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Coptosapelta flavescens Korth. is one of the medicinal plants used as a traditional medicine in Vietnam for a long time. However, few documents proved its safety for a long time. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the toxicity effects of the aqueous extract of C. flavescens by determining its effects after subchronic oral administration in Swiss albino mice. The toxicity of C. flavescens extract was tested at doses of 400 and 1200 mg/kg, respectively, over 30 and 60 days on an in vivo model. Animal weight, behavior, and condition changes were monitored throughout the process. At the end of the observation periods, hematological indices and histopathological features of the animal specimens were analyzed. The administration of C. flavescens extract at doses of 400 and 1200 mg/kg caused a weight difference in male mice after 30 days and in both sexes after 60 days of administration compared to the control group. There were no significant changes in hematological parameters and biochemical indexes of the liver and kidney compared with the control group. The histological structure of the liver showed changes when treated with C. flavescens at both doses after 60 days, whereas the histological structure of the kidneys exhibited differences only at the dose of 400 mg/kg. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that Coptosapelta flavescens Korth. is unlikely to have subacute and subchronic oral toxicity. However, there are some minor effects on the liver and kidneys.

For a long time, ethnic minorities in Ninh Thuan province have combined ''Day Khai'' (Coptosapelta flavescens Korth) with many other medicinal herbs, creating an esoteric remedy called ''Cao Khai''-an aqueous extract from Day Khai. This study tested an aqueous extract from ''Day Khai'' for total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity in an in vivo mice model. The aqueous extracts of raw materials C. flavescens collected in different regions were found to have phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in vitro according to DPPH, ABTS, RP, TAC, and FRAP methods. This study evaluated the effect of C. flavescens on arthritis of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced-mice by observing changes in the degree of edema in the leg joints blood index and histology. The findings indicated that the ''Cao Khai'' had anti-inflammatory benefits and lowered the inflammatory symptoms in mice equivalent to Mobic medications (p < 0.05) while also limiting cartilage tissue damage after 14 days of usage. As a result, it is clear that ''Cao Khai'' can be considered a medicinal herb with tremendous potential for usage as an addition to illness therapy that should be protected and cultivated.

Modeling of diffusion/enzymatic reaction in porous electrodes operating in direct electron transfer mode is developed. The solution at the pore-scale is extremely cumbersome due to the complex geometry of the porous material. The upscaled model is much easier to solve, while keeping the essential of the physico-chemical behavior. The method to carry out the solution can be described as follows • The effective diffusion coefficient involved in the macroscopic equations is accurately computed by solving a closure problem in a representative elementary volume. • Electrochemical parameters are identified by a direct resolution of the macroscopic model solved with a COMSOL Multiphysics code coupled to a curve fit procedure carried out on voltammetry experimental results using a Matlab code. Electrodes with different thicknesses may be considered in the fitting procedure to improve accuracy. An alternative use of the COMSOL Multiphysics code is to predict the electrode behavior and further optimize its design, if all the electrochemical parameters are identified. • To validate the upscaled model, the pore scale model may be solved with direct numerical simulations carried out in a 3D microstructure using another COMSOL Multiphysics code to compare with the solution of the upscaled model in the 1D-reduced geometry.

Longwall Top Coal Caving has been considered as one of the most effective technologies for the extraction of underground thick coal seams. A large number of studies on the applicability of Longwall Top Coal Caving into new mine sites have linked the success of its application to the geomechanical understanding of the cavability of the top coal. The paper aims to improve the knowledge of the top coal cavability evaluation. A range of parameters that affect the top coal cavability were first identified. Afterward, a number of cavability assessment methods and classifications were reviewed. The result is important in that it assists researchers in developing an advanced and reliable tool for the top coal cavability evaluation. Keywords: Longwall top coal caving, Cavability, Numerical modelling, Caving mechanism, Caving classification

This paper comes up with a novel Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control (FTSMC) for robot manipulators. First, to enhance the response, fast convergence time, against uncertainties, and accuracy of the tracking position, the novel Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Manifold (FTSMM) is developed. Then, a Supper-Twisting Control Law (STCL) is applied to combat the unknown nonlinear functions in the control system. By using this technique, the exterior disturbances and uncertain dynamics are compensated more rapidly and more correctly with the smooth control torque. Finally, the proposed controller is launched from the proposed sliding mode manifold and the STCL to provide the desired performance. Consequently, the stabilization and robustness criteria are guaranteed in the designed system with high-performance and limited chattering. The proposed controller runs without a precise dynamic model, even in the presence of uncertain components. The numerical examples are simulated to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed control method for trajectory tracking control of a 3-Degrees of Freedom (DOF) robotic manipulator.

