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Objective This study aimed to determine if laboratory inflammatory markers can predict critical disease in symptomatic COVID-19 pregnant women. Study Design Multicenter, retrospective cohort study of all pregnant women presenting to New York City Health + Hospitals emergency departments from March 1 to May 30, 2020. We assessed all symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive pregnant women with room air oxygen saturation Results A total of 498 of 5,002 pregnant women were SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive of which 77 presented with hypoxemia. The absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were highly sensitive for progression to severe illness. ROC curve analysis identified predictive cutoffs: ALC 8.1 (100% sensitivity, 70% specificity, AUC = 0.86 (95% CI: [0.76–0.96]). Conclusion ALC and NLR on presentation are sensitive markers of progression to critical COVID-19 disease in symptomatic pregnant women. This finding provides a practical, rapid method for assessment and can assist clinicians with decision-making regarding triage, level of care, and patient management. Key Points

N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) are autoinducers found in gram-negative bacteria and are ubiquitous in common plant pathogenic bacteria. N-acylhomoserine lactonase degrades the lactone ring of AHLs to achieve quorum quenching of phytopathogenic virulence genes. In this study, a novel AHL lactonase gene KaAhl was successfully cloned and identified from Kushneria avicenniae strain DSM 23439. KaAhl is encoded a 261-residue polypeptide belonging to the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily. The recombinant enzyme displayed maximum hydrolysis activity of 0.64 U/mg toward N-(3-oxooctanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone substrate at 30°C and pH 8.0. Besides, it had moderate thermal stability but exhibited a high salt tolerance showing approximate 50% relative activity in the presence of 35% concentrations of NaCl. Furthermore, the KaAhl was significantly promoted by Mn2+ and Ni2+, which enhanced the lactonase activity to approximate 100% extent. In addition, it was observed that recombinant Escherichia coli BL21-pET28a-KaAhl producing KaAhl proteins could effectively inhibit the plant pathogenicity of Erwinia carotovora for 72 h, which might have great potential for controlling gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.

Objective The impact of evolving guidelines and clinical practices on SARS-CoV-2-positive dyads across New York City Health and Hospitals during the early peak of COVID-19. Design A retrospective cohort study of positive-positive (P/P), positive-negative (P/N), and positive-untested (P/U) dyads delivered from March 1 to May 9, 2020. Wilcoxon rank sum, Chi-squared, and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze demographics, clinical variables, and system-wide management practices. Result A total of 2598 mothers delivered. 23.8% (286/1198) of mothers tested for SARS-CoV-2 were positive. 89.7% (260/290) newborns of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers were tested and 11 were positive. Positive-positive newborns were more likely to be breastfed (81%), be admitted to NICU, and have longer length of stay (7.5 days) than P/N and P/U newborns. Conclusion Our study shows that varied testing, feeding, and isolation practices resulted in favorable short-term outcomes for SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers and their newborns. High-risk populations can be safely and effectively treated in resource-limited environments.

From April 2016 to June 2017, the Health + Housing Project employed four community health workers who engaged residents of two subsidized housing buildings in New York City to address individuals’ broadly defined health needs, including social and economic risk factors. Following the intervention, we observed significant improvements in residents’ food security, ability to pay rent, and connection to primary care. No immediate change was seen in acute health care use or more narrowly defined health outcomes.

The terahertz spectra of solid-state amino acids with different polarities were measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The measured abso...

Traditionally, deep-sea ecosystems have been considered to be insulated from the effects of modern climate change, but with the recognition of the importance of food supply from the surface ocean and deep-sea currents to sustaining these systems, the potential for rapid response of benthic systems to climate change is gaining increasing attention. However, very few ecological time-series exist for the deep ocean covering the twentieth century. Benthic responses to past climate change have been well-documented using marine sediment cores on glacial-interglacial timescales, and ocean sediments have also begun to reveal that planktic species assemblages are already being influenced by global warming. Here, we use benthic foraminifera found in mid-latitude and subpolar North Atlantic sediment cores to show that, in locations beneath areas of major surface water change, benthic ecosystems have also changed significantly over the last ∼150 years. The maximum benthic response occurs in areas which have seen large changes in surface circulation, temperature, and/or productivity. We infer that the observed surface-deep ocean coupling is due to changes in the supply of organic matter exported from the surface ocean and delivered to the seafloor. The local-to-regional scale nature of these changes highlights that accurate projections of changes in deep-sea ecosystems will require (1) increased spatial coverage of deep-sea proxy records, and (2) models capable of adequately resolving these relatively small-scale oceanographic features.

