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Three autochthonous cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) acquired in rural areas of France where Lyme borreliosis, but not TBE, is endemic highlight the emergence of TBE in new areas. For patients with neurologic involvement who have been in regions where Ixodes ticks circulate, clinicians should test for TBE virus and other tickborne viruses.

Number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases has increased and new foci have emerged in Finland during the last decade. We evaluated risk for locally acquired TBE in the capital region inhabited by 1.2 million people. We screened ticks and small mammals from probable places of TBE virus (TBEV) transmission and places without reported circulation. The TBEV positive samples were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Within the study period 2007-2017, there was a clear increase of both all TBE cases and locally acquired cases in the Helsinki area. The surveillance of ticks and small mammals for TBEV confirmed four distinct TBEV foci in the Helsinki area. All detected TBEV strains were of the European subtype. TBEV genome sequences indicated that distinct TBEV lineages circulate in each focus. Molecular clock analysis suggested that the virus lineages were introduced to these foci decades ago. In conclusion, TBE has emerged in the mainland of Helsinki area during the last decade, with at least four distinct virus lineages independently introduced into the region previously. Although the overall annual TBE incidence is below the threshold for recommending general vaccinations, the situation requires further surveillance to detect and prevent possible further emergence of local TBE clusters.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is transmissible viral disease widely common in temperate zone of Eurasia. ELISA and PCR are used for express identification of the vector’s infection, but the results of the two methods often do not agree. Aim of the work is comparative analysis for TBE virus of Ixodid ticks from nature using complex of methods, including ELISA, PCR, and isolation of the virus in laboratory mice. 18608 Ixodid ticks were collected during 2013-2019 in TBE natural foci of the Baikal Region. The ticks suspensions were examined individually, using ELISA (n=17610) and PCR (n=2999). Suckling mice were inoculated with the suspensions positive in the both tests. The TBEV antigen was found in 1.2 % of ticks in average. All ticks positive in ELISA were examined in PCR (Group 1). Randomly selected part of negative-ELISA samples were examined in PCR too (Group 2). The PCR results were positive in 68.9±3.13 % of the Group 1, with average Ct index 24.6±0.38. Positive results of PCR in Group 2 accounted for just 2.7±0.31 % with average Ct index 31.0±0.70. The average Ct margin of the Groups 1 and 2 is statistically significant (p < 0.001; df = 118). Isolation of strains was significantly more successful in Group 1 (21.7±2.77 %), than in Group 2 (8.2±5.26 %; p < 0.05; df = 50). ELISA is more useful for examining large amounts of ticks. To get a more complex picture about epidemically dangerous part of the vectors in TBE natural foci, the results of the two express-methods is better to sum. The isolation of the virus is useful to carry out of the samples positive in ELISA and PCR concurrently.

