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Synergistic drug combinations can improve the therapeutic effect and reduce the drug dosage to avoid toxicity. In previous years, an in vitro approach was utilized to screen synergistic drug combinations. However, the in vitro method is time-consuming and expensive. With the rapid growth of high-throughput data, computational methods are becoming efficient tools to predict potential synergistic drug combinations. Considering the limitations of the previous computational methods, we developed a new model named Siamese Network and Random Matrix Projection for AntiCancer Drug Combination prediction (SNRMPACDC). Firstly, the Siamese convolutional network and random matrix projection were used to process the features of the two drugs into drug combination features. Then, the features of the cancer cell line were processed through the convolutional network. Finally, the processed features were integrated and input into the multi-layer perceptron network to get the predicted score. Compared with the traditional method of splicing drug features into drug combination features, SNRMPACDC improved the interpretability of drug combination features to a certain extent. In addition, the introduction of convolutional networks can better extract the potential information in the features. SNRMPACDC achieved the root mean-squared error of 15.01 and the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.75 in 5-fold cross-validation of regression prediction for response data. In addition, SNRMPACDC achieved the AUC of 0.91 ± 0.03 and the AUPR of 0.62 ± 0.05 in 5-fold cross-validation of classification prediction of synergistic or not. These results are almost better than all the previous models. SNRMPACDC would be an effective approach to infer potential anticancer synergistic drug combinations.

Chouioia cunea is a generalist pupal endoparasitoid. Native to Eurasia, the parasitoid has been mass-reared on an alternative lepidopteran host (Antheraea pernyi) to successfully control the exotic invasive lepidopteran pest Hyphantria cunea in China. To solicit more accessible hosts, this study evaluated the potential of an easily cultured coleopteran beetle (Tenebrio molitor) as a substitute for rearing C. cunea through comparing the relative performance of the parasitoids reared from both alternative hosts on H. cunea.Compared with those reared from A. pernyi, the parasitoids reared from T. molitor (i.e., T. molitor vs. A. pernyi groups) performed equally well in terms of parasitism rate (94.4 vs. 88.9%), number of offspring produced per parasitized host (278 vs. 286), and female body length (1.334 vs. 1.351 mm), hind-tibia length (0.322 vs. 0.324 mm) and number of mature oocytes in the ovarioles (171 vs. 187), or even better based on offspring pre-emergence time (16.0 vs 16.9 days) and percentages of emerged offspring (99.8 vs. 99.1%) and female offspring (97.1 vs. 91.3%). Flight performance testing indicated that young C. cunea adults emerged from T. molitor had a similar percentage of actively flying wasps (76.9 vs. 72.9%) and a lower percentage of inactive wasps (2.3 vs. 10.6%) when compared to those reared from A. pernyi.Given the remarkable adaptability of C. cunea and the vast availability of T. molitor as a common resource insect worldwide, this indigenous parasitoid could be mass-reared on T. molitor to improve the prospect of biological control of H. cunea in its invaded regions. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Background Fat grafting is one of the most effective treatments for soft tissue restoration and augmentation. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) supplementation is one of the foremost concerns to improve its efficiency. There have been several studies aiming at adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in fat grafting, but no relevant bibliometric research has conducted. Methods Articles about fat grafting and ASCs were retrieved in Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Using VOSviewer 1.6.10.0 (Leiden University, the Netherlands) and CiteSpace 6.1.R2 (Drexel University, USA), the information of national distribution, institutions, journals, authors and keywords were evaluated and calculated. Results A total of 1166 papers in the field of ASCs in fat grafting were retrieved from 2002 to 2021. The USA produced the most articles, and the top 2 productive institutions were all from the USA. Researchers and institutions conducting ASCs in fat grafting research have shown a widespread and close connection. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery published the most article on ASCs in fat grafting, and professor Rubin Peter is the most productive author. The top 10 references with the highest LCS mainly focused on applying ASCs to assist fat transplantation in plastic surgery. The most cited keywords formed 4 clusters, and “mesenchymal stem,” “mesenchymal stromal cell,” “stromal vascular fraction” and “long term” were the most recently trending keywords. Conclusions This article provides a summary of the current research status focusing on fat grafting and ASCs. More efforts will be made to promote the application of ASCs in fat grafting. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