Traditionally, deep-sea ecosystems have been considered to be insulated from the effects of modern climate change. Yet, with the recognition of the importance of food supply from the surface ocean and deep-sea currents to sustaining these systems, the potential for rapid response of benthic systems to climate change is gaining increasing attention. North Atlantic benthic responses to past climate change have been well-documented using marine sediment cores on glacial-interglacial timescales, and ocean sediments have also begun to reveal that planktic species assemblages are already being influenced by global warming. However, very few ecological time-series exist for the deep ocean covering the Holocene-through-industrial era. Here, we use benthic and planktic foraminifera found in Northeast Atlantic (EN539-MC16-A/B and RAPID-17-5P), Northwest Atlantic (KNR158-4-10MC and KNR158-4-9GGC) and Labrador Sea (RAPID-35-25B and RAPID-35-14P) sediments to show that, in locations beneath areas of major North Atlantic surface water change, benthic ecosystems have also changed significantly over the industrial era relative to the Holocene. We find that the response of the benthos is dependent on changes in the surface ocean near to the study sites. Our work highlights the spatial heterogeneity of these benthic ecosystem changes and therefore the need for local-regional scale modelling and observations to better understand responses to deep-sea circulation changes and modern surface climate change.

The samples of xLi3V2(PO4)3·yLiFe0.8Mn0.2PO4/C (x:y = 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:2, 0:1) are facilely prepared via a ball milling-assisted two-step sintering route. According to the results of Rietveld refinement, the xLi3V2(PO4)3·yLiFe0.8Mn0.2PO4/C (x, y ≠ 0) composites are composed of orthorhombic LiFe0.8Mn0.2PO4 and monoclinic L3V2(PO4)3. Electrochemical tests show that the faster reaction kinetics improve the electrochemical properties of the xLi3V2(PO4)3·yLiFe0.8Mn0.2PO4/C (x, y ≠ 0) composites, in which all multiphase composites release more than capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at 2C at the potential range of 2.5–4.5 V. In particular, the diffusion coefficient of lithium ion is in the magnitude of 10−7 to 10−9 cm2 s−1; Li3V2(PO4)3·2LiFe0.8Mn0.2PO4/C shows the highest specific capacity at the rate range of 0.1–2C and exhibits excellent long-term rate performance with capacity retention of 93.4% (relative to the initial discharge capacity) after 280 cycles at the rate of 5C.

In buildings with highly glazed facades, the main drawback of radiant floors is the overheating problem when exposed to direct solar radiation. Combined with local climate data from Troyes, an experimental investigation was performed under various exposure duration 2, 4, and 6 h with different solar intensity scenarios that were experimentally realized by a heating film. Indoor air temperatures and floor surface temperature were measured. Obtained results showed that the maximum floor surface temperatures all exceeded the limitation of 29 °C during the sunshine durations. When the sun patch was applied on the floor, the building type changed from category A to category B in terms of the vertical air temperature difference. To sum up, the sun patch indeed gave rise to floor overheating problems in the case of the existing control system, and the case of 6h sunshine duration with an intensity of 718 W/m2 would lead to the worst living conditions taking all factors consideration. The findings and insights of this study will provide an experimental database for designers and engineers.

The terahertz (THz) theoretical spectra of solid-state amino acids were investigated in this paper. Based on the dispersion-corrected density functionals, the periodic crystal structures were constructed. It is found that B3LYP-D2 can produce more accurate simulation results, however, it also greatly increases the cost of calculations. The combination of PBE with the 6–311G(d.p) basis set is accurate enough to reproduce the experimental THz spectra of solid-state amino acids with much higher simulation speed. The observed spectral features were assigned as primarily external lattice translations and rotations with lesser contributions due to intramolecular torsions.