Vector-borne diseases are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in small animals in Europe. Many of these diseases are well-known among veterinary practitioners and some of them are called emerging diseases as prevalence, temporal and spatial distribution seem to increase in Europe. The number of newly recognized pathogens, transmitted by a variety of arthropod vectors, that are relevant for dogs and cats, is also increasing every year. The prevalence among infected vectors and hosts is a hot topic in veterinary science throughout the entire continent, as well as the development of efficient diagnostic procedures, therapy and prophylactic measures. Companion animal vector-borne diseases comprise a large group of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths. These pathogens are mainly transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods (ticks, fleas, mosquitos, sand flies), and more seldom by direct transmission between vertebrate hosts. Vector prevalence and activity is influenced by local climate conditions, host species density, changes in landscape and land use. Human parameters such as poverty and migration affect the use of prophylactic measures against pathogen transmission and infection as well as increasing the zoonotic risk to introducing pathogens by infected humans. Small animal associated factors such as pet trade and pet travel Vektorske bolesti su jedan od najčešćih uzroka morbiditeta i mortaliteta malih životinja u Evropi. Mnoge od ovih bolesti su dobro poznate veterinarima koji se bave praksom, a neke od njih se obzirom na porast njihove prevalencije, prostorne i vremenske distribucije u Evropi nazivaju „emerdžing“ bolestima. Broj novoprepoznatih patogena čiji su prenosioci tj. vektori artropode je iz godine u godinu u porastu. Prevalenca među infi ciranim vektorima i domaćinima predstavlja značajnu temu u veterinarskoj nauci širom kontinenta, kao i razvoj efi kasnih dijagnostičkih procedura, terapija i profi laktičkih mera. Vektorske bolesti kućnih ljubimaca obuhvataju veliku grupu patogena, uključujući viruse, bakterije, protozoe i helminte. Ove patogene mahom prenose artropode koje sisaju krv (krpelji, buve, komarci i peščane mušice), a znatno ređe direktnom transmisijom između kičmenjaka tj.domaćina. Prevalenca i aktivnost vektora zavisi od klimatskih uslova, gustine naseljenosti domaćina, promena u životnom okruženju i uoptrebe zemljišta. Humani parametri, kao što su siromaštvo i migracije utiču na primenu profi laktičkih mera protiv prenosa patogena i infekcije, uz istovremno povećanje rizika od zoonoze koje nastaju kao posledica uvođenja patogena preko infi ciranih ljudi. Faktori koji se odnose na male životinje, kao što je slučaj sa trgovinom i putovanjima ljubimaca, šire infekciju i vektore kao što su krpelji i buve. Svi ovi faktori predstavljaju značajne i složene izazove za veterinare u kliničkoj praksi koji moraju da se opredele za efi kasne laboratorijske pretrage i posledične dijagnostičke procedure.

Flaviviruses are major emerging human pathogens on a global scale. Some flaviviruses can infect the central nervous system of the host and therefore are regarded as neurotropic. The most clinically relevant classical neurotropic flaviviruses include Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. In this review, we focus on these flaviviruses and revisit the concepts of flaviviral neurotropism, neuropathogenicity, neuroinvasion, and resultant neuropathogenesis. We attempt to synthesize the current knowledge about interactions between the central nervous system and flaviviruses from the neuroanatomical and neuropathological perspectives and address some misconceptions and controversies. We hope that revisiting these neuropathological concepts will improve the understanding of flaviviral neuroinfections. This, in turn, may provide further guiding foundations for relevant studies of other emerging or geographically expanding flaviviruses with neuropathogenic potential, such as Zika virus and dengue virus, and pave the way for intelligent therapeutic strategies harnessing potentially beneficial, protective host responses to interfere with disease progression and outcome.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is classified into three subtypes: Far Eastern (TBEV-FE), European (TBEV-EU) and Siberian (TBEV-SIB). In Russia, these are also called genotypes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Geographically, TBEV-EU dominates in Central and Northern Europe, but its representatives are also found to the east - along the southern part of the forest zone of extratropical Eurasia - up to Eastern Siberia and South Korea. However, the strains isolated outside Europe remain poorly investigated. In the proposed study, eight full genomes of the Siberian isolates of TBEV-EU were determined and 13 complete genomes were compared. The analysis of 152 full-genome TBEV sequences showed that the TBEV-EU has a higher degree of stability of the genome-coding region in the entire Eurasian area (3.1% of differences) compared to TBEV-FE (6.6%) and TBEV-SIB (7.8%). At the same time, the maximum differences are observed not between European and Siberian strains, as one could expect, but between the representatives from Europe - TBEV strains Mandl-2009 from Norway and Hypr from the Czech Republic. The studied strains from Siberia form the compact genetic cluster of 42 TBEV-EU strains and are divided into two subclusters - West Siberian and East Siberian variants. These variants differ in the combinations of amino acid substitutions in all proteins except NS2B. The West Siberian variant mostly circulates in the territory of Altai, and the closest relative of its representatives is Absettarov strain from the European part of Russia. The strains similar to the East Siberian variant of the European subtype were recorded in the Altai (strain 84.2, 2007) and in Belarus (N256, about 1940).Вирус клещевого энцефалита (ВКЭ, TBEV) делится на 3 субтипа: дальневосточный (ВКЭ-ДВС, TBEV-FE), европейский (ВКЭ-Евр, TBEV-Eur) и сибирский (ВКЭ-Сиб, TBEV-Sib). В России их также принято называть соответственно генотипами 1, 2 и 3. Географически ВКЭ-Евр доминирует в Центральной и Северной Европе, но его представители встречаются и восточнее - по южной части лесной зоны внетропической Евразии вплоть до Восточной Сибири и Южной Кореи. Однако штаммы, изолированные за пределами Европы, остаются малоизученными. В предлагаемом исследовании определено 8 и сопоставлено 13 полных геномов сибирских изолятов ВКЭ-Евр. Анализ 152 депонированных в GenBank полногеномных последовательностей ВКЭ показал, что ВКЭ-Евр на территории всего евроазиатского ареала обладает более высокой степенью стабильности кодирующей части генома (3,1% различий) по сравнению с ВКЭ-ДВС (6,6%) и ВКЭ-Сиб (7,8%). При этом максимальные показатели различий отмечаются не между европейскими и сибирскими штаммами, как можно было бы ожидать, а между представителями из Европы. Это штаммы Mandl-2009 из Норвегии и Hypr из Чешской Республики. Исследованные штаммы из Сибири входят в состав компактного генетического кластера из 42 штаммов ВКЭ-Евр и подразделяются на 2 субкластера - западносибирский и восточносибирский варианты. Эти варианты отличаются по сочетаниям аминокислотных замен во всех белках, кроме NS2B. Западносибирский вариант в основном циркулирует на территории Алтая, а ближайшим родственником его представителей является штамм Absettarov из европейской части России. Штаммы, аналогичные восточносибирскому варианту европейского субтипа, зафиксированы на Алтае (штамм 84.2, 2007) и в Беларуси (N256, предположительно 1940).

