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Targeted therapy has the potential to be used in the neoadjuvant setting for odontogenic tumors, reducing the morbidities associated with major surgery. In this regard, the aim of this study was to summarize the current evidence on the different forms of targeted therapy, effectiveness, and drawbacks of this course of treatment. Four databases were searched electronically without regard to publication date or language. Grey literature searches and manual searches were also undertaken. Publications with sufficient clinical data on targeted therapy for odontogenic tumors were required to meet the criteria for eligibility. The analysis of the data was descriptive. A total of 15 papers comprising 17 cases (15 ameloblastomas and 2 ameloblastic carcinomas) were included. Numerous mutations were found, with BRAF V600E being most common. Dabrafenib was the most utilized drug in targeted therapy. Except for one case, the treatment reduced the size of the lesion (16/17 cases), showing promise. Most of the adverse events recorded were mild, such as skin issues, voice changes, abnormal hair texture, dry eyes, and systemic symptoms (e.g., fatigue, joint pain, and nausea). It is possible to reach the conclusion that targeted therapy for ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma may be a useful treatment strategy, based on the findings of the included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify potential salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia. Materials and Methods: An advance search from PubMed and Hindawi was performed with keywords; oral leukoplakia/oral squamous cell carcinoma, salivary biomarker and diagnosis/prognosis. An additional search of articles was done through a manual search from the Google Scholar database. Results: Twenty studies involving salivary biomarkers as diagnostic tools for oral squamous cell carcinoma and/or oral leukoplakia were identified. A narrative review was carried out. Conclusion: Single or multiple salivary biomarkers reported by most studies have shown great potential as diagnostic tools for oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia. However, the validation of sensitivity and specificity should be carried out to ensure the accuracy of the biomarkers. Furthermore, a standardised method for saliva collection should be established to prevent variability in the expression of biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A major pitfall of many of the established oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) grading criteria is their lack of reproducibility and accuracy to predict malignant transformation. The main objective of this study was to determine whether calibration of practicing oral pathologists on OED grading could improve the reproducibility of the WHO 2017 and the binary OED grading systems. Methods: A nationwide online exercise was carried out to determine the influence of calibration on the reproducibility of the WHO 2017 and the binary OED grading systems. Results: A significant improvement was observed in the inter‐observer agreement for the WHO 2017 OED grading system (K 0.196 vs. 0.448; Kw 0.357 vs. 0.562) after the calibration exercise. The significant difference (p = 0.027) in the level of agreement between those with five or more years and less than 5 years of experience was no more observed (p = 0.426) after the calibration exercise. The percent agreement for binary grading was significantly higher (91.8%) for buccal mucosal lesions as compared to lesions on the tongue after the calibration exercise. Conclusion: This study validates the significance of calibration in improving the reproducibility of OED grading. The nationwide exercise resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the inter‐observer agreement for the WHO 2017 OED grading system among a large number of oral pathologists. It is highly recommended that similar exercises should be organized periodically by professional bodies responsible for continuing education among oral pathologists to improve the reliability of OED grading for optimal treatment of oral potentially malignant disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Verruco papillary lesions (VPL) in the oral cavity encompass a spectrum of lesions starting from benign, potentially malignant to entirely malignant tumors. Much of the controversies in these entities occur due to lack of consensus on the disease characteristics and the management. This systematic review was conducted to identify and describe different lesions categorized as VPL in the oral cavity and their association with malignancy. Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, LILAC, IMSEAR, and CENTRAL databases, which retrieved a total of 1020 abstracts. These abstracts were managed through Rayyan and Mendeley software, and only 28 studies with high quality were included in the systematic review. Results: Studies were published from 1992 to 2021. From the extracted data, nine different entities under the umbrella term VPL were identified associated with malignancy. We describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of these and propose a uniform framework for nomenclature. Conclusions: Lack of well‐planned research with adequate follow‐up duration and inadequate quality standards are major barriers for the lack of evidence. The use of uniform nomenclature, as proposed in this study, and research at the molecular level will greatly reduce the controversies in understanding oral VPL associated with malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the development of a platform for image collection and annotation that resulted in a multi‐sourced international image dataset of oral lesions to facilitate the development of automated lesion classification algorithms. Materials and Methods: We developed a web‐interface, hosted on a web server to collect oral lesions images from international partners. Further, we developed a customised annotation tool, also a web‐interface for systematic annotation of images to build a rich clinically labelled dataset. We evaluated the sensitivities comparing referral decisions through the annotation process with the clinical diagnosis of the lesions. Results: The image repository hosts 2474 images of oral lesions consisting of oral cancer, oral potentially malignant disorders and other oral lesions that were collected through MeMoSA® UPLOAD. Eight‐hundred images were annotated by seven oral medicine specialists on MeMoSA®ANNOTATE, to mark the lesion and to collect clinical labels. The sensitivity in referral decision for all lesions that required a referral for cancer management/surveillance was moderate to high depending on the type of lesion (64.3%–100%). Conclusion: This is the first description of a database with clinically labelled oral lesions. This database could accelerate the improvement of AI algorithms that can promote the early detection of high‐risk oral lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 56-year-old male smoker with a nonhealing, gradually enlarging tongue ulcer. Examinations revealed chronic granulomatous inflammation and confirmed Histoplasma capsulatum. The patient was administered oral itraconazale and intravenous amphotericin B, amid his other medical conditions. Intravenous antibiotics were given to check bacterial pneumonia, but the patient remained frail and died due to sepsis after 1 month of treatment.