In this paper, the authors proposed control strategy algorithm(i.e.,maximum power point tracking(MPPT)) to improve the maximum power generation efficiency of distributed wind and solar power generation.The control algorithm mainly adopted the perturbation observation method(i.e., Power, Current, Torque, Speed and other parameters were perturbed, and the control value was adjusted according to the change of output value, so that the output value finally tended to the given value) and the improved MPPT control algorithm(i.e., change the reference voltage to change the duty ratio).Finally, the authors showed that the efficiency of electricity generation was significantly improved by experimental data comparison.

This study experimentally investigated the deposition patterns of Al2O3–H2O nanofluid droplets with mass concentration of 0.05%, 0.2%, 1% and 3% after evaporating on transparent glass substrate with temperature of 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C, obtaining three typical kinds of patterns: the peripheral ring, the thin uniform layer with a thicker ring at the periphery and the concentric circular respectively. With the increase of concentration, the uniform pattern embedded in the peripheral ring changes into a concentric circular pattern gradually. The flow velocities corresponding to the three typical forces were solved and the results are 10−3 Vma/Vrad − a −2 and 10−28 VDLVO+/Vrad − a −5 (Marangoni, Vma, the integral mean value of the entire radius Vrad − a and the velocity caused by DLVO force VDLDO+). This indicated that the radial flow played a dominant role in the formation of the deposition pattern.

The present document is based on a consensus reached by a panel of experts from Chinese Society of Allergy (CSA) and Chinese Allergic Rhinitis Collaborative Research Group (C2AR2G). Allergen immunotherapy (AIT), has increasingly been used as a treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR) globally, as it has been shown to provide a long-term effect in improving nasal and ocular symptoms, reducing medication need, and improving quality of life. AIT is currently the only curative intervention that can potentially modify the immune system in individuals suffering from AR and prevent the development of new sensitization and the progression of disease from AR to asthma. Although the use of AIT is becoming more acceptable in China, to date no AR immunotherapy guideline from China is available for use by the international community. This document has thus been produced and covers the main aspects of AIT undertaken in China; including selection of patients for AIT, the allergen extracts available on the Chinese market, schedules and doses of allergen employed in different routes of AIT, assessment of effect and safety, patients' administration and follow-up, and management of adverse reactions. The Chinese guideline for AR immunotherapy will thus serve as a reference point by doctors, healthcare professionals and organizations involved in the AIT of AR in China. Moreover, this guideline will serve as a source of information for the international community on AIT treatment strategies employed in China.

Conclusions. Closure of the laryngotracheal cavity and tracheostomy is especially suitable for intractable aspiration secondary to radiation encephalopathy or damage of cranial nerve after radiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Objective. To investigate the clinical value, technique, indications and contraindications of closure of the laryngotracheal cavity and tracheostomy for intractable aspiration secondary to radiation encephalopathy (REP) or radiation damage of cranial nerve after radiotherapy of NPC. Patients and methods. Thirty patients, suffering from intractable aspiration secondary to radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, were treated with closure of the laryngotracheal cavity and tracheostomy and were observed for at least 1 year. Results. Intractable aspiration and dyspnea were completely eradicated in all patients. The quality of their life was greatly improved.

The safety and efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) have been demonstrated in the recent 2 decades. However, the data is still mixed regarding the efficacy of house dust mite (HDM) SLIT. The objective of this work was to evaluate the different clinical efficacy SLIT in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) according to different durations of treatment.A total of 500 subjects with HDM-induced AR were randomized to receive SLIT with Dermatophagoides farinae (Der.f) drops or pharmacotherapy with oral antihistamines. Patients in the SLIT group were further divided into SLIT1, SLIT2, and SLIT3 subgroups. After SLIT completion, a yearly follow-up visit was given to patients in the SLIT1 and SLIT2 subgroups. The total nasal symptom score (TNSS), the proportion of medication withdrawal, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores were assessed at each monthly visit.Comparing with the baseline value, TNSS, VAS, and RQLQ were significantly improved in 3 SLIT subgroups after treatment (p0.05). In addition, patients in SLIT3 subgroup achieved the highest proportion of medication withdrawal compared to the SLIT1 and SLIT2 subgroups (p0.05). After 1-year follow-up, no significant differences were observed in TNSS, VAS scores, and the proportion of medication withdrawal of SLIT1 and SLIT2 subgroups (p0.05) with respect to the completion value. No severe systemic adverse events (AEs) were reported.The randomized study suggested that 3-year courses of SLIT in patients with AR was more efficacious than 1-year or 2-year courses. Furthermore, patients achieved 1-year long-term clinical benefits from HDM SLIT.

