significant inhibition of glutamine synthetase, induced by high levels of GA in the maternal system. There is no evidence for accumulation of GA in the mammalian organism beyond a factor of two and no evidence for its metabolic toxification. To raise a concern in humans, women would have to be exposed to GA during the very limited time frame of preimplantation or implantation and the exposure would have to be to the exceedingly high levels necessary to alter the maternal metabolism and, correspondingly, result in glutamine levels in maternal tissue and blood plasma being drastically reduced. There is no basis to suggest that such exposures would occur under conditions of normal handling and use. SPECIFICALLY: a. Under conditions of normal handling and use, operators would never be exposed to GA levels that could potentially inhibit glutamine synthetase to the extent that this inhibition could impair preimplantation or implantation. b. All acceptable exposure measurements and predictive calculations confirm this conclusion, and in fact demonstrate that reasonably foreseeable exposure of workers would be to levels significantly below the AOEL. c. The evidence is also clear that there is no reproductive toxicity hazard to workers upon reentry tosprayed fields, bystanders, consumers or toddlers. The safety margin compared to the NOAEL in animal studies is sufficiently large to assure protection of the health of workers using GA as well as bystanders, consumers, and toddlers. Pursuant to Annex 6 of Commission Directive 2001/59/EC (28th ATP of Council Directive 67/548/EEC), to justify a classification of category 2 there must be sufficient evidence to produce a strong presumption that human exposure to the substance may result in impaired fertility in humans. It is the conclusion of the Science Partners Evaluation Group that there is no reasonable evidence to suggest a strong presumption of impairment. To the contrary, there is clear evidence demonstrating a strong presumption that exposure to GA would not cause the adverse effect demonstrated in rats. Pursuant to Annex 6 of Commission Directive 2001/59/EC (28th ATP of Council Directive 67/548/EEC), to justify a classification of category 3, there must be sufficient evidence to provide a strong suspicion of impaired fertility in humans. There is no basis to conclude that the animal data demonstrating impaired preimplantation or implantation has any relevance to humans in that the effect found in rats only occurs at levels which would never be experienced by workers under conditions of normal handling and use or by bystanders, consumers, or toddlers.
Published: 2005

8. Disopyramide block of K(ATP) channels is mediated by the pore-forming subunit

Author: Alfred G. Hildebrandt, Ingo Rustenbeck, Stephan Kühne, Tilmann Ott, and Bernd J. Zünkler
Subjects: endocrine system, DNA, Complementary, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Potassium Channels, Intracellular pH, Protein subunit, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Transfection, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Green fluorescent protein, Membrane Potentials, Complementary DNA, medicine, Potassium Channel Blockers, Animals, General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying, Reporter gene, Microscopy, Confocal, Chemistry, General Medicine, Luminescent Proteins, Sulfonylurea Compounds, Biochemistry, Cytoplasm, COS Cells, cardiovascular system, Biophysics, Sulfonylurea receptor, Disopyramide, medicine.drug
Abstract: The class Ia antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide blocks native ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels at micromolar concentrations. The K(ATP) channel is a complex of a pore-forming inwardly rectifying K+ channel (Kir6.2) and a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR). The aim of the present study was to further localize the site of action of disopyramide. We have used a C-terminal truncated form of Kir6.2 (Kir6.2delta26), which--in contrast to Kir6.2--expresses independently of SUR. Kir6.2delta26 channels were expressed in African green monkey kidney COS-7 cells, and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA was used as a reporter gene. EGFP fluorescence was visualized by a laser scanning confocal microscope. Disopyramide applied to the cytoplasmic membrane surface of inside-out patches inhibited Kir6.2delta26 channels half-maximally at 7.1 microM (at pH 7.15). Lowering the intracellular pH to 6.5 potentiated the inhibition of Kir6.2delta26 channels by disopyramide. These observations suggest that disopyramide directly blocks the pore-forming Kir6.2 subunit, in particular at reduced intracellular pH values that occur under cardiac ischaemia.
Published: 2001

9. CCKB receptor stimulation mediates [Ca2+]i increase but no PKC activation in Jurkat T-cells

Author: Klaus Buchner, Tilmann Ott, Carsten Lindschau, and Roland Kaufmann
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, T-Lymphocytes, chemistry.chemical_element, Calcium, Biology, Devazepide, Jurkat cells, Sincalide, Calcium in biology, Cell Line, Nitrendipine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Protein Kinase C, Protein kinase C, Benzodiazepinones, Voltage-dependent calcium channel, Phenylurea Compounds, General Neuroscience, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Dihydropyridine, Receptor antagonist, Enzyme Activation, Kinetics, Endocrinology, chemistry, Biophysics, Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate, Receptors, Cholecystokinin, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, medicine.drug
Abstract: We have investigated the effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) on [Ca2+]i and protein kinase C (PKC) activity in Jurkat T-cells. CCK-8 produced a transient [Ca2+]i increase in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. While CCKB receptor antagonist L-365,260 abolished the elevation of [Ca2+]i, CCKA receptor antagonist L-364,718 was without effect. Moreover, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nitrendipine was shown to block the observed calcium response. Results suggest that the calcium effect is caused by an interaction of CCK-8 with CCKB binding sites and an influx of external Ca2+ via dihydropyridine sensitive calcium channels might serve as a source for the increased [Ca2+]i. Because CCK-8 induced no PKC activation CCKB receptor mediated rise of intracellular calcium seems not to include activation of phospholipase C.
Published: 1992

