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The Daliuhang gold deposit in the Qipengfu (Qixia–Penglai–Fushan) ore concentration area is a typical gold deposit of medium-low temperature hydrothermal veins. Uncertainties regarding the primary sources of ore-forming fluids, as well as whether host rocks contribute materials to the mineralization of the gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula, are still subject to intense debate. Hydrogen–oxygen isotope results show that atmospheric water is involved in ore-forming fluids. According to the results of the helium–argon isotopes of pyrite, it is hypothesized that the initial fluid source was located in the oceanic crust or upper mantle lithosphere above the Early Cretaceous Paleo-Pacific Plate, as it was subducted into the eastern part of the eastern North China Craton. In situ sulfur isotope results show that high δ34S values characterize the pyrite in the main mineralization period. It is inferred that during the thinning and melting process of the lithospheric mantle, the volatile components enriched in pyrite contributed to the release of δ34S. At the same time, when the fluids ascended to the weak zones, such as fissures of ore-endowed peripheral rocks, the δ34S in the peripheral rocks were extracted, and the two processes acted together to cause high δ34S values to occur. Similarly, the lead and strontium isotopic compositions indicate a crust–mantle mixing attribute of the mineralized material source. The zircon U–Pb age of the ore-hosting granodiorite was 130.35 ± 0.55 Ma, and the Rb–Sr isochron age of the pyrite from the main mineralization period was 117.60 ± 0.10 Ma, which represents the timing of felsic magmatism and gold mineralization, respectively, with at least 10 Ma between the magmatism and mineralization. The magma gradually cooled over time after its formation, and when the granodiorite cooled down to 300 ± 50 °C, the temperature and pressure conditions were most conducive to the precipitation of gold. It is inferred that gold-rich initial mantle fluids with volatile components, rising along tectonically weak zones, such as fractures, underwent fluid phase separation in the fractured position of the granite and extracted the gold from the granodiorite, forming gold deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Majiayao gold deposit at Qixia in Shandong Province is a typical gold deposit of medium–low temperature hydrothermal veins. This gold deposit is one of the most important types in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Four stages have been identified based on the cross‐cutting relationships and mineralogical and textural characteristics. The study of quartz vein fluid inclusions show that the inclusions can be divided into three categories: pure liquid or pure gas phase inclusions (type S), two‐phase gas and liquid inclusions (type W), and three‐phase inclusions rich in CO2 (type C). The results of laser Raman probe analysis show that the fluid inclusions are generally rich in CO2, thus forming a typical CO2–H2O–NaCl system. The fluid temperature results show that in stage I, only the type W fluid inclusions are identified by microthermometry, the homogenized temperatures (to liquid) are 210–343°C and mostly range from 260 to 280°C, the range of salinity is 1.57–10.98 wt.% NaCl, with a peak value of 8–11 wt.% NaCl, and the density is 0.65–1.02 g/cm3, with a peak value of 0.81–0.87 g/cm3; in stages II and III, the primary fluid inclusion assemblages include both type W and C inclusions, which show similar phase‐transition temperatures and are trapped between 190 and 300°C, and the peak values of salinities are 4–10 wt.% NaCl equivalent; and in stage IV, the total homogenization temperatures (Th‐TOT) into liquid range from 120 to 220°C, and the range of salinities is 4.2–7.9 wt.% NaCl. These values indicate that temperature, salinity, and density gradually decreased from the early to late mineralization stage. The ore‐forming fluid of the deposit was a thermal liquid system with medium–low temperature, medium–low salinity, and low density and was rich in reducing CO2. The H–O isotope shows that the ore‐forming fluids were dominated by metamorphic fluid with only minor amounts of meteoric water involved in the ore‐forming process. According to the S, Pb, and Sr isotopes analysis, it indicated that the source of ore‐forming materials is mainly crustal fluid. The measured Rb–Sr isochron age of pyrite is 123.4 ± 2.9 Ma, which indicates that the metallogenic age corresponded to the Early Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]