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Here, we reported that detailed investigation on trace targeted metabolites from nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora mutant with deletion of P450 gene AOL_s00215g278 led to isolation of 9 new polyketide-terpenoid hybrid derivatives, including four new glycosides of the key precursor farnesyl hydrotoluquinol (1) and, surprisingly, four new sesquiterpenyl epoxy-cyclohexenoids (SECs) analogues. Among them, two major target metabolites 1 and 14 displayed moderate nematode inhibitory ability. Moreover, the mutant lacking AOL_s00215g278 could form far more nematode-capturing traps within 6 h in contact with nematodes and show rapid potent nematicidal activity with killing 93.7% preys, though deletion of the P450 gene resulted in dramatic decrease in fungal colony growth and failure to produce fungal conidia. The results unequivocally revealed that gene AOL_s00215g278 should be involved in not only the SEC biosynthetic pathway in the nematode-trapping fungus A. oligospora but also fungal conidiation and nematicidal activity.

Sesquiterpenyl epoxy-cyclohexenoids (SECs) show impressive biological activities. However, the key pathways for SECs still remain unambiguous. Unexpectedly, 11 new SECs and derivatives with diverse oxidation patterns were isolated after the deletion of gene 274. A high accumulation of toluquinol and its new glycosides in mutant Δ276 and further isolation of the most crucial precursors farnesyl hydroquinone, farnesyl quinone, and three new derivatives from mutant Δ278 confirm that farnesylation at toluquinol is the key step for SECs.

Because stock investors often invest blindly and emotionally, and the quantitative investment strategy is more rational and reliable, so the purpose of this paper is to establish a suitable quantitative strategy for investors. We selected six indicators as stock price forecasting indicators, constructed the model by using CART algorithm, Mallat algorithm and Brin Belt index.The test results show that the earnings gap of the multi-short portfolio of the modified model is significantly increased, reaching the level of 3%. Combining with the timing strategy of Brin Belt, the total earnings can exceed the average earnings of technology stocks by 3.3%.

Arthrobotrys oligospora is the first recognized nematode-trapping fungus and by far the most abundant in the environment. Our recent study revealed the polyketide synthase (PKS) gene AOL_s00215g283 in A. oligospora involved in the production of many secondary metabolites and the trap formation of the fungus. Here we report that the disruption of two genes in the upstream flanking region of the gene AOL_s00215g283, AOL_s00215g281 and AOL_s00215g282, which putatively encoded one amidohydrolase and one cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, respectively, both resulted in significant nematicidal activity of the cultural broths of the mutants and loss of morphological regulatory arthrosporols. Chemical investigation revealed the huge accumulation of 6-methylsalicylic acid in the cultural broth of the mutant ΔAOL_s00215g281 and the high production of m-cresol in the mutant ΔAOL_s00215g282, respectively. Further bioassay revealed that 6-methylsalicylic acid and m-cresol displayed significant nematicidal activity toward root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita with IC

Types of polyketide synthase-terpenoid synthase (PKS-TPS) hybrid metabolites, including arthrosporols with significant morphological regulatory activity, have been elucidated from nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. A previous study suggested that the gene cluster AOL_s00215 in A. oligospora was involved in the production of arthrosporols. Here, we report that disruption of one cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene AOL_s00215g280 in the cluster resulted in significant phenotypic difference and much aerial hyphae. A further bioassay indicated that the mutant showed a dramatic decrease in the conidial formation but developed numerous traps and killed 85% nematodes within 6 h in contact with prey, in sharp contrast to the wild-type strain with no obvious response. Chemical investigation revealed huge accumulation of three new PKS-TPS epoxycyclohexone derivatives with different oxygenated patterns around the epoxycyclohexone moiety and the absence of arthrosporols in the cultural broth of the mutant ΔAOL_s00215g280. These findings suggested that a study on the biosynthetic pathway for morphological regulatory metabolites in nematode-trapping fungus would provide an efficient way to develop new fungal biocontrol agents.