10. Effects of P2 purinoceptor agonists on membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ of human cardiac endothelial cells

Author: Tilmann Ott, Michael Gräfe, Berthold Henning, Eckart Fleck, Stephan Kühne, Bernd J. Zünkler, and Alfred G. Hildebrandt
Subjects: Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists, medicine.medical_specialty, Thapsigargin, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Endothelium, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Uridine Triphosphate, Biology, Pulmonary Artery, Toxicology, Membrane Potentials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adenosine Triphosphate, Internal medicine, medicine, Extracellular, Myocyte, Animals, Humans, Cells, Cultured, Pharmacology, Membrane potential, Aniline Compounds, Receptors, Purinergic P2, Purinergic receptor, Thionucleotides, Coronary Vessels, Endothelial stem cell, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Xanthenes, Biophysics, Calcium, Cattle, Endothelium, Vascular, Intracellular
Abstract: Vasoactive agonists like adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) increase intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in vascular endothelial cells with an initial peak due to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-mediated Ca 2 release from intracellular stores followed by a sustained plateau that is dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca 2+ , thus leading to an increased synthesis and release of prostacyclin and nitric oxide. We studied the effects of nucleotides on membrane potential and [Ca 2+ ] i in confluent human microvascular cardiac endothelial cells obtained from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. The whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique and a confocal laser scanning microscope employing fluo-3 as a Ca 2+ indicator were used. Both uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) and 2-methylthioadenosine-5'-triphosphate (2MeSATP) induced depolarizations in human microvascular cardiac endothelial cells and increased [Ca 2+ ] i with a rank order of potency 2MeSATP>ATP=UTP (EC 50 values (in μM) were 0.084 2MeSATP, 0.67 ATP and I. 1 UTP). This suggests that both P 2u and P 2y purinoceptors are present on human microvascular cardiac endothelial cells. Maximal [Ca 2+ ] i responses of confluent human microvascular cardiac endothelial cell monolayers to UTP were lower when compared to 2MeSATP Nucleotide-induced increases in [Ca 2+ ] i consisted of a transient peak, which was also observed in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ , and a sustained [Ca 2+ ] i plateau. This plateau, which was not observed in all monolayers studied, was not markedly influenced by increasing extracellular [K + ]. Previous incubation with thapsigargin abolished ATP-induced increases of [Ca 2+ ] i . It is concluded that human microvascular cardiac endothelial cells express both P 2y and P 2u purinoceptors. P 2 purinoceptor agonists release Ca 2+ from intracellular thapsigargin-sensitive stores and stimulate capacitative Ca 2+ influx pathways. K + efflux through Ca 2+ -dependent K + (K Ca ) channels does not play a major role in the regulation of nucleotide-induced Ca 2+ influx in human microvascular cardiac endothelial cells, which might be related to an impaired function of the cells.
Published: 1999

11. L

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

12. Q

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

13. M

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

14. P

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

15. O

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

16. R

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

17. U

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

18. N

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

19. Z

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

20. T

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

21. S

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

22. Kaliumkanäle und Kardiotoxizität von Arzneimitteln

Author: Bernd J. Zünkler, Tilmann Ott, and Stephan Kühne
Subjects: Gynecology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Medicine, business
Abstract: Die fur die Repolarisation erforderliche Zeit der Ventrikel kann als QT-Intervall im EKG gemessen werden. Dieses Intervall wird vor allem durch Aktivierung des delayed rectifier K-Stroms (Ik) bestimmt, der aus einer schnellen (Ikr) und einer langsamen (Iks) Komponente besteht. Arzneimittel, die Ikr blockieren, verlangern das Aktionspotential (AP) des Herzens. Eine verlangerte Repolarisation ist als verlangertes QT-Intervall im EKG zu erkennen. Bei verlangerten APs kommt es uber eine Stimulation von Einwartsstromen zu fruhen Nachdepolarisationen, die wiederum das Risiko von Torsades de Pointes (TdP)-Herzrhythmusstorungen erhohen. Eine TdP-Rhythmusstorung ist durch ein Tanzen der Kammerkomplexe um die isoelektrische Linie charakterisiert. TdP-Rhyth-musstorungen haben eine Frequenz von 150 bis 250 min“1 und konnen gelegentlich in Kammerflimmern mit letalem Ausgang ubergehen. Die Inzidenz von durch Arzneimitteln ausgelosten TdP-Rhythmusstorungen ist bei Antiarrhythmika der Klassen IA und III am hochsten. Unter bestimmten klinischen Bedingungen konnen jedoch auch einige nicht Herzkreislauf-wirksame Arzneimittel QT-Intervallverlange-rungen im EKG oderTdP-Rhythmusstorungen hervorrufen. Da alle Arzneimittel, die TdP-Rhythmusstorungen hervorrufenden Ikr blockieren, scheint bei der Entwicklung neuer Arzneimittel eine Untersuchung hinsichtlich der Wirkungen auf APs von Ikr-exprimierenden Herzzellen erforderlich zu sein. Wenn diese invitro elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen ergeben, das die neue Substanz AP-Verlangerungen oder K-Kanal-Blockaden bei geeigneten Modellen und in relevanten Konzentrationen hervorruft, dann ist entweder die weitere klinische Entwicklung der neuen Substanz nicht gerechtfertigt, oder die Risikofaktoren, die das Auftreten von TdP-Rhythmusstorungen begunstigen, mussen bei weiteren klinischen Studien berucksichtigt werden.
Published: 1999