Information on the long-term outcome of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is limited.To assess the frequency and severity of post-encephalitic syndrome (PES) at different time points after TBE, and to determine the parameters associated with unfavourable outcome.Adult patients diagnosed with TBE in Slovenia in the period 2007-2012 were followed-up for 12 months and also examined 2-7 years after TBE. Each patient was asked to refer a person of similar age without a history of TBE to serve as control.A total of 420 patients and 295 control persons participated in the study. The proportion of patients with PES (defined as the presence of ≥ 2 subjective symptoms that newly developed or worsened since the onset of TBE and which had no other known medical explanation, and/or ≥ 1 objective neurological sign) was higher (P 0.001) at the follow-up visit 6 months after the acute illness (127/304, 42%, 95% CI: 36-47%) than at 12 months (68/207, 33%, 95% CI: 26-40%); the proportion at 12 months was the same as at 2-7 years after TBE (137/420, 33%, 95% CI: 28-37%). However, the proportion of severe PES at the last two time points differed (9.7% vs 4.3%, P = 0.008). Multivariate logistic regression showed that unfavourable outcome at 6 months was associated with CSF leukocyte count (OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.001-1.005%, P = 0.017), at 12 months with the disease outcome at 6 months (OR = 115.473, 95% CI: 26.009-512.667%, P 0.001), and at the final visit with disease outcome at 6 months (OR = 3.808, 95% CI: 1.151-12.593%, P = 0.028) and 12 months (OR = 26.740, 95% CI: 8.648-82.680%, P 0.001). Unspecific symptoms that occurred within the four weeks before the final examination were more frequent and more constant in patients than in the control group.The frequency of PES diminished over time and stabilized 12 months after the acute illness, whereas the severity of PES continued to decline. Unfavourable outcomes at 12 months and at the final visit were strongly associated with the presence of PES at previous time points.

In most locations except for Russia, tick-borne encephalitis is mainly caused by the European virus subtype. In 2015, fatal infections caused by European and Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus subtypes in the same Ixodes ricinus tick focus in Finland raised concern over further spread of the Siberian subtype among widespread tick species.

Tickborne encephalitis, a zoonotic virus infection, is transmitted to humans usually by the bite of an infected tick. It may also be acquired by ingesting infected dairy products. In this study, the infectivity of tickborne encephalitis virus, suspended in milk and other media, remained unchanged during a period of five days of storage at 8 °C. After heat treatments in the range of 60 to 80 °C, a decrease of approximately 4 or 4.5 log units in the virus titre was observed. Kinetic parameters for the inactivation were calculated, and the line of equal effects showing a 3-log inactivation was determined.