This study aimed to explore whether long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) affects the polarization of microglia in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury through regulating Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion-induced (MCAO/R-induced) mouse model was established as an in vivo model. Oxygen and glucose confinement/reoxygenation-induced (OGD/R-induced) microglia (BV2 cells) were used as an in vitro model. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to detect the binding between MEG3 and KLF4. The MEG3 expression was signally elevated in the MCAO/R-induced mice or OGD/R-induced BV2 cells. The inhibition of MEG3 reversed the effects of OGD/R injury on the polarization and inflammation of BV2 cells. Moreover, MEG3 bound to KLF4 and inhibited its protein expression. Furthermore, the overexpression of MEG3 promoted M1 polarization and inflammation but inhibited M2 polarization by inhibiting KLF4 in BV2 cells. The transfection of small interfering RNAs against MEG3 inhibited M1 polarization and inflammation and promoted M2 polarization in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of MEG3 can alleviate cerebral I/R injury via regulating the polarization of microglia through KLF4.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To study the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, we clarified the mechanism by which lncRNA MEG3 regulates the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in microglia through in vitro and in vivo experiments. We discovered that inhibition of MEG3 could alleviate cerebral I/R injury via inhibiting M1 polarization and promoting M2 polarization through Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), indicating an effective theoretical basis for potential therapeutic targets of cerebral I/R injury.

In recent years, increasing biological experiments and scientific studies have demonstrated that microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in the development of human complex diseases. Therefore, discovering miRNA–disease associations can contribute to accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of diseases. Identifying miRNA–disease associations through computational methods based on biological data has been proven to be low-cost and high-efficiency. In this study, we proposed a computational model named Stacked Autoencoder for potential MiRNA–Disease Association prediction (SAEMDA). In SAEMDA, all the miRNA–disease samples were used to pretrain a Stacked Autoencoder (SAE) in an unsupervised manner. Then, the positive samples and the same number of selected negative samples were utilized to fine-tune SAE in a supervised manner after adding an output layer with softmax classifier to the SAE. SAEMDA can make full use of the feature information of all unlabeled miRNA–disease pairs. Therefore, SAEMDA is suitable for our dataset containing small labeled samples and large unlabeled samples. As a result, SAEMDA achieved AUCs of 0.9210 and 0.8343 in global and local leave-one-out cross validation. Besides, SAEMDA obtained an average AUC and standard deviation of 0.9102 ± /−0.0029 in 100 times of 5-fold cross validation. These results were better than those of previous models. Moreover, we carried out three case studies to further demonstrate the predictive accuracy of SAEMDA. As a result, 82% (breast neoplasms), 100% (lung neoplasms) and 90% (esophageal neoplasms) of the top 50 predicted miRNAs were verified by databases. Thus, SAEMDA could be a useful and reliable model to predict potential miRNA–disease associations.

The photocatalytic/photoelectrocatalytic performance of nanomaterials can be enhanced by engineering a purposely designed heterojunction and a finely tuned interface electronic structure. In this featured study, we report a kind of slack ZnS–In2S3 nanonest constructed with uniform nanowires consisting of very tiny nanoparticles. Its unique microstructure created abundant heterojunctions and significantly enhanced the photocatalytic/photoelectrocatalytic performance of ZnS–In2S3 under visible light. As a photoelectrocatalyst, the ZnS–In2S3 heterojunction delivered a photocurrent density of 180 μA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE), which is 1.5 times higher than that of pure In2S3 and far higher than that of ZnS. As a photocatalyst, the ZnS–In2S3 nanonest can completely degrade methyl orange (MO) in 20 min, which is much faster than that by pure ZnS and In2S3 under visible light. The average apparent rate of the ZnS–In2S3 heterojunction nanonest is almost four times higher than that of pure In2S3. These remarkable performances are attributed to the unique ZnS–In2S3 heterojunction, which could decrease the average free path of charge carriers and improve the charge separation efficiency.

