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Oxysarcodexia trivialis (Wulp, 1895) (Figs 264–266) Sarcophaga trivialis Wulp, 1895: 268; 277; Mexico, Guerrero, Tierra Colorada; Mexico, Guerrero, Xucumanatlan; Mexico, Amula; Mexico, Morelos, Cuernavaca; Mexico, Veracruz, Atoyac; Mexico, Tabasco, Teapa. Seventeen male and nine female syntypes in NHMUK (not examined). [Described from “several specimens of both sexes” (Wulp 1895: 277), and with six different localities mentioned; Aldrich (1930: 32) examined “seventeen males, nine females” that he separated “into ten species ” (his emphasis); Aldrich further stated: “I restrict the species to three males of the last-named group from Amula and one from Atoyac” (p. 33); this restriction, however, is not regulated by the Code.] Diagnosis. Male. Length 9.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with golden pollinosity, more evident laterally, T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Two welldifferentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. T3 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles at apex of arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally present at distal third. Cerci with distal third as broad as middle part in posterior view; parallel. Pregonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, rounded apex and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, partially membranous, with microscopic spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. The main characteristic enabling a reliable identification of O. trivialis is the slender vesica, which is partially membranous and with microscopic spines (Fig. 265). See also remarks under O. edwardsi. The female of O. trivialis has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEARCTIC. Mexico (Distrito Federal, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla), USA (Arizona, New Mexico). NEOTROPICAL. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Veracruz), Panama. Biology. Oxysarcodexia trivialis has been bred from human feces (Howard 1900). It can also be an occasional flower visitor on avocado (Persea americana Mill., Lauraceae) (Castañeda-Vildózola et al. 1999). Material examined. [♂] COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Las Alturas, Cerro Chai, 2100m, 14.viii.1995, Th. Pape leg. [NHMD] // [♂] COSTA RICA: San José, Rio Savegre, 9km SW route 2, San Gerardo de Dota 2200–2500m, 7–11.viii.1995, Th. Pape leg. [NHMD] // [♂] TIRIBL—5.1.abril-56 Zel. col. / Oxysarcodexia trivialis (Wulp) Det. H. S. Lopes ♂ [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 103-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Wulp, F. M. (1895) Fam. Muscidae [part]. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Vol. 2. Class Insecta. Published for the editors by R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 289.","Aldrich, J. M. (1930) Notes on the types of American two-winged flies of the genus Sarcophaga and a few related forms, described by the early authors. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 78, 1 - 39, 3 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.78 - 2855.1","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Howard, L. O. (1900) A Contribution to the study of the insect fauna of human feces. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science, 2, 541 - 604.","Castaneda-Vildozola, A., Equihua-Martinez, A., Valdes-Carrasco, J., Barrientos-Priego, A. F., Ish-Am, G. & Gazit, S. (1999) Insectos polinizadores del aguacareto em los estados de Mexico y Michoacan. Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura, 5, 129 - 136."]}

Oxysarcodexia berthet Dufek & Mulieri, 2017 (Figs 51–53) Oxysarcodexia berthet Dufek & Mulieri, 2017: 918; Argentina, Chaco. Holotype male (examined from photographs) and one male paratype in MACN; two male paratypes in UNNE. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.5–9.9 mm. Postocular plate with silvery pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax mostly silvery pollinose, with some golden pollinosity on anepisternum. Four well-developed post-sutural dorsocentral bristles. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish. Abdomen grayish with silvery pollinosity, contrasting with the golden pollinosity of T5. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of marginal lateral and without median marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median V-shaped cleft. Cercus slightly sinuous in lateral view, with pointed obliquely cut apex, dorsal subapical barb and subapical, pointed and latero-dorsal indentation. Cercus with bristles ventrally on proximal half. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel and with a distinct constriction mid length. Pregonite and postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, conical apex and sinuous dorsal outline. Juxta with microtrichose surface and anterior margin serrated. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, sclerotized, broadened in apical half in lateral view, with smooth dorsal and ventral surfaces. Remarks. Dufek & Mulieri (2017) considered O. berthet a member of the xon group due to the elongate cercus and phallus (Fig. 52), although this is in conflict with the short juxta. The lateral, tooth-like process of the phallic tube is weakly pronounced and similar to that present in O. peruviana, and the sclerotized anterior juxtal margin is similar to that in O. catica, O. fraterna and O. ibera (Dufek & Mulieri 2017). Female unknown. See also remarks under O. ariozanoi sp. n. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Argentina (Chaco). Biology. The original description mentions the use of Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with rotten squid and that of a hand net for collection of this species (Dufek & Mulieri 2017). Type material examined. No specimens were examined directly, but photographs of the holotype were provided by courtesy of Dr. Pablo R. Mulieri (MACN)., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Dufek, M. I. & Mulieri, P. R. (2017) Two new species of Oxysarcodexia Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from the Chaco Forest Ecoregion of South America. Journal of Medical Entomology, 54 (4), 917 - 924. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjx 054"]}

Oxysarcodexia angulosa sp. n. (Figs 25–28) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9A065A1D-8BA5-4746-8EB4-F33182636D9B Diagnosis. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles equal in size to uppermost frontal bristles. Thorax Grayish with pale golden pollinosity. Four post-sutural dorsocentral bristles posteriorly; apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish brown. Abdomen silvery pollinosity more intense laterally. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median V-shaped cleft. Cercus slightly sinuous in lateral view, with a blackish preapical expansion, pointed apex and small subapical bulge. Pregonite broad and with narrower, rounded apex; unicolorous. Postgonite slender and slightly curved, especially at apex; unicolorous. Phallic tube short. Distiphallus with bifurcated juxta and small spines along inner margins except at apex. Vesica well sclerotized, well developed, with angular ventroapical projection, enlarged base and bifurcated apex with small spines and horseshoe-like branches in anterior view; vesica forming an inverted L in lateral view and without any particular ornamentation. Description. Male. Length 9.5–10.0 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial and postocular plates with golden pollinosity; occiput blackish with silvery pollinosity, black bristles in dorsomedial and lateral areas and golden bristles in ventromedial area; frons 0.1x head width at level of ocellar triangle; frontal vitta dark, slightly brownish anteriorly, with row of 7–9 frontal bristles; inner vertical bristle well developed, outer vertical bristle not differentiated; ocellar bristles equal in size to uppermost frontals; 2 reclinate fronto-orbital bristles equal in size to frontals; proclinate bristles absent; gena and postgena black, respectively with golden and silvery pollinosity and both with black bristles; antenna dark brown, first flagellomere with brownish pollinosity and 2.3x as long as pedicel; arista dark brown with middle portion lighter and long plumose on proximal 3/4; palpus dark brown. Thorax. Grayish with pale golden pollinosity. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0+1, dorsocentrals 2+4, intra-alars 2+2, supra-alars 3+3, postalars 2, postpronotals 3, notopleurals 4 (2 large primaries and 2 smaller subprimaries), katepisternals 3 with middle one weaker and inserted slightly below others, meropleurals 10, postalar wall setose, scutellum with 1 discal, 1 lateral, 1 subapical and 0 apical bristles; prosternum setose at margins. Wing. Hyaline, tegula black, vein R 1 bare, vein R 4+5 setulose over 1/3 of distance to crossvein r-m, costal spine not differentiated, third costal sector without ventral setulae. Legs. Blackish brown, fore femur with rows of bristles on dorsal, posterodorsal, and posteroventral surfaces; fore tibia with 2 anterodorsal, 1 posterior and 1 posteroventral bristles; mid femur with 5 median anterior and 3 pre-apical posterior bristles, a ctenidium of flattened spines on distal posteroventral surface and posteroventral and anteroventral rows of long bristles; mid tibia with 1 anterior, 2 posteroventral and 1 posterodorsal bristles; hind femur with 1 strong anteroventral, 1 pre-apical posterior bristle and posteroventral and anterodorsal rows of long bristles; hind tibia with an anterior row of long bristles, 2 anteroventral, 1 dorsal, 3 posterodorsal and 2 posterior bristles; tarsi with ventral golden pollinosity (weaker on mid tarsus). Abdomen. Blackish gray with silvery pollinosity, more intense laterally. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T5 with 18 strong marginal bristles. ST2–4 square with a pair of strong bristles on posterior margin, ST5 with deep median V-shaped cleft (Fig. 28). Terminalia. Syntergosternite 7+8 large, brownish with golden pollinosity laterally, scattered short black setulae and 12 marginal bristles; epandrium yellowish with short black setulae and golden pollinosity; surstylus oblong with narrow base and apex, enlarged in proximal two thirds, with sparse marginal and discal setulae and a long and slender light-yellow bristle at apex. Cercus slightly sinuous in lateral view, with a blackish preapical expansion, pointed apex and small subapical bulge. Pregonite with broad base and narrower, rounded apex; unicolorous. Postgonite slender and slightly curved, especially at apex; unicolorous. Phallic tube short. Distiphallus with bifurcated juxta and small spines along inner margins except at apex; lateral and median styli tubular and partially hidden by juxta. Vesica well sclerotized, well developed, with angular ventroapical projection 1.2x as long as apex of distiphallus, enlarged base and bifurcated apex with small spines and horseshoe-like branches in anterior view; vesica forming an inverted L in lateral view and without any particular ornamentation. Female. See Remarks. Etymology. From the Latin angulosus = full of corners. The specific epithet is an adjective pointing to the angled ventroapical projection of the vesica. Remarks. The cercus of O. angulosa sp. n. is similar to that of O. perneta (Walker, 1861). However, other structures of the terminalia of O. angulosa sp. n., such as the short phallic tube and the vesica, are very peculiar and not seen in any other species of the genus. A female labelled “ COSTA RICA, San José; Cerro Muerte, 16km S; Empalme, 2600m; III–VI 1990 Hanson / COSTA RICA INBIO; CRI001; 107347” [INBio] most likely belongs to this species because of the blackish occiput with silvery pollinosity, head with black bristles in dorsomedial and lateral areas and sparse golden bristles in ventromedial area (even more sparse than in the male), and the light pale grayish thorax with golden pollinosity, blackish gray abdomen with silvery pollinosity, and yellowish terminalia with golden pollinosity, all of which are very similar to corresponding male features. Nevertheless, without a more exhaustive study of females analyzing their comparative morphology, we prefer to exclude this specimen from the type series. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Costa Rica. Biology. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂: COSTA RICA: Punt. Monteverde 1840m; Cerro Amigos; 14.VI.2000, T. Pape / INB0003086811 [INBio] // paratype ♂: Est. Cuerici. Send. El Carbon, 4.6km al E. de Villa Mills, Prov. San Jose, COSTA RICA 2600m. 26–31 OCT / 1995. B. Gamboa, L_S_389550_ / 500050 #6326 / COSTA RICA INBIO; CRI002; 363463 [INBio] // paratype ♂: Estac. Pitier, Prov. Punta., COSTA RICA. 1679m. 5–18 ENE 1995. G. Fonseca, L_N_330900_577400 #5950 [NHMD]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Walker, F. (1861) Characters of undescribed Diptera in the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., F. R. S. & c. [part]. Vol. 2. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, London, New Series, 5, 297 - 334."]}

Oxysarcodexia galeata (Aldrich, 1916) (Figs 132–134) Sarcophaga galeata Aldrich, 1916: 280; USA, Indiana, Lafayette. Holotype male and four male paratypes in USNM (not examined). Diagnosis. Male. Length 7.0–8.0 mm. Postocular plate with silvery pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax blackish with pale golden pollinosity more evident at humeral portion. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs brownish. Abdomen blackish with some shades of pale golden pollinosity, T5 with golden pollinosity along the entire extension, although more intense at posterodorsal margin. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with no median marginal and 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median V-shaped cleft, and with pilosity and bristles at apex of arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with pointed obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb. Cercus with bristles ventrally only in distal third. Cerci with distal third as broad as middle part in posterior view; parallel and with a distinct constriction mid length. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, conical apex, straight dorsal outline, large dorsoapical swelling, and lateroapical expansions. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes reduced, with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines along margins. Remarks. See under O. aurata. The first larval instar was described by Knipling (1936). Female unknown. Distribution. NEARCTIC. USA (Alabama *, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, New York, Tennessee, Texas). Biology. Oxysarcodexia galeata has been collected on high hilltops (Dodge & Seago 1954) and in a wooded area, associated with a dog carcass (Reed 1958). Immatures probably normally feed on feces; however, larvae obtained from one female were reared on decaying hamburger meat and they completed the development from larva to adult in 14 days (Knipling 1936). Material examined. [♂] [USA] ALABAMA: Madson Co. 10km NE Maysville, Sharp Core, Sneed Spg. Bottomland, 240m, 6 oct 1992, Acciavatti / NRM-DIPT 0014309 [NRM] // [♂] [USA] Savannah. Ga. IX.1948 bred-[illegible] [line crossed out] USPHS-S8 / Oxysarcodexia galeata (Ald.) Det. H. R. Dodge 1951 [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Aldrich, J. M. (1916) Sarcophaga and allies in North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, La Fayette, Indiana, 301 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 32298","Knipling, E. F. (1936) A comparative study of the first-instar larvae of the genus Sarcophaga (Calliphoridae, Diptera), with notes on the biology. The Journal of Parasitology, 22 (5), 417 - 454. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3271688","Dodge, H. R. & Seago, J. M. (1954) Sarcophagidae and other Diptera taken by trap and net on Georgia Mountain Summits in 1952. Ecology, 35 (1), 50 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931403","Reed, H. B. (1958) A study of dog carcass communities in Tennessee, with special reference to the insects. American Midland Naturalist, 59 (1), 213 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422385"]}

Oxysarcodexia fraterna Lopes, 1946 (Figs 126–127) Oxysarcodexia titubata ssp. fraterna Lopes, 1946c: 143; Mexico, Morelos, Cuernavaca. Holotype male and five male paratypes in MNRJ (not examined). Diagnosis. Male. Length 9.5 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles small, but welldifferentiated. Thorax grayish. Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. Abdomen grayish with golden pollinosity more intense on T5. T4 with 1 pair of median marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel. Cercus, in lateral view, with the apical portion bent slightly backwards and pointed apex. Cercus with bristles present along the ventral surface (lateral view), except in distal third. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Postgonite smaller than pregonite; unicolorous. Distiphallus with a large ventral lobe and numerous pre-apical spines, smooth ventroapical margin, long and broad ventroapical projection with serrated margin, lateroapical expansions, small dorsoapical swelling, square/oblong apex and sinuous dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, squared and sclerotized, with scale-like adornment on dorsal surface. Remarks. Features used to differentiate O. fraterna from the similar species O. peruviana (Fig. 226) and O. vittata (Fig. 279) are: cercus in posterior view parallel and with enlarged apex; ventral spines more developed than in O. vittata (Fig. 280), and apex of distiphallus with a long and broad ventroapical projection with serrated margin and small dorsoapical swelling in O. fraterna (Fig. 126) (Lopes 1946c). See also remarks under O. ariozanoi sp. n. and O. augusta. Female unknown. Distribution. NEARCTIC. Mexico (Morelos). Biology. The species has been collected with traps used to collect fruit flies (Lopes 1946c). Material examined. [♂ terminalia mounted on a slide] O. titubata fraterna Lop № 8.101 cx: 55 Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1946 c) Sarcophagidae do Mexico, capturados pelo professor A. Dampf. (Diptera). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 44 (1), 119 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761946000100004"]}

Oxysarcodexia cingarus (Aldrich, 1916) (Figs 70–72) Sarcophaga cingarus Aldrich, 1916: 288; USA, Pennsylvania, Natrona. Holotype male, female allotype, four male paratypes and one female paratype in USNM (none examined). Sarcophaga cingaris: Hall (1929: 89), incorrect subsequent spelling of cingarus Aldrich, 1916. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax with pale golden pollinosity more evident laterally, same for the abdomen, T5 with golden pollinosity only laterally. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs brownish. T3 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles at apex of arms. Cercus with straight dorsal outline in lateral view, with pointed obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb; with bristles ventrally only in distal third. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel and with a distinct constriction mid length. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, square/oblong apex and slightly sinuous dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with angular median projection of main branch; distal lobes reduced, with filaments, tapering and sclerotized, without spines. Remarks. The vesica of O. cingarus is one of the most simple and least ornamented within the genus (Fig. 71). The phallus resembles that of O. wygodzinskyi Lopes & Tibana, 1987 (Fig. 71), although the distiphallus apex is more sharp-angled in O. cingarus (Fig. 282); the vesica of O. cingarus is larger, and in O. wygodzinskyi ornamentation (spines) is present in the mid portion of the vesica (anterior view), and the distal half of the cercus is broader in posterior view and with a square tip in O. cingarus versus the slender distal half of cercus with pointed apex observed in O. wygodzinskyi. The female of O. cingarus has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEARCTIC. Canada (Ontario, Quebec), USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana *, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia *). Biology. Adults of this species have been collected in association with pig carcasses exposed in trees as well as in the water (Payne & King 1972). Predation of O. cingarus by the wasp Oxybelus uniglumis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) was reported by Peckham et al. (1973). Material examined. [♂] [USA] Great Falls, Oct. 3, 15 Va / W. L. McAfee, Collector / Sarcophaga cingarus Ald., Det. J. B. Malloch [NHMD] // [♂] [USA] Lafayette, La. Det. 9-11-1947 Follow by trap USPHN: LaF 2 / Oxysarcodexia cingarus Ald. Det. E. R. Dodge 1957 [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Aldrich, J. M. (1916) Sarcophaga and allies in North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, La Fayette, Indiana, 301 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 32298","Hall, D. G. (1929) An annotated list of the Sarcophagidae which have been collected in Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 2, 83 - 90.","Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1987) On Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), with descriptions of five new species, key, list and geographic distribution of the species. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 47 (3), 329 - 347.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Payne, J. A. & King, E. W. (1972) Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcasses in water. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 7 (3), 153 - 162.","Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. 10 th Edition. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae (Stockholm), 4 + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Peckham, D. J., Kurczewski, F. F. & Peckham, D. B. (1973) Nesting behavior of Nearctic species of Oxybelus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66 (3), 647 - 661. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 66.3.647"]}