Galactinol synthase (GolS) has been known to play a key role in raffinose biosynthesis by catalysing the formation of galactinol. The GolS gene family has been recently identified in various plant species. Among them, many individual GolS genes have been reported to function in plant stress tolerance. In this study, we reported the construction of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing a soybean GolS gene, GolS2. There were no significant differences in the phenotypes of the transgenic and control plants during normal physiological conditions. We evaluated the performance of the transgenic plants under various stress conditions in relation to that of the control plants. The result evidenced that the overexpression of GmGolS2 gene in Arabidopsis improved the plant’s tolerance to salt stress but did not protect the plants against heavy metals and paraquat. Our study suggested that soybean GolS genes could be a potential candidate for genetic engineering to improve abiotic stress tolerance of plants.

This study presents a new adaptive synchronized computed torque control algorithm based on neural networks for three degree-of-freedom planar parallel manipulators. The basic idea of the proposed control algorithm is to use the incorporation of cross-coupling errors of active joints with the adaptive computed torque control algorithm, online self-tuned neural networks, and error compensators. The key to the success of the proposed approach is to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy of the parallel manipulator’s end-effector while driving the synchronization errors among active joints to zero. The uncertainties of the control system such as modeling errors, frictional terms, and external disturbances are adaptively compensated online during the trajectory tracking of the parallel manipulator. Using the Lyapunov theory, it is proved that the tracking errors and error rates of the overall system asymptotically converge to zero. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm, compared simulations are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink [version 2013a] combined with Solidworks 2014.

The control of a parallel robotic manipulator with uncertain dynamics is a noteworthy challenge due to the complicated dynamic model; multi-closed-loop chains; and singularities. This study develops a Synchronization Full-Order Terminal Sliding Mode Control (S-FOTSMC) for a 3-DOF planar parallel robotic manipulator with uncertain dynamics. First, to achieve faster convergence of position error and synchronization error variables with minimum values at the same time, a Synchronization Full-Order Terminal Sliding Mode Surface (S-FOTSMS) is constructed in the cross-coupling error’s state space. Next; an integral of the switching control term is applied; that means, a continuous control term is extended for rejecting the effects of chattering. Finally, an SFOTSMC is designed to guarantee that sliding mode motion will occur. Consequently, the stability and the robustness of the proposed method are secured with high-performance irrespective of the influences of uncertain terms in the robot system. The simulation performances show the effectiveness of our proposed system for position tracking control of a 3-DOF planar parallel robotic manipulator.

This paper proposes a novel chattering free neuro-sliding mode controller for the trajectory tracking control of two degrees of freedom (DOF) parallel manipulators which have a complicated dynamic model, including modelling uncertainties, frictional uncertainties and external disturbances. A feedforward neural network (NN) is combined with an error estimator to completely compensate the large nonlinear uncertainties and external disturbances of the parallel manipulators. The online weight tuning algorithms of the NN and the structure of the error estimator are derived with the strict theoretical stability proof of the Lyapunov theorem. The upper bound of uncertainties and the upper bound of the approximation errors are not required to be known in advance in order to guarantee the stability of the closed-loop system. The example simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the tracking control of a 2-DOF parallel manipulator. It results in its being chattering-free, very small tracking errors and its robustness against uncertainties and external disturbances.

Protein‐ and peptide‐based therapies have emerged as a possible alternative to antibody‐ and small molecule‐ based therapies for treating cancer, aiming to improve drug localization and enhance effectiveness. Peptides such as cyclotides and acyclotides are known for their exceptional stability, which is attributed to the presence of a cystine knot. These peptides exhibit a diverse array of biological activities, making them promising candidates for therapeutic development. Transcriptomics approaches are frequently employed to gain insights into gene organization and identify variations in transcript expression levels. Furthermore, proteomics and NMR spectroscopy techniques are highly regarded as a potent method for analyzing peptide structures. This review offers a thorough examination of the most recent advancements and developments in the methods employed to isolate and characterize the peptides, including purification, proteomics, and transcriptomics. Furthermore, the article thoroughly analyzes the unique structural features of cyclotides and acyclotides, providing valuable insights into their potential groundbreaking applications. The discussion also explores the issuance of numerous patents in the medical and pharmaceutical field, highlighting the growing interest and potential applications of cyclotides in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]