23. X

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

24. V

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

25. Y

Author: Franz von Bruchhausen, Siegfried Ebel, Eberhard Hackenthal, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, C. Arras-Reiter, Andrea Bauer, Pia Bauer, Winfried Beil, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bossle, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Ellen Bretschneider, Regina Brigelius-Flohé, Kerstin Brinkmann, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Kurt Eger, Petra Eichhorn, Michael Engler, Thomas Erker, Peter Felfe, Alfred Fenyves, Reinhard Fescharek, Carmen Frackenpohl, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Volker Franke, Ulrich Franken, Detlef Geffken, Uli Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Peter Ndive Gobina, Werner Golder, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Katharina Götte, Erkme Gottstein, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Eberhard Heller, Dietrich von Herrath, J. Hilfenhaus, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Christian Holpert, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Hans Kemmler, Werner Kiefer, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, Hans-Peter Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, M. Krüger, Markus Kuhn, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Detlef Leopoldt, Georg Liedtke, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Frank Peter Meyer, Wolfgang Meyerhof, Manfred Moos, Rudolf Morgenstern, Klaus Müller, Walter E. Müller, Corina Nachtsheim, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Werner Neupert, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, H. Oelschläger, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Rainer Pick, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Eberhard Reimann, Joachim Richter, Kai Riecke, Suzanne Ritter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gernot Roth, Gerhard Rücker, Judith Schäfer, Joachim G. Schantl, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Max Schmauß, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, B. Schneeweiß, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Johannes Schweiger, Gisela Skopp, Gisela Skorka, Kai Smolinka, Ulrich Speck, Ralf Stahlmann, Herbert Stein, Karlheinz Stiefvater, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Hubert Szelényi, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Täufel, Ruth Thieroff-Ekerdt, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Thomas Vorwerk, Jürgen Wallmann, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Beate Wüst, G. Zilow, and A. Kluge
Published: 1999

26. Effects of tolbutamide on ATP-sensitive K+ channels from human right atrial cardiac myocytes

Author: Berthold Henning, Tilmann Ott, Alfred G. Hildebrandt, Bernd J. Zünkler, and Eckart Fleck
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Cromakalim, Potassium Channels, Adolescent, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Tolbutamide, Myocardial Ischemia, Atrial Function, Right, Toxicology, Right atrial, Sensitivity and Specificity, Membrane Potentials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adenosine Triphosphate, Internal medicine, medicine, Myocyte, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Benzopyrans, Drug Interactions, Pyrroles, Heart Atria, Child, Aged, Pharmacology, Membrane potential, Myocardium, Pipette, Conductance, Middle Aged, Kinetics, Endocrinology, chemistry, Circulatory system, Female, medicine.drug
Abstract: In order to gain further insight into possible deleterious effects on ischaemia-induced myocardial damage induced by sulfonylureas when administered to humans, the effects of tolbutamide on ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels from human right atrial myocytes were studied. Single myocytes were enzymatically isolated from human right atrium. The cell-attached and inside-out configuration of the patch-clamp technique were employed at room temperature (both the pipette and the bath solution contained high [K+]). KATP channels in inside-out patches showed slight inward rectification, had a slope conductance of 75.1 +/- 2.4 pS (mean +/- S.E.M.; n = 5) at negative membrane potentials and these channels were blocked by ATP (half-maximal block (EC50) at 39 microM; Hill coefficient = 1.65). In cell-attached recordings, cromakalim (300 microM) opened KATP channels (with a slope conductance of 73.3 +/- 1.8 pS (n = 16) at negative membrane potentials) in previously silent patches. Cromakalim-induced openings of KATP channels were not markedly affected by 100 or 300 microM tolbutamide but were blocked by tolbutamide at millimolar concentrations (1-3 mM). The concentration-response relationship for tolbutamide-induced block of KATP channels in the presence of 300 microM cromakalim in cell-attached patches was calculated to values for the EC50 of 1.325 mM and for the Hill coefficient of 1.0, respectively. 1 mM tolbutamide-induced block of cromakalim-induced KATP channel openings was not different at room temperature when compared to 37 degrees. It is concluded that KATP channels from human right atrial myocytes have a low sensitivity towards tolbutamide-induced block.
Published: 1997