Oxysarcodexia culmiforceps Dodge, 1966 (Figs 90–92) Oxysarcodexia culmiforceps Dodge, 1966: 687; Brazil, Distrito Federal, Rio de Janeiro, Jacarepaguá. Lectotype male (designated by Tibana & Mello 1983a: 248), an unspecified number of male paralectotypes [no labels indicating their type status as either syntypes or paralectotypes] and one female paralectotype in MNRJ. Oxysarcodexia culminiforceps: Lopes (1969: 25; 1975c: 465), incorrect subsequent spelling of culmiforceps Dodge, 1966. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity laterally. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish. Abdomen with silvery pollinosity, T5 with golden pollinosity laterally (“spot stain-like”). T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles along margins. Cercus bent backwards very conspicuously, with pointed obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb. Cercus with bristles ventrally only in distal third. Cerci with distal third as broad as middle part in posterior view; diverging and with a distinct constriction mid length. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with ventroapical concavity with serrated margin, a lateroapical furrow, conical apex, sinuous dorsal outline, large dorsoapical swelling and lateroapical expansions. Vesica symmetrical, with angular median projection of main branch; distal lobes reduced, with filaments, tapering, partially membranous, with spines only along margins. Remarks. Lopes (1946b) misidentified specimens of what is now considered O. culmiforceps as O. culminata, although he pointed out differences in thorax pollinosity, the color of T5, the setosity of the male cercus, and the shape of ST5, considering these as intraspecific variation of O. culminata. Dodge (1966) assessed these differences as sufficient to erect a separate species, proposing the name O. culmiforceps. Differentiation of O. culmiforceps from O. culminata is based on the distiphallus apex and details of the vesica (Lopes 1975c) (Figs 91, 94). The distiphallus apex of O. culminata is more conical (lateral view) than in O. culmiforceps, with median fringe-like projections distally and a few grooves laterally, not found in O. culmiforceps. The vesica of O. culminata presents microscopic spines only distally on the distal lobes, whereas in O. culmiforceps these microscopic spines are scattered on the entire surface of the distal lobes; furthermore, the distal lobes of the vesica of O. culmiforceps show an upward filamentous projection in lateral view, absent in O. culminata. A pad of short, golden bristles is observed on the tip of the cercus in O. culminata, but absent in O. culmiforceps. See also remarks under O. aurata. The female of O. culmiforceps has T7 membranous (Tibana & Mello 1985). Dodge (1966: 687) gave several localities for the male syntypes, without giving an exact number of specimens: “ Estado de São Paulo (Capital, Juquiá, São José dos Campos e Eugenio Lefevre), Estado de Minas Gerais (São José da Lagoa e Lagoa Santa) do Rio de Janeiro (Distrito Federal) e Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Pinheiral, Vassouras e Angra dos Reis)”. A single female syntype was included: “Uma fêmea da República do Paraguai ”. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Argentina (Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Misiones), Brazil (Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Paraguay, Uruguay (Canelones). Biology. This species has been collected from human and dog feces, chicken viscera (especially liver), rotten bovine liver, rotten squid, fish, sardine, mouse and pig carcasses, rotten bananas mixed with yeast or brown sugar and in organic rice fields (Ferreira 1979; Dias et al. 1984c; Mendes & Linhares 1993; Carvalho & Linhares 2001; Leandro & D’Almeida 2005; Mariluis et al. 2007; Rosa et al. 2011; Vairo et al. 2011; Mulieri et al. 2008, 2010, 2011, 2015; Carmo & Vasconcelos 2016; Dufek et al. 2016; Souza & Von Zuben 2016; Acosta et al. 2017; Remedios-De León et al. 2017; Faria et al. 2018; Remedios-De León et al. 2019). Despite this variety of substrates, no differences in attractivity of human feces, chicken viscera and mouse carcasses were observed (Linhares 1981; Dias et al. 1984c), nor any preference for either sunlight or shaded areas (Linhares 1981). However, Ferreira (1979) recorded a preference of O. culmiforceps for human feces, although the synanthropy index calculated for this species was low. Mulieri et al. (2015), collecting with dog feces and bovine liver, considered this species to be a male-biased generalist without significant association with any of the baits used. Oxysarcodexia culmiforceps has been collected in numerous habitats: grassland, woodland (Mulieri et al. 2008), wetlands of rural and wild areas (Dufek et al. 2016), urban, suburban and rural areas (Mulieri et al. 2011), semirural area (Remedios-De León et al. 2017), Brazilian Cerrado [collected only in the dry season by Rosa et al. (2011) and as a single specimen only in the humid season by Faria et al. (2018)], forest, rural and urban areas (in order of abundance at each site) in southern Brazil (Linhares 1981; Ferreira 1979; Souza & Von Zuben 2016), a Brazilian zoological garden (Oliveira et al. 2002), a remnant of a semi-deciduous mesophytic forest (Carvalho & Linhares 2001), an ombrophilous forest in the Brazilian south (Vairo et al. 2011), in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest (Souza, unpublished), and in Brazilian insular lands (Carmo & Vasconcelos 2016). In Itamaracá, a continental island (Pernambuco state, Brazil), this species was considered accidental, collected only in an area of low anthropogenic impact (Carmo & Vasconcelos 2016). Dufek et al. (2016) considered this species to be hemi- or non-synanthropic in Argentinean wetlands. This species has been recorded visiting flowers of Sebastiania brasiliensis Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae) and Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) (Mulieri et al. 2010). Type material examined. Lectotype ♂: [Brazil] INS.OSW.CRUZ N.-1U.337 / Rio de Janeiro H. Souza Lopes / Oxysarcodexia culminata [no italics] Aldr. 1916 Lopes. det 1944 / Lectotypus / O. culminiforceps [sic, no italics] Dodge, 1966 Det. Tibana e Mello. 1981 [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Extrema, Serra do Lopo, Pedra das Flores, 27.II.2012; A. G. Savino, M. P. Nassu, M. D. Grella / O. culmiforceps, Extrema-MG; 27/02/2012 [LIE]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Dodge, H. R. (1966) Some new or little-known Neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera), with a review of the genus Oxysarcodexia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59, 674 - 701. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 59.4.674","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1983 a) Estudo sobre as femeas de Oxysarcodexia do grupo Peltata (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 43 (3), 241 - 250.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States: Family Sarcophagidae. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, 103, 1 - 88.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 c) New or little known Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35 (3), 461 - 483.","Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Ferreira, M. J. M. (1979) Sinantropia de Dipteros Muscoides de Curitiba. II: Sarcophagidae. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 39 (4), 773 - 781.","Dias, E. S., Neves, D. P. & Lopes, H. S. (1984 c) Estudos sobre a fauna de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Belo Horizonte. Minas Gerais III. Atratividade das Iscas. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 79 (4), 413 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761984000400003","Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (1993) Sazonalidade, preferencia por iscas e desenvolvimento ovariano em varias especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37 (2), 355 - 364.","Carvalho, L. M. L. & Linhares, A. X. (2001) Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in southeastern Brazil. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46 (3), 604 - 608. https: // doi. org / 10.1520 / JFS 15011 J","Leandro, M. J. F. & D'Almeida, J. M. (2005) Levantamento de Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae em um fragmento de mata na Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 95 (4), 377 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212005000400006","Mariluis, J. C., Schnack, J. A., Mulieri, P. R. & Torretta, J. P. (2007) The Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of the coastline of Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 80 (3), 243 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.2317 / 0022 - 8567 (2007) 80 [243: TSDOTC] 2.0. CO; 2","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045","Vairo, K. P., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Carvalho, C. J. B. (2011) Pictorial identification key for species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of potential forensic importance in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 333 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000033","Mulieri, P. R., Schnack, J. A., Mariluis, J. C. & Torretta, J. C. (2008) Flesh flies species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from a grassland and a woodland in a nature reserve of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista Biologia Tropical, 56 (3), 1287 - 1294. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 56 i 3.5710","Mulieri, P. R., Mariluis, J. C. & Patitucci, L. D. (2010) Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species. Zootaxa, 2575 (1), 1 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2575.1.1","Mulieri, P. R., Patitucci, L. D., Schnack, J. A. & Mariluis, J. C. (2011) Diversity and seasonal dynamic of an assemblage of Sarcophagid Diptera in a gradient of urbanization. Journal of Insect Science, 11 (91), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.011.9101","Mulieri, P. R., Patitucci, L. D. & Olea, M. S. (2015) Sex-biased patterns of saprophagous Calyptratae (Diptera) collected with different baits of animal origin. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52 (3), 386 - 393. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjv 031","Carmo, R. F. R. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2016) Assemblage of necrophagous Diptera in Atlantic insular environments and response to different levels of human presence. Neotropical Entomology, 45, 471 - 481. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 016 - 0394 - x","Dufek, M. I., Oscherov, E. B., Damborsky, M. P. & Mulieri, P. R. (2016) Assessment of the abundance and diversity of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in sites with different degrees of human impact in the Ibera Wetlands (Argentina). Journal of Medical Entomology, 53 (4), 827 - 835. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjw 045","Souza, C. R. & Von Zuben, C. J. (2016) Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 45, 637 - 641. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 016 - 0411 - 0","Acosta, L. G., Jahnke, S. M., Redaelli, R. L. & Pires, P. R. S. (2017) Insect diversity in organic rice fields under two management systems of levees vegetation. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 77 (4), 731 - 744. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1519 - 6984.19615","Remedios-De Leon, M., Castro, M. & Morelli, E. (2017) Artropodofauna cadaverica sobre modelos experimentales porcinos Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) en cuatro periodos estacionales. Entomologia Mexicana, 4, 550 - 555.","Faria, L. S., Paseto, M. L., Couri, M. S., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Mendes, J. (2018) Insects associated with pig carrion in two environments of the Brazilian savanna. Neotropical Entomology, 47 (2), 181 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 017 - 0518 - y","Remedios-De Leon, M., Castro, M. & Morelli, E. (2019) Artropodofauna cadaverica associada a Sus scrofa en el Sur de Uruguay. Boletin de la Sociedad Zoologica de Uruguay, 28 (1), 21 - 28.","Linhares, A. X. (1981) Synanthropy of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 25, 189 - 215.","Oliveira, V. C., D'Almeida, J. M., Paes, M. J & Sanavria, A. (2002) Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (2), 191 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842002000200002"]}

Key to species of Oxysarcodexia (males only) 1. Apical scutellar bristles absent........................................................................... 2 - Apical scutellar bristles present......................................................................... 55 2. Legs yellowish (Fig. 271)............................................................................... 3 - Legs blackish (Fig. 6) or brownish (Fig. 234)............................................................... 5 3. ST5 V-shaped (with diverging margins of posterior incision)............................................. O. zayasi - ST5 U-shaped (with parallel margins of posterior incision).................................................... 4 4. Distiphallus with a ventroapical concavity (Fig. 272)............................................... O. ventricosa - Distiphallus without a ventroapical concavity (Fig. 118)............................................... O. flavipes 5. T5 without golden pollinosity (Fig. 25).................................................................... 6 - T5 entirely or partially with golden pollinosity (Figs 36, 51, 79)............................................... 18 6. Three well-differentiated dorsocentral post-sutural bristles + 0 or 1 additional smaller bristles......................... 7 - Two well-differentiated dorsocentral post-sutural bristles + 1–3 additional smaller bristles........................... 10 7. Cerci parallel in posterior view.......................................................................... 8 - Cerci diverging in posterior view......................................................................... 9 8. Cercus with pointed apex in lateral view (Fig. 112)................................................. O. favorabilis - Cercus with normal apex in lateral view, i.e., as broad as middle part (Fig. 205)............................ O. orbitalis 9. Syntergosternite 7+8 yellowish-brown (Fig. 255).................................................. O. terminalis - Syntergosternite 7+8 dark brown (Fig. 174)......................................................... O. marina 10. T4 without median marginal bristles or with 1 pair of median marginal bristles................................... 11 - T4 with 2 pairs of median marginal bristles (Fig. 73)................................................... O. cocais 11. Vesica with distal lobes well developed (Fig. 100).......................................................... 12 - Vesica with distal lobes reduced (Fig. 55)................................................................. 15 12. Postocular plate with silvery pollinosity.................................................................. 13 - Postocular plate with golden or pale golden pollinosity...................................................... 14 13. Vesica with distal lobes with spines (Fig. 96)........................................................ O. cyanea - Vesica with distal lobes without spines (Fig. 252)................................................. O. simplicoides 14. Cercus with pointed apex in lateral view (Fig. 26)............................................. O. angulosa sp. n. - Cercus with expanded apex in lateral view (Fig. 100)............................................. O. cyaniforceps 15. T4 with 1 or 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles............................................................. 16 - T4 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles................................................................. 17 16. Ocellar bristles as long as or longer than uppermost frontal bristles. Wing vein R1 with 2–3 setulae dorsally.................................................................................................... O. chaetopygialis - Ocellar bristles poorly developed and shorter than uppermost frontal bristles. Wing vein R1 bare dorsally........ O. bicolor 17. ST5 entirely yellow........................................................................... O. confusa - ST5 partially yellow......................................................................... O. culminata 18. Vesica with distal lobes reduced (Fig. 91)................................................................. 19 - Vesica with distal lobes well developed (Fig. 10)........................................................... 26 19. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles................................................................. 20 - T3 with 2 or 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles............................................................. 23 20. Cercus with dorsal bristles longer in basal 1/3.............................................................. 21 - Cercus with dorsal bristles longer in basal 2/3.............................................................. 22 21. Cercus with distal third as broad as middle portion in posterior view (Fig. 134)............................. O. galeata - Cercus with distal third narrower than middle portion in posterior view (Fig. 221)........................... O. peltata 22. ST5 generally setose (i.e., with weaker bristles plus some setosity on arms).............................. O. cingarus - ST5 with bristles only on arms..................................................................... O. parva 23. Vesica with distal lobes partially membranous............................................................. 24 - Vesica with distal lobes completely sclerotized............................................................. 25 24. Vein R4+5 setose in proximal 2/3............................................................ O. culmiforceps - Vein R4+5 setose in proximal 3/4................................................................. O. intona 25. Cerci parallel in posterior view. Vesica with symmetrical distal lobes (Fig. 78)........................... O. comparilis - Cerci diverging in posterior view. Vesica with asymmetrical distal lobes (Fig. 262).......................... O. timida 26. Postocular plate silvery pollinose........................................................................ 27 - Postocular plate golden or pale golden pollinose............................................................ 30 27. Cercus sinuous in lateral view (Fig. 52)................................................................... 28 - Cercus straight in lateral view (Fig. 37)................................................................... 29 28. T4 without median marginal bristles (Fig. 51)........................................................ O. berthet - T4 with 1 pair of median marginal bristles...................................................... O. wygodzinskyi 29. ST5 V-shaped (with diverging margins of posterior incision). Vesica with symmetrical distal lobes................ O. aura - ST5 U-shaped (with parallel margins of posterior incision). Vesica with asymmetrical distal lobes (Fig. 236)...... O. ramosa 30. Vesica with asymmetrical distal lobes.................................................................... 31 - Vesica with symmetrical distal lobes..................................................................... 34 31. T5 partially golden pollinose........................................................................... 32 - T5 completely golden pollinose......................................................................... 33 32. Ocellar bristles as long as or longer than uppermost frontal bristles..................................... O. edwardsi - Ocellar bristles shorter than uppermost frontal bristles............................................... O. fringidea 33. Cercus with dorsal bristles longer in proximal half (Fig. 275)............................................ O. villosa - Cercus with dorsal bristles longer in proximal 2/3 (Fig. 268)............................................. O. varia 34. Vesica with distal lobes rounded or square (Figs 164, 177).................................................... 35 - Vesica with distal lobes filamentous or tapering (Figs 10, 23).................................................. 43 35. Distiphallus without a dorsoapical swelling (Figs 103, 177).................................................. 36 - Distiphallus with a dorsoapical swelling (Figs 80; 106, 163).................................................. 37 36. Apical expansion of cercus straight in lateral view (Fig. 177)....................................... O. meridionalis - Apical expansion of cercus obliquely cut in lateral view and with subapical barb (Fig. 103)..................... O. diana 37. Pregonite of same color over its entire length (Fig. 20)....................................................... 38 - Pregonite with apex darker than base (Fig. 1).............................................................. 40 38. Lateral triangular process of paraphallus (just proximal to vesica) surpassing ventral margin of phallic tube (Fig. 180).............................................................................................. O. mineirensis - Lateral triangular process of paraphallus not surpassing ventral margin of phallic tube (Fig. 164)..................... 39 39. T4 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles (Fig. 163).................................................. O. liliarum - T4 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles (Fig. 166)................................................... O. maiae 40. Cercus with apex expanded in lateral view (Fig. 80)......................................................... 41 - Cercus with apex of same width as median part in lateral view (Fig. 193)........................................ 42 41. Distiphallus rounded apically in lateral view (Fig. 80).............................................. O. conclausa - Distiphallus square/oblong apically in lateral view (Fig. 106)............................................. O. eberti 42. Distiphallus with serrated ventroapical margin (Fig. 258).............................................. O. thornax - Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin (Fig. 193)............................................. O. morretesi 43. ST5 V-shaped (with diverging margins of posterior incision).................................................. 44 - ST5 U-shaped (with parallel margins of posterior incision)................................................... 45 44. Cercus with ventral bristles over full length (Fig. 288).................................................... O. xon - Cercus with ventral bristles only in apical third (Fig. 143)............................................... O. ibera 45. Two well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles + 1–3 additional smaller bristles........................... 46 - Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles + 0 or 1 additional smaller bristles............... O. laclaricola 46. Cercus with apical expansion concave in lateral view (Fig. 229)............................................... 47 - Cercus with apical expansion straight or expanded obliquely cut apex in lateral view (Figs 10, 13, 23, 186, 202)......... 48 47. ST5 generally setose (i.e., with weaker bristles plus some setosity on arms)........................... O. petropolitana - ST5 with bristles only on arms.................................................................... O. aurata 48. Vesica with distal lobes completely sclerotized (Figs 23, 121)................................................. 49 - Vesica with distal lobes completely or partially membranous (Figs 10, 115, 183).................................. 51 49. Cerci parallel in posterior view......................................................................... 50 - Cerci slightly diverging in posterior view (Fig. 14).................................................... O. afficta 50. Cercus with ventral bristles absent in middle portion (Fig. 23)......................................... O. angrensis - Cercus with ventral bristles absent in distal half (Fig. 121)............................................. O. floricola 51. Vesica with spines (Fig. 115)........................................................................... 52 - Vesica without spines (Fig. 202).................................................................. O. occulta 52. Vesica with distal lobes completely membranous........................................................... 53 - Vesica with distal lobes partially membranous............................................................. 54 53. Postocular plate golden pollinose; ocellar bristles about the same size as the smallest frontal bristles............. O. festiva - Postocular plate pale golden pollinose; ocellar bristles smaller than the uppermost frontal bristle................ O. adunca 54. Surstylus with discal bristles (Fig. 186)............................................................ O. modesta - Surstylus without discal bristles (Fig. 183)......................................................... O. mitifica 55. Vesica with asymmetrical distal lobes (Fig. 246)............................................................ 56 - Vesica with symmetrical distal lobes (Fig. 44).............................................................. 57 56. Two well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles + 1–3 additional smaller bristles anteriorly.......... O. sarcinata - Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles + 0 or 1 additional smaller bristles.................. O. corolla 57. Distal lobes of vesica reduced (Figs 58, 61)................................................................ 58 - Distal lobes of vesica well developed (Figs 16, 30, 46)....................................................... 64 58. Vesica with distal lobes rounded or square................................................................. 59 - Vesica with distal lobes filamentous or tapering............................................................ 60 59. Cercus in posterior view with a distinct constriction at midlength (Fig. 59).................................. O. bikini - Cercus in posterior view without a constriction at midlength............................................ O. molitor 60. T4 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles...................................................... O. rimata sp. n. - T4 with 2 or 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles............................................................. 61 61. Surstylus triangular (Fig. 7)............................................................................ 62 - Surstylus oblong (Fig. 232)............................................................................ 63 62. Two well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles + 1–3 additional smaller bristles.................... O. admixta - Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles + 0 or 1 additional smaller bristles.................. O. jamesi 63. Vein R4+5 setose in proximal 2/3................................................................. O. plebeja - Vein R4+5 setose in proximal 3/4............................................................... O. carvalhoi 64. Distiphallus with a ventroapical concavity (Fig. 20)......................................................... 65 - Distiphallus without a ventroapical concavity (Fig. 46)...................................................... 78 65. T5 not golden pollinose (Fig. 33)........................................................................ 66 - T5 partially or completely golden pollinose (Figs 19, 48)..................................................... 69 66. Distiphallus with a lateroapical furrow (Fig. 149)........................................................... 67 - Distiphallus without a lateroapical furrow................................................................. 68 67. Syntergosternite 7+8 with smooth dorsal outline in lateral view (Fig. 34)................................. O. augusta - Syntergosternite 7+8 with sinuous dorsal outline in lateral view (Fig. 149)................................ O. injuncta 68. ST5 partially yellow...................................................................... O. paulistanensis - ST5 not yellow.......................................................................... O. riograndensis 69. Distiphallus with serrated ventroapical margin (Fig. 49)...................................................... 70 - Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin (Fig. 20)...................................................... 73 70. Pregonite abruptly narrowing at apex (Figs 49, 146)......................................................... 71 - Pregonite gradually narrowing to apex (Figs 16, 124)........................................................ 72 71. Distiphallus with ventroapical projections (i.e., lateral outward-directed expansions of the distiphallus, anterior view)................................................................................................... O. inflata - Distiphallus without ventroapical projections......................................................... O. berlai 72. Postgonite abruptly narrowing at apex (Fig. 124)................................................. O. fluminensis - Postgonite gradually narrowing to apex (Fig. 16)............................................... O. alectoris sp. n. 73. Cercus with pointed apex in lateral view (Fig. 140)......................................................... 74 - Cercus with expanded apex (rounded or conical) in lateral view (Figs 20, 217, 265)................................ 75 74. Distiphallus without a dorsoapical swelling (Fig. 140)................................................ O. grandis - Distiphallus with a dorsoapical swelling (Fig. 223)................................................... O. perneta 75. Distiphallus with straight dorsal outline (Fig. 265).......................................................... 76 - Distiphallus with sinuous dorsal outline (Fig. 217).......................................................... 77 76. Pregonite of same color over its entire length (Fig. 20)................................................ O, Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603