Requirements are usually presented as Natural Language based documents. In the conceptual modeling phase, requirements are collected from different stakeholders and analyzed by requirement engineers. However, the size of the requirements documents can become very large, and the modeling process is quite time consuming and resource consuming. In order to solve this problem, much has been written on the processing of requirements documents to yield conceptual models. In this paper, we proposed an approach for identifying and extracting relations in a range of requirements documents with three steps: text analysis, entity extraction and relation mapping. If the entities in the relation are quite close to each other, for example, in the strategic dependency relationship, we will define a set of linguistic patterns used for identifying relations and propose a matching algorithm of semantic automata to extract the relation. Based on this approach, we developed a system to automatically generate the strategic dependency model of i framework and the activity model from Chinese requirements documents. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the automated requirements analysis system. The results show that the system achieves high recall with a consistent improvement in precision, which demonstrates the applicability of our approach.

A remote comparison campaign of Caesium fountain clocks from four National Metrology Institutes in Europe and Asia was carried out in May 2013. Six fountains at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) Germany, Scientific Research Institute of Physical-Technical and Radio Technical Measurements (VNIIFTRI-SU) Russia, National Physical Laboratory of India (NPLI) India and National Institute of Metrology (NIM) China were compared by Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) and GPS Carrier Phase (GPS CP) techniques. The frequency differences and the comparison uncertainties between the compared fountain pairs were evaluated. The comparison uncertainty (uc) results from combining the uncertainties of the two compared fountain clocks and the uncertainty introduced by the comparison link. All the frequency differences between the fountains agreed within the 1-sigma uncertainty in the low 10−15 level. We present in this paper the measurements and the evaluation of the campaign in details.

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) treatment has achieved good long-term results in patients in South China with fungal ball rhinosinusitis. Gender (female), age (young), nasal polyps, allergy, high Lund-Mackay scores, prior sinus surgery and diabetes mellitus affect patients' outcomes.To evaluate objective testing and quality of life (QOL) outcomes of patients with fungal ball rhinosinusitis before and after ESS in South China and to determine preoperative factors that predict surgical outcomes.We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes for 330 patients with fungal ball rhinosinusitis after ESS. QOL was assessed using Sinonasal Outcome Test-20 (SNOT-20), Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires and visual analogue scale (VAS). Objective testing was evaluated by Lund-Kennedy endoscopic scoring system. Prognostic factors were determined based on the QOL scores and Lund-Kennedy scores after ESS using a multivariate linear regression.ESS significantly improved the objective testing and QOL outcomes in patients with fungal ball rhinosinusitis (p0.05). Objective outcome: postoperative Lund-Kennedy scores were significantly worse in patients with nasal polyps, allergy and high Lund-Mackay scores (p0.05). QOL outcomes: postoperative SF-36 scores were adversely affected by gender (female), age (young), nasal polyps, allergy and prior sinus surgery (p0.05); postoperative VAS scores were adversely affected by gender (female), nasal polyps, allergy and diabetes mellitus (p0.05).