27. Time course and role of extracellular Ca2+ in veratridine-induced glutamate release

Author: Claudia Stier, Reinhard Sohr, Gisela Skorka, and Tilmann Ott
Subjects: Male, Microdialysis, Time Factors, Glutamic Acid, Neurotransmission, Biology, Exocytosis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Extracellular, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Neurotransmitter, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Neurons, Veratridine, General Neuroscience, Glutamate receptor, Rats, Neostriatum, chemistry, Biochemistry, Metabotropic glutamate receptor, Astrocytes, Biophysics, Calcium, Extracellular Space
Abstract: THE veratridine-induced release of glutamate in the striatum of anaesthetized rats was studied using regional brain microdialysis to elucidate the role of extracellular Ca 2+ and to investigate the exact time course of the glutamate response. In a first series of experiments with Ca 2+ -depletion starting simultaneously with the veratridine pulse no significant differences were found under Ca 2+ -replete and Ca 2+ -free conditions. Strikingly, under both conditions glutamate efflux followed a biphasic time course. When Ca 2+ depletion preceded veratridine stimulation a significant inhibition of the initial glutamate release was found, indicating that the first glutamate portion originates from Ca 2+ -dependent vesicular exocytosis. The nature of the second and longer lasting phase of glutamate efflux is not clear, but it may be mediated by reversal of the glutamate uptake system of the plasma membrane located both on neurones and on astrocytes. This points to a possibly important contribution of glial cells to glutamate overflow under pathological conditions and should be subject to further investigations.
Published: 1996

28. T

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

29. Y

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

30. W

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

31. X

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

32. S

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

33. U

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

34. Q

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

35. Z

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

36. R

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

37. V

Author: Margitta Albinus, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Wolfgang Barthel, Andrea Bauer, Kurt Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Petra Berscht, Thorsten Beyrich, Katja Binder, Roswitha Böhme, Hans-Hubertus Borchert, Franz Bracher, Helmut Bräunlich, Kerstin Brinkmann, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Wolfram Christ, Monika Cimbollek, Rolf Daniels, Gerd Dannhardt, Hans-Jürgen Duchstein, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Maria S. Fernandez-Alfonso, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Jochen Gödicke, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Markus von Gruchalla, Michael Gütschow, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Sabine Hartmann, Susanne Hartmann, Dieter Heber, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Andreas Hensel, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Elisabeth Inkmann, Jens Jürgens, Brigitte Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Nasser Khudeir, Werner Kiefer, Doris Kleinsorge, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Martin Klingmüller, H.-P. Klöcking, Gerd Kobal, Axel Kramer, Mareta Kreher, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Dorothea Landsiedel-Maier, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Andreas Maurer, Wolfgang Meindl, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Klaus Müller, Walter Müller, Alexander Mülsch, Tilo Netzer, Michael Neugebauer, Ulf Niemeyer, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Hartmut Oßwald, Robert Ott, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Martina Pickert, Andreas Pies, Klaus Pietrzik, Detlef Preiss, Helmut Priewer, Olaf Queckenberg, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Rainer Rettig, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Hans Rommelspacher, Ulrich Rose, Gerhard Rücker, Klaus Schaefer, Helmut Schlager, Werner Schleicher, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Helmut Schmidhammer, Gerhard Schmidt, Timo Schmidt, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz, Gert Schulze, Peter Schwanz, Helmut Schwilden, Monika Serke, Gisela Skopp, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Christian Steffen, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Reinhard Troschütz, Michael Verborg, Eugen J. Verspohl, Franz-Josef Volk, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Judith Wede, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Hilke Winterhoff, Reinhold Wintersteiger, Frauke Woltmann, Diaa Youssef, and A. Ziegler
Published: 1994

38. A

Author: F. von Bruchhausen, S. Ebel, A. W. Frahm, E. Hackenthal, Margitta Albinus, Hassan-Fahmy Ali, Syed Laik Ali, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Peter Barth, Wolfgang Barthel, Kurt Bauer, Andrea Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Günther Bellmann, Thorsten Beyrich, Franz Bossle, Helmut Bräunlich, Matthias Bräutigam, Kerstin Brinkmann, Adalbert Brinz, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Ulrich Bürger, Wolfram Christ, Klaus Daneck, Gerd Dannhardt, Helga Doering, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Bernhard Feil, Monika Fett, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Wolfram Gaida, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Klaus Geldsetzer, Ulrich Gessner, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Eberhard Gottwald, Beate Grates, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Jan Gustafsson, Hartmut Gustmann, Jürgen Haas, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Susanne Hartmann, Heribert Häusler, Marcus Heidenreich, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Bernd Hempel, Monika Herboth, Klaus Herbrand, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Wolfgang Hoefke, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Anette Hornberger, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Walter Janßen, Angela Jördens, Ilmar Jurna, Günther Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Petra Kisser, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Gerd Kobal, Johannes Koehler, Axel Kramer, Birgit Krammer, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Markus Kuhn, Norbert Kühn, Dorothea Landsiedel, Andreas Langner, Martina Laudszun, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Rainer Maue, Peter Maul, Andreas Maurer, Ralf Mayer, Wolfgang Meindl, Werner Meise, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Alfred Müller, Walter E. Müller, Klaus Müller, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Michael Neugebauer, Ottmar Neugebauer, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Hartmut Oßwald, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Siegfried Pfeifer, Klaus Pietrzik, Kathrin Pöllath, Olaf Queckenberg, Bernd Raffelsberger, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Markus Reuß, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Peter H. Richter, Hubert Richter, Klaus Rittinghaus, Hans Rommelspacher, Gerhard Rücker, Gerhard Schaefer, Klaus Schaefer, Jutta Schcerer, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Gerhard Schmidt, Wolfgang Schmutzler, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz-Schalge, Harald Schütz, Helmut Schwilden, Gisela Skopp, Ulrich Speck, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, E. Staubli, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Stiefvater, Michael Streek, Günther Strippel, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Thomas, Herbert Trampisch, Reinhard Troschütz, Bernard Unterhalt, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Sven Völkl, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Burkhard Wichert, Hilke Winterhoff, Peter Witte, and Monika Wolff
Published: 1993

