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This study aims to analyse the effect of temperature and wind speed on the performance of different types of photovoltaic (PV) systems at a different state in Malaysia and how it affects the economics and environmental impact assessment in the present year of 2018 as well as future years in 2030 and 2040. Three types of grid-connected solar PV modules namely Mono-Crystalline, Poly-crystalline, and Thin Film were selected to be implemented in different cities of Shah Alam, Chuping, Alor Setar, Ipoh and Kota Kinabalu. A mathematical model was adopted to estimate the performance characteristics of the solar PV modules. Based on the data in the present year, the highest power output produced by the Mc-Si module for Alor Setar city is given by 33.40 MWh/year while the lowest amount of power output provided by this PV panel is about 28.18 MWh/year in Shah Alam. Furthermore, an area of 144 m2 for the Mono-Crystalline PV module can satisfy the total energy requirement by the resident as it was the most profitable to be implemented compared to Poly-crystalline and Thin Film. The findings of this study can serve as important information on the economic viability of installing PV systems in the selected cities in Malaysia.

Thermal energy management in the automobile industry has been a growing challenge to ensure effective engine cooling and increase performance. The objective of this study is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids with different concentrations. The study focuses on the effect of thermophysical properties such as density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity on the thermal performance of the flat tube. Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles concentrations of 0.05 to 0.3 per cent by volume were added into the mixture of the base fluid. CATIA V5 was used to design the flat tube, and the model was further simulated using ANSYS Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The base fluid consisting of 20% ethylene glycol and 80% water was observed to have a thermal conductivity of 0.415 W/m.K. The thermal conductivity, however, increases with the addition of 0.3% volume concentration of Al2O3 and CuO nanofluid, which are 0.9285 W/m.K and 0.9042 W/m.K, respectively. Under the same operating condition, the Nusselt number was observed to increase from 94.514 for the base fluid to 101.36 and 130.46 for both Al2O3 and CuO nanofluid, respectively. It can thus be concluded that CuO with a 0.3% concentration has the highest heat transfer rate compared to others. The heat transfer coefficient was recorded at 22052.200 W/m²K, and the thermal conductivity obtained was 0.9042 W/mK, Nusselt number was 130.459, and the rate of heat transfer was at 66.71 W. There was a 10% increase in heat transfer coefficient at 0.3% nanofluid concentration when compared to 0.05%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental analysis of channel inlet/outlet ratio assessment for a single cell PEM Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is presented in this paper. Two single cell fuel cells were compared with different channel inlet/outlet quantity of 1:1 inlet/outlet and multiple 2:1 inlet/outlet ratio. Fuel cell having single inlet has to overcome large pressure drop. Therefore, an additional inlet was introduced and compared. The two inlets of multiple 2:1 fuel cell were positioned far from each other to increase reactant distribution. The BPP were made from industrial standard carbon graphite. Nafion 112 PEM layer with an active area of 25 cm2 was used. Both fuel cells were subjected to similar experimental condition for comparison purposes. Both cathode and anode air condition supplied was dehumidified. Flow rates of 0.25 L/min, 0.5 L/min and 0.75 L/min were introduced at the cathode. Meanwhile, the anode hydrogen supplied was kept at a constant flow rate of 0.25 L/min. The results for each parametric condition was observed. The results show that polarization performance of 2:1 has improved over the 1:1 fuel cell. The 2:1 recorded average power improvement of 43.6%, 52.9%, and 47.2% over the 1:1 fuel cell for 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 L/min cathode flow conditions. This shown that under similar operating conditions, additional inlet and the inlets positioning able to overcome pressure drop and promotes cell performance due to better reactant distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]