The Japanese giant silkworm Caligula japonica Moore is an emerging defoliator pest of forest and fruit trees, causing severe economic losses in East Asia. To identify biological control agents for this pest, we comparatively evaluated six indigenous eupelmid egg parasitoids (Anastatus fulloi, A. gansuensis, A. japonicus, A. meilingensis, Mesocomys albitarsis and M. trabalae) from China, in terms of their performances (number of parasitized eggs, developmental time, offspring emergence and sex ratio) on C. japonica eggs of four different ages (0, 10, 20 and 30-d old). Results showed that all six parasitoids readily parasitized C. japonica eggs of all tested ages, but A. japonicus was the most efficient species based on the number of parasitized eggs, followed by M. albitarsis and M. trabalae, and the other three parasitoid species. All four Anastatus species parasitized more old than young eggs, while M. albitarsis did not show a strong host age preference and M. trabalae parasitized the oldest less than young eggs. For all host ages, developmental time was longest in A. gansuensis and shortest in M. albitarsis, offspring emergence was high (> 90%), and progeny was strongly female biased (> 70%) among all parasitoids except for A. gansuensis which produced all female progeny. Portions of A. japonicus offspring (

MicroRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in the occurrence, development, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. More and more researchers begin to pay attention to the relationship between miRNA and disease. Compared with traditional biological experiments, computational method of integrating heterogeneous biological data to predict potential associations can effectively save time and cost. Considering the limitations of the previous computational models, we developed the model of deep-belief network for miRNA-disease association prediction (DBNMDA). We constructed feature vectors to pre-train restricted Boltzmann machines for all miRNA-disease pairs and applied positive samples and the same number of selected negative samples to fine-tune DBN to obtain the final predicted scores. Compared with the previous supervised models that only use pairs with known label for training, DBNMDA innovatively utilizes the information of all miRNA-disease pairs during the pre-training process. This step could reduce the impact of too few known associations on prediction accuracy to some extent. DBNMDA achieves the AUC of 0.9104 based on global leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV), the AUC of 0.8232 based on local LOOCV and the average AUC of 0.9048 ± 0.0026 based on 5-fold cross validation. These AUCs are better than other previous models. In addition, three different types of case studies for three diseases were implemented to demonstrate the accuracy of DBNMDA. As a result, 84% (breast neoplasms), 100% (lung neoplasms) and 88% (esophageal neoplasms) of the top 50 predicted miRNAs were verified by recent literature. Therefore, we could conclude that DBNMDA is an effective method to predict potential miRNA-disease associations.

Severe cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury has been shown to induce high-level autophagy and neuronal death. Therefore, it is extremely important to search for a target that inhibits autophagy activation. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 participates in autophagy. However, it remains unclear whether it can be targeted to regulate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our results revealed that in oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-treated HT22 cells, MEG3 expression was obviously upregulated, and autophagy was increased, while knockdown of MEG3 expression greatly reduced autophagy. Furthermore, MEG3 bound miR-181c-5p and inhibited its expression, while miR-181c-5p bound to autophagy-related gene ATG7 and inhibited its expression. Further experiments revealed that mir-181c-5p overexpression reversed the effect of MEG3 on autophagy and ATG7 expression in HT22 cells subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. In vivo experiments revealed that MEG3 knockdown suppressed autophagy, infarct volume and behavioral deficits in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion mice. These findings suggest that MEG3 knockdown inhibited autophagy and alleviated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the miR-181c-5p/ATG7 signaling pathway. Therefore, MEG3 can be considered as an intervention target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China (approval No. XF20190538) on January 4, 2019.