39. B

Author: F. von Bruchhausen, S. Ebel, A. W. Frahm, E. Hackenthal, Margitta Albinus, Hassan-Fahmy Ali, Syed Laik Ali, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Peter Barth, Wolfgang Barthel, Kurt Bauer, Andrea Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Günther Bellmann, Thorsten Beyrich, Franz Bossle, Helmut Bräunlich, Matthias Bräutigam, Kerstin Brinkmann, Adalbert Brinz, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Ulrich Bürger, Wolfram Christ, Klaus Daneck, Gerd Dannhardt, Helga Doering, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Bernhard Feil, Monika Fett, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Wolfram Gaida, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Klaus Geldsetzer, Ulrich Gessner, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Eberhard Gottwald, Beate Grates, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Jan Gustafsson, Hartmut Gustmann, Jürgen Haas, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Susanne Hartmann, Heribert Häusler, Marcus Heidenreich, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Bernd Hempel, Monika Herboth, Klaus Herbrand, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Wolfgang Hoefke, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Anette Hornberger, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Walter Janßen, Angela Jördens, Ilmar Jurna, Günther Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Petra Kisser, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Gerd Kobal, Johannes Koehler, Axel Kramer, Birgit Krammer, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Markus Kuhn, Norbert Kühn, Dorothea Landsiedel, Andreas Langner, Martina Laudszun, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Rainer Maue, Peter Maul, Andreas Maurer, Ralf Mayer, Wolfgang Meindl, Werner Meise, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Alfred Müller, Walter E. Müller, Klaus Müller, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Michael Neugebauer, Ottmar Neugebauer, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Hartmut Oßwald, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Siegfried Pfeifer, Klaus Pietrzik, Kathrin Pöllath, Olaf Queckenberg, Bernd Raffelsberger, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Markus Reuß, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Peter H. Richter, Hubert Richter, Klaus Rittinghaus, Hans Rommelspacher, Gerhard Rücker, Gerhard Schaefer, Klaus Schaefer, Jutta Schcerer, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Gerhard Schmidt, Wolfgang Schmutzler, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz-Schalge, Harald Schütz, Helmut Schwilden, Gisela Skopp, Ulrich Speck, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, E. Staubli, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Stiefvater, Michael Streek, Günther Strippel, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Thomas, Herbert Trampisch, Reinhard Troschütz, Bernard Unterhalt, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Sven Völkl, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Burkhard Wichert, Hilke Winterhoff, Peter Witte, and Monika Wolff
Published: 1993

40. C

Author: F. von Bruchhausen, S. Ebel, A. W. Frahm, E. Hackenthal, Margitta Albinus, Hassan-Fahmy Ali, Syed Laik Ali, Gudrun Amschler, Uwe Amschler, Erwin von Angerer, Peter Barth, Wolfgang Barthel, Kurt Bauer, Andrea Bauer, Jürgen Beckmann, Winfried Beil, Jürgen Beitz, Günther Bellmann, Thorsten Beyrich, Franz Bossle, Helmut Bräunlich, Matthias Bräutigam, Kerstin Brinkmann, Adalbert Brinz, Franz von Bruchhausen, Kay Brune, Axel Büge, Ulrich Bürger, Wolfram Christ, Klaus Daneck, Gerd Dannhardt, Helga Doering, Siegfried Ebel, Kurt Eger, Peter Emig, Thomas Erker, Bernhard Feil, Monika Fett, August Wilhelm Frahm, Margarete Frahm, Klaus-Jürgen Freundt, Wolfram Gaida, Detlef Geffken, Ulrich Geis, Klaus Geldsetzer, Ulrich Gessner, Erika Glusa, Berthold Göber, Margarete Goppelt-Strübe, Wilhelm Gössling, Eberhard Gottwald, Beate Grates, Annette Graul, Sibylle Greiner, Adolf Grisk, Michael Grosam, Jan Gustafsson, Hartmut Gustmann, Jürgen Haas, Axel Haberkorn, Eberhard Hackenthal, Annette Häfner, Boris Haluszczynski, Achim Harder, Susanne Hartmann, Heribert Häusler, Marcus Heidenreich, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Bernd Hempel, Monika Herboth, Klaus Herbrand, Sibylle Hoedt-Schmidt, Wolfgang Hoefke, Hermann Hoffmann, Ute Hoffmann-Schollmayer, Bernhard Hofmann, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Anette Hornberger, Ute Hübner-Steiner, Martin Hug, Wolfgang Ibrom, Walter Janßen, Angela Jördens, Ilmar Jurna, Günther Kaiser, Dieter-Abbo Kalbhen, Petra Kisser, Christoph Klett, Stephanie Klett, Gerd Kobal, Johannes Koehler, Axel Kramer, Birgit Krammer, Gottfried Kreutz, Reinhard Kroker, Markus Kuhn, Norbert Kühn, Dorothea Landsiedel, Andreas Langner, Martina Laudszun, Jochen Lehmann, Marion Sylvia Lehner, Stefan Leiner, Hans Löwe, Johannes Mann, Detlef Manns, Wolfgang Matthiessen, Rainer Maue, Peter Maul, Andreas Maurer, Ralf Mayer, Wolfgang Meindl, Werner Meise, Klaus Menges, Paul Messinger, Hans-Jürgen Mest, Frank Peter Meyer, J. Mollière, Rudolf Morgenstern, Wolfgang Morick, Joachim Mössner, Alfred Müller, Walter E. Müller, Klaus Müller, Christa Müller, Daniel Müller, Michael Neugebauer, Ottmar Neugebauer, Peter Nickel, Peter Nuhn, Bernd Nürnberg, Joachim Oertel, Michael Oettel, Tilmann Ott, Thomas Otzen, Hartmut Oßwald, Peter Pachaly, Helmut Pelzer, Karl-Uwe Petersen, Siegfried Pfeifer, Klaus Pietrzik, Kathrin Pöllath, Olaf Queckenberg, Bernd Raffelsberger, Eberhard Reimann, Jörg Remien, Markus Reuß, Andreas Reymann, Joachim Richter, Peter H. Richter, Hubert Richter, Klaus Rittinghaus, Hans Rommelspacher, Gerhard Rücker, Gerhard Schaefer, Klaus Schaefer, Jutta Schcerer, Helmut Schlager, Hildegard Schleinitz, Wolfgang Schlichter, Gerhard Schmidt, Wolfgang Schmutzler, Johannes Schräder, Thomas Schulz-Schalge, Harald Schütz, Helmut Schwilden, Gisela Skopp, Ulrich Speck, Marcus Spohn, Ralf Stahlmann, Johannes-Peter Stasch, E. Staubli, Jürgen Steinmeyer, Karl-Heinz Stiefvater, Michael Streek, Günther Strippel, Karl-Heinz Surborg, Ulf Sürig, Istvan Szelenyi, Alfred Thomas, Herbert Trampisch, Reinhard Troschütz, Bernard Unterhalt, Eugen J. Verspohl, Sabine Vogel, Franz-Josef Volk, Sven Völkl, Heinz Walther, Horst Weber, Martin Wenzel, Marion Weyandt-Spangenberg, Sandra Wich, Burkhard Wichert, Hilke Winterhoff, Peter Witte, and Monika Wolff
Published: 1993