To investigate kinetic expression of genes T-bet and GATA-3 in blood mononuclear cells (BMCs) in allergic rhinitis rats model at different stages of development of allergic rhinitis.Twenty SD rats (including 10 male and 10 female) were divided into 2 groups, experimental group and control group, randomly, 10 rats for each group. Ten rats in experimental group were sensitized and intranasally challenged by OVA, aluminium hydroxide hydrate gel and Bordelella pertussis inactive microorganism suspension (B. pertussis) adjuvants, as allergic rhinitis models, Ten rats in control group were investigated using physiological saline only. BMCs were separated from 2 ml blood which was extracted from rat heart at the end of sensitization, 10- hour after the first challenge and 10-hour after the final challenge, respectively. RT-PCR was utilized to detect the expression of T-bet and GATA-3.At the end of sensitization, 10-hour after the first challenge and 10-hour after the final challenge, in experimental group, Relative quantitation of expression of T-bet was 0.404 +/- 0.187, 1.676 +/- 0.708, 0.503 +/- 0.514 and that of GATA-3 was 0.434 +/- 0.147, 0.600 +/- 0.480, 1.029 +/- 0.690, respectively. While, In control group, Relative quantitation of expression of T-bet was 0.487 +/- 0.212, 0.486 +/- 0.148, 0.495 +/- 0.103 and and its of GATA-3 was 0.596 +/- 0.249, 0.474 +/- 0.101, 0.550 +/- 0.119, respectively. At 10-hour after the first challenge, relative quantitation of expression of T-bet in experimental group was increased markedly and there was significant difference compared with contol group (t=4.18, P0.01). In experimental group, The amount of expression of T-bet at 10-hour after first challenge was higher than it at 10-hour after the final challenge and there was markedly difference (t=5.14, P0.01). The amount of expression of T-bet at 10-hour after first challenge was increased significantly compared with it at the end of sensitization (t= 5.27, P0.01). while, the expression of GATA-3 at 10-hour after final challenge was markedly increased compared with it at the end of sensitization (t= 3.51, P0.05) and was higher than it at 10-hour after first challenge (t=2.53, P0.05). At 10-hour after final challenge, The amount of expression of GATA-3 in experimental group was significantly higher than it in control group (t=2.71, P0.05). However, both the expression of GATA-3 and T-bet had not markedly changed in control group.It is thought that the development of allergic rhinitis is a successive and sequencing kinetic course, and imbalance of expression of GATA-3 and T-bet may be genetic base on allergic rhinitis, both GATA-3 and T-bet were involved in allergic rhinitis only in different phase of development of allergic rhinitis.

To investigate the pattern and value of the expression of T-bet in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphatic tissue (NALT) of patients with or without allergic rhinitis (AR).T-bet and CD4/T-bet expression in adenoids, tonsils and nasal mucosa was respectively detected with single stain and double stain of immunohistochemistry.The positive ratio of T-bet expression in tonsils, adenoids and nasal mucosa between AR group and the control group had statistically different (P0.05). There was statistical difference of T-bet expression in tonsils from AR group in three different age groups (P0.05). The difference was that T-bet expression in adults group was significantly lower than that in children group and adolescent group. There was no difference of T-bet expression among different age groups in non-AR group. There were some positive expression of CD4 and T-bet in tonsils, adenoids and nasal mucosa from two groups and most positive expression of T-bet on CD4 positive cell.T-bet expression was down-regulated in NALT of patients with AR. T-bet expression of NALT is associated with allergic mucosal inflammation and functional status of NALT, as well as the weak Th1 response at the level of transfer factor in local mucosa of respiratory tract in AR patients.

To investigate the expressions of serum TIgE and SIgE in patients with noninvasive fungal sinusitis and their significance.Twenty-three cases of noninvasive fungal sinusitis were analysis retrospectively. The expressions of serum TIgE and SIgE were detected by the Unicap system. The expressions of serum TIgE and SIgE in the subtypes of noninvasive fungal sinusitis were analysis statistically.Positive expressions of serum TIgE and SIgE in 23 cases were 10 cases (43%) and 7 cases (30%) respectively. In 14 cases of fungal ball, the positive expressions of serum TIgE and SIgE were 2 cases (14%) and 1 case (7%) respectively. In 9 cases of allergic fungal sinusitis,the positive expressions were 8 cases (89%) and 6 cases (67%) respectively. The different expressions of serum TIgE and SIgE between the two subtypes of noninvasive fungal sinusitis were statistically significant (P0.05).In noninvasive fungal sinusitis, the detection of the expressions of serum TIgE and SIgE is an available way to distinguish the type of allergic fungal sinusitis from the type of fungal ball,and so it would be helpful to guide the treatment.