During early 2017, we conducted a seroepidemiologic investigation for tickborne encephalitis virus among 291 Japan Self-Defense Forces members in Hokkaido. Two (0.7%) tested positive. Neither had clinically apparent symptoms after removing ticks.

The steep rise in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the 1990s and its subsequent high level in the Czech Republic are not even over the whole territory. It is manifested markedly in the Czech-Moravian Highland region. In the decades of 1971 through 1992, TBE incidence in the Highland Region did not reach the countrywide average. The rise has been noted only since 1997; in the year 2006 TBE incidence in that administrative region was more than double the countrywide average. Analysis of the situation have not found any socio-economic shifts or land-use changes, or in the numbers of game animals, that could have had an effect on TBE incidence. The rise of infections in localities 500 m above sea level (a.s.l.) and more was markedly steeper than that below that altitudinal limit. At those altitudes there has been found an increase in average monthly temperatures exceeding countrywide averages namely in the period of maximum Ixodes ricinus activity (May-August). Detailed analysis of meteorological conditions and comparison with a long-term study of the influence of modifications of the mountain climate in the Krkonose Mts. on I. ricinus tick distribution and the pathogens transmitted by them, have led to the conclusion that likewise in the Czech-Moravian Highland a marked warming had influenced the local population of the vector I. ricinus, caused an activation of foci of TBE, increased contacts of humans with the vector, consequently giving rise to an apparent increase in the incidence of human cases of TBE.

We isolated a novel strain of tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Glubinnoe/2004, from a patient with a fatal case in Russia. We sequenced the strain, whose landmark features included 57 amino acid substitutions and 5 modified cleavage sites. Phylogenetically, Glubinnoe/2004 is a novel variant that belongs to the Eastern type of TBEV.

We isolated 11 Siberian subtype tickborne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains from Ixodes persulcatus ticks from a TBEV-endemic focus in the Kokkola Archipelago, western Finland. Thus I. persulcatus and the Siberian TBEV are reported in a focus considerably northwest of their previously known range in eastern Europe and Siberia.

We report a patient with febrile illness and epidemiologic and clinical findings consistent with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and tickborne encephalitis, in whom infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction and seroconversion. Tickborne encephalitis virus infection was established by serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies.

An unexpectedly high infection rate (26.1%) of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was identified in a herd of 257 horses of the same breed distributed among 3 federal states in Austria. Young age (p

Das Mittelmeer gilt nach wie vor als popularer Anziehungspunkt fur Touristen. Aufenthalte in Mittelmeeranrainerstaaten werden jedoch sowohl vom Reisenden als auch vom vorsorgemedizinisch beratenden Arzt meist nicht mit reisemedizinisch relevanten Risiken assoziiert. Ziel dieses Konsensuspapieres ist die Erstellung von Richtlinien bezuglich empfehlenswerter Impfungen fur Reisen in Anliegerstaaten des Mittelmeers. Diese Empfehlungen beruhen auf rezenten landerspezifischen Inzidenzen und Pravalenzen impfpraventabler Erkrankungen, wie Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Typhus, Meningokokken Meningitis, Tollwut sowie FSME, und sich daraus ableitender Infektionsrisiken der verschiedenen Landesregionen Sud- und Osteuropas sowie Nordafrikas.

Increased tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases have been reported in central Europe. To investigate temporal trends in the altitude at which TBE cases occur in Slovakia, we analyzed the number of TBE cases during 1961–2004. Since 1980, TBE cases moved from lowlands to submountainous areas, most likely because of rising temperature.

We report transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in July 2008 through nonpasteurized goat milk to 6 humans and 4 domestic pigs in an alpine pasture 1,500 m above sea level. This outbreak indicates the emergence of ticks and TBEV at increasing altitudes in central Europe and the efficiency of oral transmission of TBEV.