Oxysarcodexia afficta (Wulp, 1895) (Figs 12–14) Sarcophaga afficta Wulp, 1895: 269, 286; Mexico, Morelos, Cuernavaca; Mexico, Veracruz, Atoyac; México, Yucatán. Male and female syntypes in NHMUK (not examined). [Aldrich (1930: 36) studied nine male and one female syntypes from NHMUK.] Diagnosis. Length 10.0–12.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax generally with grayish pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals.Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish.Abdomen grayish with shades of pale golden pollinosity laterally, T5 with golden pollinosity only laterally. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 2 pairs of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and pilosity on arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb. Cercus with bristles ventrally on proximal half. Cerci with distal third as broad as middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex, which is darker. Postgonite like pregonite except unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, conical apex, small dorsoapical swelling and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. Oxysarcodexia afficta (Fig. 13) is similar to O. conclausa, O. thornax and O. timida (Figs 80, 258, 261), the most important differences being the shape of the vesica (Lopes 1946b), where the filamentous distal lobes have their tip curved towards the base and juxtaposed to the phallic tube in O. afficta, are square-shaped with a median “finger-like” projection slanting towards the base in O. conclausa, square-shaped (although with less angled corners than in O. conclausa) with a more slender “finger-like” projection in O. thornax (Fig. 258), and tapering with a few spines asymmetrically distributed along margins in O. timida (Fig. 262). The female of O. afficta has T7 divided into two plates (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEARCTIC. Mexico (Morelos, San Luis Potosí). NEOTROPICAL. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico (Chiapas, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Veracruz, Yucatán), Panama. Biology. Unknown. Material examined. [♂] N. Perucho; (Otavalo) Ecuador; 200m. I-1971; L. E. Peña col. / Oxysarcodexia afficta (Wulp); ♂; Det. H. S. Lopes / NRM-DIPT 0014214 [NRM] // [♂] Mexico, VU 94; Chiapa de Corzo; COMEXA, 09.11.2010; A. Grzywacz, leg [NHMD] // [♂] 10.8830 / S. America. [Colombia] Villavicencio, Quatquia R. Dec. 1914. 1915-124. / Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research. / Sarcophaga afficta ♂ Wulp XI. 38- Det. H. S. Lopes / Please return this specimen [MNRJ] // [♂] COLOMBIA Zarzal, Valle La May. 1971 1080m 238 C. F. Waldbauer / Oxysarcodexia afficta (Wulp) ♂ Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Wulp, F. M. (1895) Fam. Muscidae [part]. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Vol. 2. Class Insecta. Published for the editors by R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 289.","Aldrich, J. M. (1930) Notes on the types of American two-winged flies of the genus Sarcophaga and a few related forms, described by the early authors. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 78, 1 - 39, 3 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.78 - 2855.1","Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445."]}

Oxysarcodexia nitida Soares & Mello-Patiu, 2010 (Figs 195–197) Oxysarcodexia nitida Soares & Mello-Patiu, 2010: 72; Peru, Avispas, Madre de Dios. Holotype male in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 7.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax and abdomen with golden pollinosity, T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Three well-differentiated postsutural dorsocentral bristles posteriorly, although a small bristle can be present among these.Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles at apex of arms. Cercus straight in lateral view, with pointed obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally present at proximal half portion. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite of equal width from base to apex; apex darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, conical apex, straight dorsal outline, lateral lobes and lateroapical expansions. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, squared, sclerotized, without spines. Remarks. This species (Fig. 196) is morphologically very close to O. vittata (Fig. 279), with evident differences in the shape and adornment of the vesica (triangular with two lateral projections, the outer one less sclerotized and with scale-like adornment in O. nitida), in the shape of the distiphallus apex (without a dorsoapical projection; with serrated margin of ventroapical projection more irregular; and apical corner of the ventroapical projection not as long as in O. vittata) and pregonite (without the median process observed in O. vittata) (Soares & Mello-Patiu 2010). The holotype male lacks apical scutellar bristles, but these are present in the specimen from Ecuador examined here, so this should be considered intraspecific variation. See also remarks under O. ariozanoi sp. n. and O. augusta. Female unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul), Ecuador *, Peru. Biology. Oxysarcodexia nitida was collected using a “fly trap” baited with rotting beef lung (Carvalho-Filho et al. 2017). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: Avispas, Madre de Dios, PERU 10-20.IX.1962 L. Pena. 400m. / Oxysarcodexia nitida [no italics] sp. nov (Xarcophaga [no italics] group) HOLOTYPE Det: C. A. Mello Patiu / HOLOTYPUS [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] ECUADOR: Napo Province, Yasuní Research Station; 76°36′W 00°38′S; 3–20.XI.1998; T. Pape & B. Viklund / NRM-DIPT 0014471 [NRM] // [♂] SISBIOTA CNPQ/FAPESP [typed vertically on left side of label] BRASIL: MT: Chap. dos Guimarães Trilha Vale da Benção S15°26′10” W055°47′23” Varredura 12.vii.2012 Lamas, Nihei & eq. col. / Oxysarcodexia nitida Soares & Mello-Patiu, 2010. Det. CA Mello-Patiu [MNRJ] // [♂] SISBIOTA CNPQ/FAPESP [typed vertically on left side of label] BRASIL, MS, Bodoquena Fazenda Califórnia S20°41′54” W56°52′55,04” Van Someren modificada (Mata Cilar) 07-08.vii.2011 Lamas, C.J.E col. / Oxysarcodexia nitida Soares & Mello-Patiu, 2010. Det. CA Mello-Patiu [MNRJ].

Oxysarcodexia liliarum Souza & Buenaventura, 2016 (Figs 163���165) Oxysarcodexia liliarum Souza & Buenaventura, 2016: 120; Colombia, Antioquia, Caldas, La Clara. Holotype male in CE-TdeA, 2 male paratypes in each of CE-TdeA, MNRJ and NHMD. Diagnosis. Male. Length 5.5 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity. Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles posteriorly and 1 smaller bristles anteriorly. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs dark brownish. Abdomen with golden pollinosity laterally on T1+2���5, dorsally on T1+2���3 and silvery pollinosity dorsally on T1+2���3. T1+2���4 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with normal apex (i.e., as broad as median area). Cercus with bristles ventrally only in distal third. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Postgonite with apical portion showing a stronger degree of narrowing than the pregonite; unicolorous. Distiphallus flower-like, distally membranous, with smooth margins, a large dorsoapical swelling, ventroapical projections, lateroapical expansions, notched (V-shaped) ventroapical margin, squared apex and slightly sinuous dorsal outline. Juxta with distal margin membranous, serrated anteriorly and slightly folded inwards. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, oblong, sclerotized, with serrated distal margin. Remarks. See under O. ariozanoi sp. n., O. augusta and O. favorabilis. Female unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Colombia. Biology. The type specimens were collected using a Van Someren-Rydon trap baited with chicken viscera and fish heads, placed at elevated sites (1800���2000 m) of rural and a semi-urban/rural areas surrounded by pastures and some shrub remains of the original vegetation, as described by Ram��rez-Mora et al. (2012). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: COLOMBIA, Antioquia, Caldas, La Clara 06��03���06.9���N 75��37���19.2���W, 1.840m, 26.2 ��C, 11:20h, TVSR [Van Someren Rydon trap], 10-mar-10, M03C1, M. A. Ram��rez, C. Rave, Leg. Holotype [CE-TdeA] // 2 paratypes, ♂♂, same label: COLOMBIA, Antioquia, Caldas, La Clara, 06��03���06.9���N 75��37���19.2���W, 1.840m, 4.viii.2010, Tr VSR [Van Someren Rydon trap], 12:18h, M08C1, M. A. Ram��rez, I. Cadavid, Leg. [CE-TdeA] // 2 paratypes, ♂♂, same label: COLOMBIA, Antioquia, Caldas, La Clara, 06��03���06.9���N 75��37���19.2���W, 1.840m, 6.x.2010, Tr VSR [Van Someren Rydon trap], 11:45h, M10C1, M. A. Ram��rez, I. Cadavid, Leg. [MNRJ] // 2 paratypes, ♂♂, same label: COLOMBIA, Antioquia, Caldas, La Clara, 06��03���06.9���N 75��37���19.2���W, 1.840m, 8.xii.2010, Tr VSR [Van Someren Rydon trap], 12:47h, M12C1, J. Durango, H. Areiza, D. Carvajal, Leg. [NHMD]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Souza, C. M. & Buenaventura, E. (2016) Three new species of Oxysarcodexia Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from the Colombian Andes. Zootaxa, 4084 (1), 115 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4084.1.5","Ramirez-Mora, M. A., Buenaventura, E., Gomez-P, L. M. & Amat, E. (2012) Updated checklist and new records of Calyptrate carrion flies (Diptera, Schizophora) from Valle de Aburra and other localities in Colombia. Entomotropica, 27 (1), 27 - 35."]}