41. CCK-8 modulates D2 receptor agonist-induced hypermotility in the nucleus accumbens

Author: Tilmann Ott, R. Morgenstern, and Heidrun Fink
Subjects: Agonist, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, Neuropeptide, Devazepide, Stimulation, Nucleus accumbens, Biology, Motor Activity, digestive system, Nucleus Accumbens, Sincalide, Injections, Receptors, Dopamine, Internal medicine, Dopamine receptor D2, medicine, Animals, Cholecystokinin, Benzodiazepinones, Receptors, Dopamine D2, General Neuroscience, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Endocrinology, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, medicine.drug
Abstract: The influence of CCK-8 on locomotor effects associated with independent D2 receptor stimulation was studied. To selectively stimulate mesolimbic D2 receptors LY 171555 was injected into the nucleus accumbens of awake rats. Locomotor activity was measured in the open-field test. LY 171555 induced a biphasic effect: low doses stimulated, whereas higher doses inhibited locomotor activity. CCK-8 injected into the posteromedial part of the nucleus accumbens suppressed hyperlocomotion induced by LY 171555. The CCK-8 effect was prevented by the CCK-antagonist L 364,718. Our results indicate that CCK-8 modulates D2 receptor-mediated effects in the mesolimbic system.
Published: 1991

42. Behavioral effects of cholecystokinin mediated by CCK-A receptors in rat and mouse brain

Author: M. Gericke, H. Fink, and Tilmann Ott
Subjects: Pharmacology, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Chemistry, Internal medicine, Cholecystokinin B receptor, medicine, Receptor, Cholecystokinin
Published: 1990

43. Blockade of high frequency rhythmical slow activity by intrahippocampal injection of a glutamic acid antagonist

Author: Tilmann Ott and Claude Destrade
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Electric Conductivity, Antagonist, Glutamate receptor, Hippocampus, Rats, Inbred Strains, Stimulation, Glutamic acid, Electric Stimulation, Rats, Blockade, Endocrinology, Glutamates, Hypothalamus, Internal medicine, Anesthesia, medicine, Animals, Evoked Potentials, Hippocampal eeg
Abstract: Intrahippocampal injections of glutamic acid diethylester (GDEE) were performed in rats in order to study a possible implication of glutamate in the mediation of high frequency (8-12 Hz) rhythmical slow activity (RSA) elicited by 100 Hz electrical stimulation of the dorsomedial hypothalamus. This 8-12 Hz RSA was selectively and reversibly suppressed in hippocampal EEG 6 min and 15 min after 150 micrograms or 400 micrograms of GDEE, whereas no modifications were found in the low frequency RSA (6-8 Hz) evoked in hippocampus during exploratory behavior.
Published: 1980