To study the effect of using leukotriene D4 antagonist (LTRAs) and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) to allergic rhinitis (AR), as well as the effect of leukotriene D4 antagonist on allergic rhinitis with steroid resistance.Several different inhaled corticosteroid were used to deal with allergic rhinitis and assess their effect by scores. The patients with steroid resistance were treated with montelukast sodium 10 mg/day for two weeks.There is higher rate of steroid resistance among patients with both of kind symptoms of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Montelukast sodium can significantly alleviate the symptom of patients who suffer from allergic rhinitis with steroid resistance (P0.05). Cooperative utilization of mometasone furoate and montelukast sodium is more effective to alleviate allergic symptoms.Leukotriene D4 antagonist can be an adjunct therapy of allergic rhinitis with steroid resistance. Cooperative utilization of leukotriene D4 antagonist and inhaled corticosteroid in allergic rhinitis can be considerable.

To investigate the role of the nm23-H1 protein in the development of investing papilloma and it's cancerated tissue in nasal cavity and parasinuses.The expression of nm23-H1 protein was measured by immunohistochemistry in twenty-five cases with investing papilloma and twenty-one cases with cancerated investing papilloma in nasal cavity and parasinuses and fourteen cases with chronic sinusitis.The expression of nm23-H1 in the investing papilloma was higher than that in cancerated investing papilloma tissue, the positive rate was 72% and 42% respectively in the two groups, P0.05. The expression of nm23-H1 in the investing papilloma was higher than in the chronic sinusitis, the positive rate of the latter was 14.3%, P0.05.The lower expression the nm23-H1 protein in the cancerated tissue of investing papilloma was related to the infiltration and canceration.

Traditionally, deep-sea ecosystems have been considered to be insulated from the effects of modern climate change, but with the recognition of the importance of food supply from the surface ocean and deep-sea currents to sustaining these systems, the potential for rapid response of benthic systems to climate change is gaining increasing attention. However, very few ecological time-series exist for the deep ocean covering the twentieth century. Benthic responses to past climate change have been well-documented using marine sediment cores on glacial-interglacial timescales, and ocean sediments have also begun to reveal that planktic species assemblages are already being influenced by global warming. Here, we use benthic foraminifera found in mid-latitude and subpolar North Atlantic sediment cores to show that, in locations beneath areas of major surface water change, benthic ecosystems have also changed significantly over the last ~150 years. The maximum benthic response occurs in areas which have seen large changes in surface circulation, temperature and/or productivity. We infer that the observed surface-deep ocean coupling is due to changes in the supply of organic matter exported from the surface ocean and delivered to the seafloor. The local-to-regional scale nature of these changes highlights that accurate projections of changes in deep-sea ecosystems will require (1) increased spatial coverage of deep-sea proxy records and, (2) models capable of adequately resolving these relatively small-scale oceanographic features.

Traditionally, deep-sea ecosystems have been considered to be insulated from the effects of modern climate change, but with the recognition of the importance of food supply from the surface ocean and deep-sea currents to sustaining these systems, the potential for rapid response of benthic systems to climate change is gaining increasing attention. However, very few ecological time-series exist for the deep ocean covering the twentieth century. Benthic responses to past climate change have been well-documented using marine sediment cores on glacial-interglacial timescales, and ocean sediments have also begun to reveal that planktic species assemblages are already being influenced by global warming. Here, we use benthic foraminifera found in mid-latitude and subpolar North Atlantic sediment cores to show that, in locations beneath areas of major surface water change, benthic ecosystems have also changed significantly over the last ~150 years. The maximum benthic response occurs in areas which have seen large changes in surface circulation, temperature and/or productivity. We infer that the observed surface-deep ocean coupling is due to changes in the supply of organic matter exported from the surface ocean and delivered to the seafloor. The local-to-regional scale nature of these changes highlights that accurate projections of changes in deep-sea ecosystems will require (1) increased spatial coverage of deep-sea proxy records and, (2) models capable of adequately resolving these relatively small-scale oceanographic features.