International audience; Trichogramma parasitoids are important biological control agents for insect pest management. However, efficient means for mass production of Trichogramma parasitoids are needed, particularly for T. ostriniae, which often fail to form emergence holes on host eggs of Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi, because of the hard chorion. In the present study, we evaluated the possibilities to enhance adult emergence of T. ostriniae by utilizing emergence holes made by T. dendrolimi during multiparasitism on host eggs of A. pernyi and other biological parameters such as pre-emergence time, parasitism rate, and emergence rate of the two parasitoids, which were also evaluated between the two parasitism regimes of multi- and monoparasitism. Our data showed that multiparasitism on host eggs of A. pernyi significantly facilitated the emergence of adult T. ostriniae. Generally, both Trichogramma species favored parasitizing A. pernyi eggs, with multiple parasitoid adults emerged per host egg. The overall performance of T. dendrolimi was similar between the two parasitism regimes, although a significantly higher number of unemerged adults were found in the multiparasitized eggs than in the monoparasitized. For T. ostriniae, significantly more adults emerged, and a higher emergence rate was recorded on host eggs multiparasitized with T. dendrolimi than that on monoparasitized. Furthermore, significantly fewer unemerged adults were found in multi- than monoparasitized host eggs. The results of this study provided useful information on the feasibility of mass production of T. ostriniae via multiparasitism with T. dendrolimi on large eggs of A. pernyi.

The rational construction of non-precious metals with carbonaceous material has attracted tremendous research attention with the aim to reduce the plethoric cost of platinum for catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we synthesized a highly hierarchical nanostructure framework containing metal-carbon nanotubes anchored in metal embedded porous carbon spheres (M-CNTFs) and found it has similar ORR performance to that of commercial Pt-based electrocatalysts. Based on the unique hierarchical architecture, an effective platform was constructed to explore physic-chemical insights while providing guidance to search high-efficient ORR catalysts. Electrochemical measurements show that Co-CNTFs, Fe 3 C-CNTFs, and Ni-CNTFs prefer to proceed through a 4e - pathway, 2e - and 4e - mixed pathways, and a 2e - pathway, respectively. Furthermore, Co-CNTFs were found to perform better than a commercial Pt-based electrocatalyst in ORR due to its lower overpotential, excellent methanol tolerance, and superior durability. In order to understand the effects of different transition metal centers on the electrocatalytic performance of M-CNTFs, corresponding calculations were performed based on the density functional theory (DFT). Results reveal that the metal active sites and hydrophilic property of the metal-carbon system play an important role in enhancing the electrocatalytic ability, which is significant for further research on (or synthesis of) excellent catalytic materials for ORR.

Licorice, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, contains many bioactive components. Glabridin is a major flavonoid extracted from the root of licorice and has a wide range of pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, regulating blood lipids and blood glucose levels, neuroprotection, anti-osteoporosis, and phytoestrogen effects. At present, these studies are mostly based on cell and animal experiments. It is necessary to carry out more clinical studies in the future. In addition, there is a disagreement on whether glabridin has estrogenic effects. Also, it is generally believed that glabridin regulates blood lipids and blood glucose metabolism by activating the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα. However, research has shown that glabridin-based licorice extract can inhibit the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα. Pharmacokinetic research shows that glabridin is easily absorbed by the human body, and the inhibitory effects of glabridin on some metabolic enzymes can improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of other medicines.

For high data rate wireless communication systems, developing an efficient channel estimation approach is extremely vital for channel detection and signal recovery. With the trend of high-mobility wireless communications between vehicles and vehicles-to- infrastructure (V2I), V2I communications pose additional challenges to obtaining real-time channel measurements. Deep learning (DL) techniques, in this context, offer learning ability and optimization capability that can approximate many kinds of functions. In this paper, we develop a DL-based channel prediction method to estimate channel responses for V2I communications. We have demonstrated how fast neural networks can learn V2I channel properties and the changing trend. The network is trained with a series of channel responses and known pilots, which then speculates the next channel response based on the acquired knowledge. The predicted channel is then used to evaluate the system performance.

This paper explores the discrimination ability and stability of electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye movement signals over time for classifying five emotions: happy, sad, fear, disgust and neutral. We develop a multimodal emotion dataset called SEED-V with 16 subjects. Two classifiers are trained based on the EEG and eye movement signals. Topographic maps are used to depict the neural patterns of EEG signal. The classification result based on EEG, eye movement, and feature level fusion (FLF) reaches the average accuracies of 70.8%, 59.87% and 75.13%, respectively. The experiment result indicates that: a) the EEG and eye movement signals have good discrimination ability for five emotion classification problem; b) the beta and gamma bands of EEG signal have better discrimination ability than the delta, theta and alpha bands; c) the stable neural patterns of different emotions do exist and are common across sessions; and d) the neural pattern of disgust emotion has high gamma response in the frontal area, while fear emotion has low activation at the top of brain in the gamma band.

Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) has been widely used for biological control of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), in China. The yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an important resource insect species distributed worldwide, is considered to be a potential alternative host for mass rearing of C. cunea to the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Guerin-Meneville) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), which is currently used. In this study, we investigated the effects of host age on C. cunea mass rearing by measuring parasitism, development and adult fertility of C. cunea on T. molitor pupae of different ages. The results showed no significant differences in the percentage of parasitized hosts and developmental time of C. cunea in pupae of different ages. However, the number of C. cunea adults (137.2–154.7 adults per host) that emerged from 0, 1, and 2-day-old pupae was significantly higher than that from 4-day-old pupae. The lowest percentages of unemerged adults were found in 2-day-old (1.2%) and 3-day-old (1.4%) pupae, which were significantly lower than that of 4-day-old pupae (10.3%). The emergence of adult females from 0 to 2-day-old pupae (120.2–142.3 per pupa) was significantly higher than that from 4-day-old hosts (64.6). Adult females emerging from 2-day-old pupae carried significantly more eggs (258.2 eggs/female) than those from 0 and 1-day-old pupae (178.4–178.9 eggs/female). Our findings indicated that 2-day-old pupae of T. molitor were most suitable to rear C. cunea. Overall, this research provided valuable information to optimize pupae for the mass rearing of C. cunea on host T. molitor.

Because of excellent mechanical properties, thermal insulation and ideal radiation resistance, polyimide (PI) is one of the best choices as a flexible solar backsheet in photovoltaic systems. In this study, accumulation characteristics of surface charge of PI backsheet under temperature-controlled corona polarization were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In order to investigate the surface charge accumulation of PI backsheet under the effect of different temperatures, finite element method (FEM) was used. The mechanisms by which the temperature influenced accumulation and decay processes of the surface charge of the PI backsheet were investigated. The results show that the carrier mobility of PI backsheet increased in the stages of charge accumulation and charge decay, which then has an indirect effect on the dynamic characteristics of the surface charge. Charge accumulation decreases with the increase of temperature, and both accumulation process and decay process occurred simultaneously. The results of this study provide theoretical support for the modification of PI backsheet. At the same time, a practical theoretical method for modeling and simulating the charge diffusion of insulating PI backsheet under the influence of temperature was explored.

Information security and system safety are key to AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructures) system, because AMI system reads and transmits customers' billing and usage data linked to fees and personal information. Situation Awareness (SA) is an effective method to keep system secure and safe. Convectional SA framework was designed for only cyber space or physical space. However, AMI is a typical Cyber-Physical System (CPS), which should supervise both cyber and physical attacks. In this work, a detailed SA framework of CPS is proposed. An illustrated case study of practical system is presented. A simulation study is conducted to verify the proposed framework.

The impact of CO2 partial pressure ,fluid producing rate and corrosive medium on the CO2 corrosion regularity of N80 steel and the inhibition efficiency of imidazoline inhibitor are investigated respectively through simulation of the actual working environment in the mined-out space of mechanical oil production wells by using high temperature and pressure reactor. According to the results, the corrosion rate of metals increases with CO2 partial pressure but the inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor is hardly affected when CO2 partial pressure in the scope of 1~3MPa. The increase of the fluid producing rate will accelerate the corrosion of metals and the inhibition efficiency will decline. With corrosion inhibitor applied, metals corrode slower in the liquid phase than in the gas in the initial stage, but latterly the corrosion rate is gradually higher than that in the gas phase.

The in situ hydrothermal reaction of 5-(4-carboxy-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)isophthalic acid (H3ctia) with M(NO3)2·nH2O (M = Cu, Ni) afforded two new coordination polymers, {[Cu4(tia)4(H2O)3]·H2O}n (1) and {Ni(H2O)6·[Ni2(ctia)2(H2O)6]·2H2O}n (2) (tia2− = 5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)isophthalate). X-ray structural analysis reveals complex 1 is an unusual 3D framework containing D4h paddle-wheel copper units and two kinds of mononuclear copper units, and its resulting structure can be rationalized as a new topology with the Schlafli symbol of {4.82}2{42.85.106.122}{82.10}2{83}2. Compound 2 displays a 1D zigzag chain structure. Strong antiferromagnetic interactions are observed among dinuclear units in complex 1. Interestingly, complex 2 exhibits spin-glass-like behaviour with the spin glass freezing temperature at 15.8 K. In addition, the thermal stability of these compounds was also studied.

