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Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication is expected to bring tremendous benefits in terms of increased road safety, improved traffic efficiency and decreased environmental impact. In 2017, The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) released 3GPP Release 14, which introduced Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything communication (C-V2X), bringing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication capabilities to cellular networks, hence creating an alternative to Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) technology. Since then, every new 3GPP Release including Release 15, a first full set of 5G standards, offered V2X capabilities. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study, which benchmarks the performance of LTE-based and 5G-based C-V2X technologies deployed for V2I communication in an urban setting. The study compares LTE and 5G deployed both in the Device-to-Device in mode 3 and in infrastructural mode. Target performance indicators used for comparison are average end-to-end (E2E) latency and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The performance of those technologies is studied under varying communication conditions realized by a variation of vehicle traffic intensity, communication perimeter and message generation frequency. Furthermore, the effects of infrastructure deployment density on the performance of selected C-V2X communication technologies are explored by comparing the performance of the investigated technologies for three infrastructure density scenarios, i.e., involving two, four and eight base stations (BSs). The performance results are put into a context of the connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I communication services. The results indicate that both C-V2X technologies can support all the considered V2I services without any limitations in terms of the communication perimeter, traffic intensity and message generation frequency. When it comes to the infrastructure density deployment, the results show that increasing the density of the infrastructure deployment from two BSs to four BSs offers a remarkable performance improvement for all the considered V2I services as well as investigated technologies and their modes. Further infrastructure density increase (from four BSs to eight BSs) does not yield any practical benefits in the investigated urban scenario.

In this paper, we present an assessment framework that can be used to score segments of physical and digital infrastructure based on their features and readiness to expedite the deployment of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs). We discuss the equipment and methodology applied for the collection and analysis of required data to score the infrastructure segments in an automated way. Moreover, we demonstrate how the proposed framework can be applied using data collected on a public transport route in the city of Zilina, Slovakia. We use two types of data to demonstrate the methodology of the assessment-connectivity and positioning data to assess the connectivity and localization performance provided by the infrastructure and image data for road signage detection using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The core of the research is a dataset that can be used for further research work. We collected and analyzed data in two settings—an urban and suburban area. Despite the fact that the connectivity and positioning data were collected in different days and times, we found highly underserved areas along the investigated route. The main problem from the point of view of communication in the investigated area is the latency, which is an issue associated with infrastructure segments mainly located at intersections with heavy traffic or near various points of interest. The low accuracy of localization has been observed mainly in dense areas with large buildings and trees, which decrease the number of visible localization satellites. To address the problem of automated assessment of the traffic sign recognition precision, we proposed a CNN that achieved 99.7% precision.

With the spread of connected vehicles (CVs), a growth of novel information services exploiting data transmitted by CVs is expected. Wireless communication systems, in particular in vehicular applications, operate with a varying level of transmission reliability, which may affect the quality of V2X-data-driven intelligent transport systems (ITS). Therefore, the performance of ITS should be evaluated in a variety of conditions and the configuration of parameters should be fine-tuned in a safe testbed, using computer simulations. A simple framework is presented, which couples VISSIM traffic simulation and OMNeT++ communication networks simulation in real time, enabling an assessment of the relationship between a communication reliability and transport service quality. A functionality of the framework is demonstrated by applying it to a scheme controlling signalized intersections while estimating traffic flows from the V2I data.

For more than a decade, communication systems based on the IEEE 802.11p technology—often referred to as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC)—have been considered a de facto industry standard for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. The technology, however, is often criticized for its poor scalability, its suboptimal channel access method, and the need to install additional roadside infrastructure. In 3GPP Release 14, the functionality of existing cellular networks has been extended to support V2X use cases in an attempt to address the well-known drawbacks of the DSRC. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study in order to benchmark both technologies in a V2I communication context and an urban scenario. In particular, we compare the DSRC, LTE in the infrastructural mode (LTE-I), and LTE Device-to-Device (LTE-D2D) mode 3 in terms of the average end-to-end delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) under varying communication conditions achieved through the variation of the communication perimeter, message generation frequency, and road traffic intensity. The obtained results are put into the context of the networking and connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I C-ITS services. The simulation results indicate that only the DSRC technology is able to support the investigated V2I communication scenarios without any major limitations, achieving an average end-to-end delay of less than 100 milliseconds and a PDR above 96% in all of the investigated simulation scenarios. The LTE-I is applicable for the most of the low-frequency V2I services in a limited communication perimeter (

With the deployment of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), new transport safety and efficiency applications are emerging. One of the fields where the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) is expected to bring great benefits, is emergency systems. A properly designed emergency vehicle warning system should provide car drivers with adequate reaction times and additional information, complementing the currently used lights and sirens. The objective is to increase road safety and to create conditions for a fast and reliable movement of emergency vehicles (EVs). The available literature addressing privacy issues in VANET-based emergency vehicle warning systems is strongly limited. In this paper, the privacy ensuring emergency vehicle approaching warning system (PEEV-WS) is proposed based on a requirements analysis. Privacy is ensured by avoiding transmissions of sensitive information (e.g., expected EV route) over the wireless channel. This is achieved by assigning the decision-making responsibility to an EV and determining which vehicles can potentially interfere with the EV in the near future, and to notify those vehicles only by unicasting vehicle-customized information. The performance of the system is evaluated by federated telco-traffic simulations in terms of end-to-end delay and message delivery probability for three commonly used ad hoc routing protocols—Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO), as well as in terms of reaction time, which the system provides to the drivers. Despite low applicability of the ad hoc routing protocols for vehicular communication, especially for low-latency and high-frequency applications, the simulations of the communication network demonstrate that the AODV protocol, with the modified configuration, can support the emergency vehicle warning system. The traffic simulations confirm that the system has the potential to provide drivers with sufficient reaction time.