44. Effects of orotic acid on the development of morphine tolerance

Author: Tilmann Ott, Gisela Grecksch, and Hansjürgen Matthies
Subjects: Male, Orotic acid, Time Factors, Injections, Subcutaneous, Morphine hydrochloride, Analgesic, Catalepsy, Pharmacology, medicine, Animals, Humans, Orotic Acid, Behavior, Animal, Morphine, Chemistry, Morphine tolerance, Stereotyped behaviour, Drug Tolerance, medicine.disease, Rats, Sodium Orotate, RNA, Analgesia, Stereotyped Behavior, Injections, Intraperitoneal, medicine.drug
Abstract: A marked tolerance to both analgesic and cataleptic effects of 20 mg/kg morphine hydrochloride was developed in rats during treatment with daily doses increasing from 20 to 120mg/kg s.c. within 11 days. Daily administration of 100 mg/kg sodium orotate i. p. 14 days before and during treatment with morphine significantly accelerated the development of tolerance for cataleptic as well as analgesic effects of morphine. The disappearance of the tolerance phenomena was delayed in the orotate-treated animals. No influence of orotate, however, could be observed on the formation of stereotyped behaviour and disappearance of stereotype.
Published: 1974

45. Opioid-receptor blockade reduces nose-poke self-stimulation derived from medial entorhinal cortex

Author: Klaus G. Reymann, Hansjürgen Matthies, Solita Wulcko, and Tilmann Ott
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, Clinical Biochemistry, Endogeny, Stimulation, Toxicology, Biochemistry, Behavioral Neuroscience, Self Stimulation, Reward, Opioid receptor, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Reinforcement, Receptor, Biological Psychiatry, Cerebral Cortex, Pharmacology, Naloxone, Narcotic antagonist, business.industry, Rats, Inbred Strains, Entorhinal cortex, Electric Stimulation, Rats, Blockade, Endocrinology, Anesthesia, Receptors, Opioid, business
Abstract: Rats were trained to nose-poke for intracranial self-stimulation (SS) with electrodes unilaterally implanted in the medial entorhinal cortex. The acute effects of naloxone (NX; 0.1–10 mg/kg, IP) on a continuous reinforcement schedule were determined. Reductions in the self-stimulation rates occurred only at moderate doses (median of individual changes = −36% at 1 and 5 mg/kg), whereas the high dose (10 mg/kg) was ineffective. None of the doses influenced operant behavior. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous opioid-opiate receptor mechanisms play a modulatory role in SS reward. Considering that NX was administered systematically the action of the drug on reinforcement levels may be mediated by a site distinct from the locus of stimulation.
Published: 1986

46. Monosynaptic activation of the hippocampus as a conditioned stimulus: Behavioral effects

Author: Heinz Rüthrich, Hansjürgen Matthies, Tilmann Ott, Lutz Lindenau, and Klaus G. Reymann
Subjects: Male, education.field_of_study, Neuronal Plasticity, Perforant Pathway, Dentate gyrus, Conditioning, Classical, Population, Hippocampus, Classical conditioning, Rats, Inbred Strains, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Stimulation, Extinction (psychology), Entorhinal cortex, Electric Stimulation, Rats, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neural Pathways, Synapses, Avoidance Learning, Animals, education, Psychology, Neuroscience
Abstract: The aim of the present study with rats was to show that electrical stimulation of a monosynaptic pathway, whose high plastic potency is well-known, can serve as a conditioned stimulus (CS) in a learning paradigm. Using chronic rats, stimulation of the perforant pathway, which activates the entorhinal cortex input to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, was used as the CS in a footshock motivated two-way avoidance task (shuttle box). Among the different stimulation parameters tested, only trains of at least 15 Hz were shown to be effective as a CS, whereas the application of single impulses with a frequency of 1,7 Hz did not result in the establishment of conditioned behavior. Using the 15 Hz-paradigm, in “good learners,” the development of reliable conditioned responses started at the end of the first training session (40 trials) and become fairly stable during a further training session, given on the following day. The application of stimulation trains with 100 Hz as a CS led to the development of a high rate of conditioned responses, however, there was also a high level of intertrial reactions. Considering the critical importance of the frequency parameters of the perforant pathway stimulation for the development of conditioned behavior the possible involvement of hippocampal long-term potentiation in behavioral plasticity is discussed. Additionally, it is concluded that this new learning paradigm offers the advantage of concurrent analysis of plastic processes both at the behavioral level and at the level of the synaptic population.
Published: 1982

47. Evidence for dopamine as a transmitter in dorsal hippocampus

Author: James L. McGaugh, Tilmann Ott, and Koichi Ishikawa
Subjects: Male, Serotonin, medicine.medical_specialty, Dorsal hippocampus, Dopamine, Metabolite, Hippocampus, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, medicine, Haloperidol, Animals, Molecular Biology, General Neuroscience, Homovanillic acid, Dopaminergic, Homovanillic Acid, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Endocrinology, nervous system, chemistry, Hypothalamus, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, Neurology (clinical), Developmental Biology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Intrahippocampal distribution of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), was studied along with those of noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine in rats. DA concentration in the dorsal part of the hippocampus was found to be 4–10 times higher than in other parts. A study of metabolite distributions produced similar results, showing a higher concentration in the dorsal part of the hippocampus. A ratio of NA/DA had a value similar to that of the hypothalamus in which apparent dopaminergic innervation has been reported. Haloperidol decreased the DA level, whereas it increased the concentration of metabolites, in whole and dorsal hippocampus. The ratio HVA/DOPAC increased after haloperidol treatment. These findings strongly suggest the presence of dopaminergic innervation in at least the dorsal part of the hippocampus.
Published: 1982

