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Abstract The underlying surface was the important media of air-lake interaction by transferring energy. The deployment of photovoltaic arrays on the lake has formed a new underlying surface type. But the new underlying surface is different from the natural lake. The impact of fishery complementary photovoltaic (FPV) power plants on the radiation, energy flux, and driving force is unclear. Therefore, the analysis of radiation, energy flux, and driving force by comparing the difference in the two sites under various synoptic conditions. The results indicated that the radiation components are not significantly different in the two sites under diverse synoptic conditions. The downward shortwave radiation (DSR) and net radiation ( $${R}_{n}$$ R n ) were presented with one peak on a sunny day. The daily average DSR and Rn in the two sites were 279.1 W·m−2, 209.3 W·m−2, respectively. The daily average (cloudy day and rainy day) sensible heat flux in the two sites was 39.5 W·m−2 (FPV site), 19.2 W·m−2 (REF site), respectively. The latent heat flux was 53.2 W·m−2 and 75.2 W·m−2 on counterpart. The water body generally absorbs heat from the air (daily average ∆Q was 16.6 W·m−2) in the FPV site on a sunny day. The driving force of sensible heat flux in the FPV site was governed by the temperature of the FPV panel under sunny and cloudy conditions. The latent heat flux was determined by the product between wind speed and water-atmosphere temperature difference.

As an important part of surface hydrological cycle and energy distribution， lake evaporation is of great practical significance.The lake photovoltaic power plant is a new form of power generation， which changes the energy distribution in the process of converting solar energy into electric energy， thus changing the evaporation of the lake.Based on the observation data inside and outside the fish-lighting complementary photovoltaic power plant from October 2020 to January 2021 in Yingfang Village， Yangzhong City， Jiangsu Province， this paper analyzed the characteristics of the changes in evaporation， and evaluated the main evaporation models.The results show that： the evaporation inside the station was less than that outside the station which affected by the shielding effect of the photovoltaic power plant， and the evaporation was reduced by 44.9%.The evaporation in autumn was obviously larger than that in winter， and the evaporation in daytime was much larger than that at night.Three evaporation models were evaluated in this paper， among which the mass transfer model had the best simulation effect.Correlation analysis showed that the daily evaporation of lake photovoltaic power plants was significantly correlated with water vapor pressure difference， temperature difference between lake and air， and net radiation flux.The hourly evaporation could be approximated as a linear regression value of net radiation， 10m wind speed， relative humidity and temperature difference between lake and air.The linear model was expressed as： y=0.08+0.0003Rn+0.0754u10-0.0035RH+0.0165Ts.

With the large-scale construction of photovoltaic power plants， the physical characteristics of the near-surface layer change accordingly.The turbulence activity as the way of interaction between the earth and the atmosphere is also affected by it.As a new form of solar power generation， lake photovoltaic power plant plays a vital role in energy application.In order to understand the characteristics of local turbulence in lake photovoltaic power plants， the observed data of the photovoltaic power plant from July to November 2021 in Yingfang Village， Fengyu Town， Yangzhong City， Jiangsu Province， were used in this study to investigate the turbulence characteristics and the variation rules of stability.The results indicate that： the installation of photovoltaic power plant enhanced the turbulence intensity， and showed as Iv>Iu>Iw， which had a certain influence on the local airflow.At the same time， the photovoltaic power plant promoted the enhancement of turbulent kinetic energy and friction velocity， and significantly increased the local momentum and heat transport.The momentum transport coefficient CD=13.36×10-3，and the sensible heat transport coefficient CH=6.01×10-3.The instability of near-ground atmosphere on photovoltaic power plant was enhanced in the daytime， and conversely， it was enhanced stability at night.After the classification of stability， the near-ground atmosphere on photovoltaic power plant was mainly concentrated in neutral and near neutral， accounting for 75.11%.