A family of novel Co(II)–Ln(III) heterometallic coordination polymers [Ln2Co(tia)4(H2O)4]∞ (tia2– = 5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl) isophthalate, Ln = La 1, Ce 2, Pr 3, Nd 4, Sm 5, Eu 6, Gd 7, Tb 8, Dy 9) have been synthesized through in situ ligand transformation reactions, in which 5-(4-carboxy-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl) isophthalic acid (H3ctia) undergoes decarboxylation and double deprotonation to tia2–. X-ray structural analysis reveals that compounds 1–9 are isomorphous. The heterometallic Ln3+ and Co2+ ions are connected by the dianionic linker (tia2–) to form unique 3D heterometallic frameworks. Moreover, we have systematically investigated the magnetic behaviors and fluorescent properties of these compounds. The out-of-phase ac signals observed for 9 suggest slow magnetization relaxation, which is unusual in 3D coordination polymers, especially in 3D heterometallic frameworks. In NIR regions, complexes 3, 4, 5, and 9 show the characteristic luminescence of the corresponding Ln(III ions.

Three new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), formulated as [Cd(tia)(H2O)2]n (1), [Cu(tia)(H2O)2]n (2) and {[Zn3(ctia)2·(H2O)8]·2H2O}n (3) (tia2− = 5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl) isophthalate, ctia3− = 5-(4-carboxylato-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl) isophthalate) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that complexes 1 and 2 show similar common 2D (6, 3) topology network layers and these layers are further connected by H-bonding interactions to form 3D supermolecular structures. Complex 3 displays a unique 1D ladder-like chain structure, in which parallel arrangements of Zn1 coordination chains are linked by SBUs (SBUs: Secondary Building Units) containing the Zn2 center. Magnetic measurements in the range 2–300 K have shown antiferromagnetic interactions among the adjacent copper ions in complex 2. Complexes 1 and 3 exhibit strong luminescent emissions in the solid state at room temperature.

A new species ( Comatricha macrospora ) has been collected from the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve, Jilin Province, China. Comatricha macrospora has smaller sporocarps and larger spores (about 15–18 μm in diameter) than other species of Comatricha as well as a persistent peridium at the base of the sporotheca. In addition, two newly recorded species of Comatricha — C. tenerrima (M.A. Curtis) G. Lister and C. afroalpina Rammeloo—have been documented in China for the first time, based on material collected from northeast China and the campus of East China Normal University, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province. Comatricha tenerrima is characterised by fusiform long-stalked sporocarps and warted pinkish brown spores (about 7–8 μm in diameter)., whereas C. afroalpina occurs on rotting logs and has spores marked by larger warts with an irregular reticulation at their base. Descriptions and scanning electron micrographs for these members of the genus Comatricha are provided. Phylogenetic analyses, based on small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences (SSUrRNA) of Comatricha and related genera, were carried out using Bayesian inference. These analyses confirmed the placement of the new species in the genus Comatricha.

To evaluate the effect of combination of Nance and TPA on the use of MBT appliance to treat Class II division I malocclusion.Nineteen cases of Class II division I malocclusion, aged from 12 to 16 years, underwent Nance arch and TPA in the use of MBT appliance to reinforce molar anchorage. Cephalometric analysis and model measurements were conducted and compared before and after treatment using SAS8.0 software package.The average forward movement of the first maxillary molar was (1.97 ± 0.696)mm, but still less than 1/3 of the extraction space.U1-SN reduced 10.97° ± 3.81°.There was no significant difference in GoGn-Sn angle,ALFH /AFH and posterior dental arch width(P0.05).The soft tissue profile (Ls-E,Ls-Snpg,Cm-Sn-Ls) was improved remarkably (P0.01).The combination of Nance and TPA might be effective and simple anchorage in three dimensions.