48. The duration of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampal slice preparation

Author: Tilmann Ott, Klaus G. Reymann, Reinhard Malisch, Rudolf Brödemann, Hansjürgen Matthies, and Karin Schulzeck
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Hippocampus, In Vitro Techniques, Hippocampal formation, Slice preparation, Internal medicine, Reaction Time, medicine, Animals, Latency (engineering), Evoked Potentials, Neurons, Tissue Survival, Chemistry, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, General Neuroscience, Rats, Inbred Strains, Long-term potentiation, Population spike, Electric Stimulation, Rats, Endocrinology, nervous system, Anesthesia, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Tetanic stimulation
Abstract: The duration of long-term potentiation (LTP) of the monosynaptic excitatory Schaffer collateral-commissural input to hippocampal neurons of the CA1 region was examined in the in vitro slice. Relatively stable evoked potentials were obtained under conventional perfusion conditions at least for 10 hours. Tetanic stimulation (100 Hz, 1 sec) increased the population spike (pop-spike) amplitude by about 150% and the slope of the field-EPSP by about 30% over the pre-LTP baseline, whereas the latency and peak latency of the pop-spike decreased. In comparison to control experiments (same number of stimuli at 0.2 Hz) the differences were statistically significant for 2 hr (field-EPSP) and for greater than or equal to 10 hr (pop-spike), respectively. Repeated tetanization (3 X 100 Hz/1 sec), however, substantially prolongs EPSP-LTP (greater than or equal to 10 hr) and doubles the approximated half-life of pop-spike LTP. The threshold current intensity to elicit pop-spike responses decreased after the induction of LTP. Furthermore, the smaller field-EPSP values necessary to evoke near-threshold pop-spikes demonstrate an E-S potentiation (left-shift) at least in the low-intensity range. While the total duration of potentiation of the different parameters has not been determined, all the above mentioned effects could be observed at least 10 hr following the repeated tetanization. It is proposed that the slice preparation is suitable for the investigation of mechanisms of a postulated late phase of LTP if appropriate conditions are used.
Published: 1985

49. Rhythmical slow wave electroencephalographic activity elicited by hippocampal injection of muscarinic agents in the rat

Author: Tilmann Ott and Reinhard Malisch
Subjects: Male, Arecoline, Scopolamine, Hippocampus, Hippocampal formation, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, medicine, Oxotremorine, Animals, Receptors, Cholinergic, Theta Rhythm, Evoked Potentials, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Muscarinic antagonist, Rats, Inbred Strains, Receptors, Muscarinic, Rats, Neuroscience, Muscarinic Agents, medicine.drug
Abstract: In freely moving male Wistar rats the hippocampal EEG was recorded by using chemitrodes (combinations of guide cannulas with bipolar recording electrodes) chronically implanted into the dorsal hippocampus (CA1). The muscarinic agents oxotremorine and arecoline applied intrahippocampally caused a long-lasting increase in the amount of rhythmical slow wave activity (RSA) of the hippocampal EEG accompanied by a decrease of the dominating frequency. At the same time, the well-known relationship between defined behavioral states and EEG patterns was abolished. The effect of oxotremorine could be blocked by subsequent application of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. The results support the hypothesis that a non-rhythmic activation of hippocampal muscarinic receptors may result in the generation of RSA within the hippocampal formation.
Published: 1982

50. Histochemische und biochemische Untersuchungen am Hippocampus und Neocortex der Wistarratte

Author: Manfred Uhlig, Hans Luppa, Tilmann Ott, and Hansjürgen Matthies
Subjects: Histology, Cell Biology, General Medicine
Abstract: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Verhalten der Enzyme Monoaminoxydase, GABA-Transaminase, Acetylcholinesterase, unspezifische Cholinesterase, A-, B-, C-Esterase und saure Phosphatase mit histochemischen und biochemischen Methoden 1 min, 1 h , 4 und 24 h nach einer fusreiz-motivierten Hell-Dunkel-Diskriminierungsreaktion an mannlichen Wistarratten untersucht. Lernbedingte, signifikante Aktivitatsanderungen der B-Esterase in der Hippocampus-region 4 h (Erhohung um 30%) und 24 h (Erniedrigung um 25%) und der Acetylcholinesterase im cingularen Cortex 4 h nach dem Training (Erhohung um 38%) sind zu beobachten und werden als Hinweise fur verancerte Proteinsyntheseleistungen (B-Esterase) bzw. veranderte synaptische Aktivitat (Acetylcholinesterase) gewertet und diskutiert. Auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse und verschiedener Literaturbefunde kann als sicher gelten, das unter dem Einflus eines Lernexperimentes die Proteinsyntheseleistungen der Hippocampuszellen erhoht und offenbar bestimmte Proteine vermehrt gebildet werden. Diese Proteine sind zumindest teilweise Enzyme, die zur Erweiterung des Proteinsyntheseapparates der Neurone dienen und die als Teilmechanismen der intracellularen Regulation der synaptischen Konnektivitat aufzufassen sind.
Published: 1980

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