The main chemical approaches to the study of macromolecular structure and dynamics and to the elucidation of interbiopolymer contact points are considered and illustrated by particular examples. Primary attention is paid to the chemical footprinting and affinity modification methods. The use of bifunctional reagents for the study of nucleoprotein structure architecture is described. The ways of enhancing the selectivity of affinity modification available from the literature are analyzed with an emphasis on catalytically competent (superselective) labeling. The identification of proteins responsible for replication of the tickborne encephalitis virus by this method is described to demonstrate the possibility of the application of the method to multicomponent systems such as the nucleus fraction of infected cells.

Serum from 2 Norwegians with tickborne encephalitis (TBE) (1 of whom was infected in Denmark) and 810 Norwegian ticks were tested for TBE virus (TBEV) RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed. This is the first genome detection of TBEV in serum from Norwegian patients.

TICKBORNE encephalitis (TBE) is currently a growing public health concern in Europe. An average of about 9000 reported human cases of TBE per year was recently reported for Europe and Russia between 1990 and 2007 (Donoso Mantke and others 2011). Until now, no cases of TBE have been reported from Belgium or from other countries such as the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, the UK, Ireland and Iceland. In 2011, serological screening in Belgian sentinel dogs detected one TBE-seropositive …

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is not endemic in the Netherlands and diagnostics are seldom requested. Here, we report about the rare event of TBE in two Dutch travellers returning from Austria in July and August 2011. This report serves to create awareness among physicians to consider travel-related TBE in their differential diagnosis of patients with neurological disease returning from TBE virus endemic regions and to promote awareness among professionals advising travellers.

IN Europe, cases of Lyme borreliosis, tickborne encephalitis and granulocytic anaplasmosis have increased in human beings, domestic animals and wildlife, expanding their geographical ranges to much of Scandinavia and eastern Europe. Proposed explanations include improved surveillance and diagnosis

Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus can cause severe symptoms in humans. The incidence of this vector-borne pathogen in humans is characterised by spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To explain the variation in reported human TBE cases per county in southern Germany, we designed a time-lagged, spatially-explicit model that incorporates ecological, environmental, and climatic factors. Results We fitted a logistic regression model to the annual counts of reported human TBE cases in each of 140 counties over an eight year period. The model controlled for spatial autocorrelation and unexplained temporal variation. The occurrence of human TBE was found to be positively correlated with the proportions of broad-leafed, mixed and coniferous forest cover. An index of forest fragmentation was negatively correlated with TBE incidence, suggesting that infection risk is higher in fragmented landscapes. The results contradict previous evidence regarding the relevance of a specific spring-time temperature regime for TBE epidemiology. Hunting bag data of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the previous year was positively correlated with human TBE incidence, and hunting bag density of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the previous year were negatively correlated with human TBE incidence. Conclusions Our approach suggests that a combination of landscape and climatic variables as well as host-species dynamics influence TBE infection risk in humans. The model was unable to explain some of the temporal variation, specifically the high counts in 2005 and 2006. Factors such as the exposure of humans to infected ticks and forest rodent population dynamics, for which we have no data, are likely to be explanatory factors. Such information is required to identify the determinants of TBE more reliably. Having records of TBE infection sites at a finer scale would also be necessary.

We report the case of an unvaccinated tourist who was exposed to multiple tick bites during a bike tour crossing several European countries with ongoing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) transmission and who presented a typical TBE clinical course with favorable outcome.

The number of TE disease in the Czech Republic is higher and higher. It is very important to protect children and also adults. The most effective protection is a vaccination. My Bachelorś these is aimed towards finding out the percentage of vaccinated children and teenagers in region of České Budějovice and also the attitude of paediatricians towards the TE disease. The result of this research has shown that percentage of vaccinated children is much higher than in the previous years, the paediatricians realize how serious this disease id they inform parents about TE problem and recommend the vaccination against TE to children and adults.

The number of notifications of tickborne encephalitis (TBE) Switzerland was the highest ever recorded in 2004, with 134 cases, and a further significant increase in 2005 is already apparent

In May and June 2005, 27 cases of tickborne encephalitis (TBE) were reported to the Estonia’s Tervisekaitseinspektsioon

The first case of tickborne encephalitis (TBE) in Estonia was reported in 1950 in the south of the country. Since that time, TBE has spread and today it is endemic in Estonia.