Oxysarcodexia cocais Carvalho-Filho, Sousa & Esposito, 2017 (Figs 73–75) Oxysarcodexia cocais Carvalho-Filho, Sousa & Esposito, 2017: 350; Brazil, Maranhão. Holotype male in MPEG (not examined). Diagnosis. [Based on the original description by Carvalho-Filho et al. (2017) and on photographs provided by Dr. Pablo R. Mulieri (MACN).] Male. Length 6.7 mm. Postocular plate with silvery gray pollinosity. Ocellar bristles similar to uppermost frontals. Thorax with silvery pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 2 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish brown. Abdomen blackish with silvery pollinosity. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 2 pairs of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with the inner lateral margin of arms distally covered with many scattered fine bristles and with spine-like bristles. Cercus slightly sinuous in lateral view, with normal, forward-curved apex (i.e., as broad as median area). Cercus with bristles ventrally absent only on apical third. Cerci with apical third as broad as middle portion in posterior view, diverging, with rounded apex and with a distinct constriction mid length. Pregonite and postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with hair-like trichiae at ventroapical margin, conical apex and sinuous dorsal outline. Juxta widened in lateral view. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, sclerotized, slightly angled, with a pre-apical pointed projection ventrally and pointed dorsal projections, without spines. Remarks. The main feature separating O. cocais from its congeners is the long surstylus, almost as long as the cercus (Fig. 74). Female unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Argentina * (Formosa *), Brazil (Maranhão). Biology. Unknown. The holotype was collected in a babassu palm (Orbignya phalerata Martius) forest, in an area of rainforest and Cerrado vegetation (Carvalho-Filho et al. 2017). Material examined. No specimens were examined directly, but photographs of a specimen from Argentina were provided by courtesy of Dr. Pablo R. Mulieri (MACN)., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Carvalho-Filho, F. S., Sousa, J. R. P. & Esposito, M. C. (2017) A new species and new records of Oxysarcodexia Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 61 (4), 349 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rbe. 2017.07.005"]}

Oxysarcodexia diana (Lopes, 1933) (Figs 102–104) Sarcophaga diana Lopes, 1933: 154; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Holotype male and one male paratype in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 6.0–7.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity more intense at humeral portion. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs brownish. Abdomen grayish with silvery pollinosity and some golden pollinosity laterally, T5 with golden pollinosity along the entire extension. T3 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles at apex of arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb. Cercus with bristles ventrally only in distal third. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, rounded apex and sinuous dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, rounded, membranous, with spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. A detailed comparison of the male terminalia of O. diana with those of the sympatric species O. avuncula, O. confusa and O. parva, with which it is frequently confused, was provided by Silva & Mello-Patiu (2008). See also remarks under O. admixta. The female of O. diana has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEARCTIC. Mexico (Morelos, San Luis de Potosí). NEOTROPICAL. Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Bahia, Distrito Federal, Ceará, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico (Chiapas), Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad). Biology. This species has been reared from human feces (D’Almeida 1989, 1994; Lopes 1973b, 1975c) and shows a strong preference for this substrate (Mendes & Linhares 1993). It has also been reared from bovine feces in pastures (Marchiori 2000; Marchiori et al. 2001) and in cattle sheds (Marchiori 2000), on fish (although with only two specimens reaching the adult stage) (D’Almeida 1986) and also under laboratory conditions (Lopes 1973b). D’Almeida (1984) noticed a preference for inhabited areas, where it was collected from human feces, fish, bovine liver and rotten banana mixed with brown sugar (decreasing order of attractiveness). Linhares (1981) observed no differences in attractiveness among mouse carcasses, human feces and chicken viscera. Mendes & Linhares (1993), in a study using the same baits, pointed out a preference for human feces. Oxysarcodexia diana has also been collected from sardines, chicken viscera, bovine lung, mouse and pig carcasses, crab, squid, fermented fruit, and rotten S. comosa (Lopes 1973b, 1975a; Linhares 1981; D’Almeida 1984; Dias et al. 1984c; Mendes & Linhares 1993; D’Almeida & Lima 1994; Pamplona et al. 2000; Carvalho & Linhares 2001; Leandro & D’Almeida 2005; Barros et al. 2008; Barbosa et al. 2009; Rosa et al. 2011; Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012; Yepes-Gaurisas et al. 2013; Oliveira-Costa et al. 2014; Souza & Von Zuben 2016; Valverde-Castro et al. 2017; Faria et al. 2018; Lopes et al. 2018; Paseto et al. 2019). Sunlight is preferred to shaded areas (Linhares 1981), especially by males like in most Sarcophaginae, whereas females can be more active in shaded areas in their search for suitable larviposition substrates. The higher frequency of adult females visiting chicken viscera and rodent carcasses used as bait suggests that they use these substrates as protein sources for ovarian development (Mendes & Linhares 1993). Besides active hand collecting, this fly has been collected using wind-oriented traps baited with the different substrates mentioned above and in Malaise and Shannon traps (Lopes & Tibana 1991; Pamplona et al. 2000). Paseto et al. (2019) noted this species’ preference for the dry season. Oxysarcodexia diana was the third most abundant species of flesh fly in the Rio de Janeiro Zoological Garden, showing a preference for feces (abundant at the zoo), and with a peak of occurrence in January and February (i.e., local summer), showing a positive correlation with temperature (Oliveira et al. 2002). In Guajira, Colombia, this species was one of the most abundant species in rural areas, having been collected also in urban and forest areas in smaller numbers (Valverde-Castro et al. 2017). Oxysarcodexia diana is considered of some forensic importance and was associated with the post-decay and skeletal stages of decomposition of an unburned pig carcasses and with the decay, post-decay and skeletal stages of a burned pig carcasses (Oliveira-Costa et al. 2014). Lopes et al. (2018) reported O. diana as associated with the butyric fermentation and dry decay stages of decomposition of pig carcasses. Oxysarcodexia diana has been recorded from the Brazilian Cerrado (Barros et al. 2008; Rosa et al. 2011; Souza & Von Zuben 2016; Faria et al. 2018), Atlantic forest (Lopes et al. 2018), forest, rural (Linhares 1981; D’Almeida & Lima 1994; Dias et al. 1984c; Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012; Yepes-Gaurisas et al. 2013; Paseto et al. 2019), and urban areas (Linhares 1981; Barbosa et al. 2009; Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012; Oliveira-Costa et al. 2014), areas of degraded vegetation (Pamplona et al. 2000), and from a remnant of a semi-deciduous mesophytic forest (Carvalho & Linhares 2001; Paseto et al. 2019). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: INS.OSW.CRUZ N.-10.582 / Typus / H. S. LOPES CULT. N.67 / Trav. 22-7-932 ANGRA DOS REIS S. LOPES -93. / Sarcophaga diana Lopes H S. LOPES-DET—933. / Holótipo [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] Oxysarcodexia diana sp 4 / TdeA 831 [from Antioquia, Colombia] [CE-TdeA] // [♂] BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Est. Ecológica, UFMG, Campus, 2–22.vii.1993, S. D. Gaimari / NRM-DIPT 0014598 [NRM] // [♂] [Brazil] GRAJAÚ Rio de Janeiro Lopes 10.XI.40 [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1933) Sobre algumas especies de Sarcophaga do Brasil, com a descripcao de cinco especies novas (Dipt. Sarcophagidae). Revista de Entomologia, 3 (2), 153 - 158.","Silva, K. P. & Mello-Patiu, C. A. (2008) Morfologia comparada da terminalia masculina de quatro especies de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 66 (2), 363 - 372.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","D'Almeida, J. M. (1989) Substratos utilizados para a criacao de dipteros caliptratos no jardim zoologico do Rio de Janeiro. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84, 257 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761989000200016","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 c) New or little known Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35 (3), 461 - 483.","Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (1993) Sazonalidade, preferencia por iscas e desenvolvimento ovariano em varias especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37 (2), 355 - 364.","Marchiori, C. H. (2000) Parasitoides de Sarcophagula occidua Fabricius (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) coletados em fezes bovinas em Goias. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical, 30 (1), 17 - 21.","Marchiori, C. H., Oliveira, A. T. & Linhares, A. X. (2001) Artropodes associados a massas fecais bovinas no sul do estado de Goias. Neotropical Entomology, 30 (1), 19 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2001000100004","D'Almeida, J. M. (1986) Substratos para criacao de dipteros caliptratos em area rural do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 9 (1 - 2), 13 - 22.","D'Almeida, J. M. (1984) Sinantropia de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) na regiao metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio Janeiro, 7, 101 - 110.","Linhares, A. X. (1981) Synanthropy of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 25, 189 - 215.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 a) Sarcophagid flies Diptera from Pacatuba, State of Ceara, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34 (2), 271 - 294.","Dias, E. S., Neves, D. P. & Lopes, H. S. (1984 c) Estudos sobre a fauna de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Belo Horizonte. Minas Gerais III. Atratividade das Iscas. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 79 (4), 413 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761984000400003","D'Almeida, J. M. & Lima, S. F. (1994) Atratividade de diferentes iscas e sua relacao com as fases de desenvolvimento ovariano em Calliphoridae e Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 11 (2), 177 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751994000200001","Pamplona, D., Maia, V. C., Couri, M. S., Lamas, C. J. E. & Aires, C. C. C. (2000) A survey of Diptera on Paqueta Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 136, 169 - 175.","Carvalho, L. M. L. & Linhares, A. X. (2001) Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in southeastern Brazil. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46 (3), 604 - 608. https: // doi. org / 10.1520 / JFS 15011 J","Leandro, M. J. F. & D'Almeida, J. M. (2005) Levantamento de Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae em um fragmento de mata na Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 95 (4), 377 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212005000400006","Barros, R. M. de, Mello-Patiu, C. A. de & Pujol-Luz, J. R. (2008) Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associados a decomposicao de carcacas de Sus scrofa Linnaeus (Suidae) em area de Cerrado do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52 (4), 606 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000400011","Barbosa, R. R., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Mello, R. P. & Queiroz, M. M. C. (2009) New records of calyptrate dipterans (Faniidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104 (6), 923 - 926. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762009000600018","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045","Ramirez-Mora, M. A., Buenaventura, E., Gomez-P, L. M. & Amat, E. (2012) Updated checklist and new records of Calyptrate carrion flies (Diptera, Schizophora) from Valle de Aburra and other localities in Colombia. Entomotropica, 27 (1), 27 - 35.","Yepes-Gaurisas, D., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J. D., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Echeverri, M. W. (2013) Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in La Pintada, Antioquia-Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 61 (3), 1275 - 1287. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 61 i 3.11955","Souza, C. R. & Von Zuben, C. J. (2016) Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 45, 637 - 641. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 016 - 0411 - 0","Valverde-Castro, C., Buenaventura, E., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J. D. & Wolff M. (2017) Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) from the Colombian Guajira biogeographic province, an approach to their ecology and distribution. Zoologia, 34 (e 12277), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zoologia. 34. e 12277","Faria, L. S., Paseto, M. L., Couri, M. S., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Mendes, J. (2018) Insects associated with pig carrion in two environments of the Brazilian savanna. Neotropical Entomology, 47 (2), 181 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 017 - 0518 - y","Lopes, D. S., Oliveiera, F. F., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Pamponet, F. M. & The, T. S. (2018) Especies de Oxysarcodexia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) associadas a carcacas de suinos (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) expostas em um fragmento de Mata Atlantica no municipio de Salvador, Bahia. EntomoBrasilis, 11 (2), 103 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 11 i 2.779","Paseto, M. L., Faria, L. S., Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (2019) Diversity of Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associated with decomposing carcasses in a rural area of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis, 12 (3), 118 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 12 i 3.842","Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1991) Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Roraima, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 21, 151 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921991211157","Oliveira, V. C., D'Almeida, J. M., Paes, M. J & Sanavria, A. (2002) Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (2), 191 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842002000200002","Oliveira-Costa, J., Lamego, C. M. D., Couri, M. S. & Mello-Patiu, C. A. (2014) Differential Diptera succession patterns onto partially burned and unburned pig carrion in southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 74 (4), 870 - 876. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1519 - 6984.06113"]}

Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner, 1868) (Figs 19–21) Sarcophaga amorosa Schiner, 1868: 314; Brazil. Holotype male in NMW (not examined). [Described from “Ein Männchen” (Schiner 1868: 314), and Aldrich (1930: 26) examined “One male undoubted type”.] Diagnosis. Male. Length 7.0–8.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with golden pollinosity, which is more intense on T5; T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs brownish. T3 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and pilosity on arms. Cercus straight in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with margin of ventroapical concavity smooth, rounded apex and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with lateral lobes and rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with filaments long, tapering, sclerotized, with spines on ventral surface. Remarks. Phenotypic variability in males from different populations has been reported in the literature for this species (Lopes 1973b). Oxysarcodexia amorosa is similar to O. inflata Lopes, 1975, especially in its color, and to O. similata Lopes & Tibana, 1987 and O. xanthosoma (Aldrich, 1916), differing in the shape of the distiphallus (mainly in the ventral and apical parts) and of the distal part of the vesica (Lopes 1975c; Lopes & Tibana 1987). The ventroapical concavity of the distiphallus in these four species is deepest in O. amorosa (Fig. 20) and least developed in O. similata (Fig. 249). In O. xanthosoma, the ventroapical margin of this concavity is narrower (Fig. 285) than in the other species. The apex of the distiphallus is serrated ventroapically in O. inflata (Fig. 146), and it is more sharp-angled in O. amorosa and O. inflata than in O. similata and O. xanthosoma (Figs 20, 146, 249, 285). The shape of the cercus and phallus of O. amorosa also present similarities to O. berlai and O. graminifolia sp. n. The main differences can be observed in the vesica, which in O. graminifolia sp. n. is more spinous and lacks the basal portion of the distal lobes found in the others (including O. similata and O. xanthosoma), and in the ventroapical area of the distiphallus, which lacks the cleft visible in lateral view in O. amorosa, O. similata and O. xanthosoma. Morphological variation of O. xanthosoma, especially in the shape of the distal part of the cercus and apical part of the distiphallus, but also in the intensity of the abdominal pollinosity, as pointed out by Lopes (1975c), may lead to confusion with O. amorosa. Lopes (1946b) pointed out that one of the differences between O. amorosa and O. xanthosoma is that the latter shows a curved cercus; however, in the material examined, specimens of both species presented a straight cercus in lateral view. The female of O. amorosa has T7 divided into two plates (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEARCTIC. Mexico (San Luis Potosí, Sonora). NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico (Jalisco), Panama, Peru. Biology. Oxysarcodexia amorosa has been reared from dog, felid and human feces (Lopes 1973b; D’Almeida 1994), an unspecified dead mammal (Dodge 1968), and fish heads and bones (Lopes 1973b). It has also been reared successfully in the laboratory (Lopes 1973b) and on dead shrimps under non-natural conditions (D’Almeida 1989). In the laboratory, larvae of this species matured in 3 days and adults emerged after 12 days using curdled milk as food, showing a preference for low humidity (Lopes 1973b). In a study of the bionomy of O. amorosa under laboratory conditions (27 ± 1°C, relative humidity 50 ± 10%, 12 h of photophase and ground beef as rearing substrate), the duration of the larval stage ranged from 3–6 days with 76% larval viability, the pupal stage lasted 9– 11 days with 88% viability, and the total time of development (from L1 to adults) was 12–16 days with 67% viability (Xavier et al. 2015). The species has been collected from feces of humans and other vertebrates, dead fish and crabs, other dead marine animals (e.g., sardines), rotten S. comosa, rotten banana mixed with brown sugar, fermented fruit, chicken viscera, chicken liver, rat and mouse carcasses, pig carcasses, rotten liver from a non-identified vertebrate, rotten beef lung, rotten bovine spleen, and dead squid (Lopes 1973b, 1975a; Mendes & Linhares 1993; Pamplona et al. 2000; Oliveira et al. 2002; Barbosa et al. 2009, Sousa et al. 2011; Rosa et al. 2011; Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012; Alves et al. 2014; Barbosa et al. 2014; Oliveira-Costa et al. 2014; Vairo et al. 2014; Barbosa et al. 2015; Xavier et al. 2015; Carmo & Vasconcelos 2016; Sousa et al. 2015, 2016; Vasconcelos et al. 2016; Barbosa et al. 2017; Valverde-Castro et al. 2017; Ernesto et al. 2018; Lopes et al. 2018; Leite-Júnior et al. 2019). It has been reported from Brazilian Caatinga (Alves et al. 2014; Vasconcelos et al. 2016; Ernesto et al. 2018), Cerrado (Rosa et al. 2011; Leite-Júnior et al. 2019), Amazon forest (Sousa et al. 2011), Atlantic forest (Lopes et al. 2018), humid tropical rainforest (Vairo et al. 2014), coastal habitat (Barbosa et al. 2015, 2017), insular lands (Carmo & Vasconcelos 2016), marshlands and mangrove areas (Sousa et al. 2016), urban areas (Mendes & Linhares 1993; Oliveira et al. 2002; Barbosa et al. 2009; Oliveira-Costa et al. 2014), areas of degraded vegetation (Pamplona et al. 2000), and in forest, urban and rural areas of Colombia (Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012; Valverde-Castro et al. 2017). Oxysarcodexia amorosa has been reported in association with the bloated stage of decomposition of an unburned pig carcasses and with the post-decay stage of a burned one (Oliveira-Costa et al. 2014). Lopes et al. (2018) reported O. amorosa as associated with the butyric fermentation and dry decay stages of decomposition of pig carcasses. In the Brazilian state of Maranhão, O. amorosa was classified as accidental and rare (Sousa et al. 2015). In Itamaracá, a continental island (Pernambuco state, Brazil), this species was similarly considered an accidental record, collected only in an area of low anthropogenic impact (Carmo & Vasconcelos 2016). Oxysarcodexia amorosa is considered useful for biomonitoring, revealing anthropogenic impacts due to its preference for modified habitats such as clearings (Sousa et al. 2014). Larvae of O. amorosa were involved in a case of auricular myiasis in São João de Meriti, Rio de Janeiro (Figueiredo et al. 2002). Material examined. [♂] Angra dos Reis; E. do Rio; Brasil / Det. H. S. Lopes; 10.10.72 / NRMDIPT 0014218 [NRM] // [♂] Angra dos Reis, E. do Rio, Brasil / H. S. Lopes 6.X.71 / Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner) Det. H. S. Lopes ♂ [MNRJ] // [♂] BRASIL: Mato Grosso do Sul. Dois Irmãos do Buriti 27-30.XII.89 R. Tibana. col. / Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner) Det. R. Tibana [MNRJ] // [♂] [Brazil] S. José da Lagoa Minas 10.II.39 Martins e Lopes / Oxysarcodexia amorosa Schiner: 1868. Lopes. det 1944 [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Schiner, I. R. (1868) Diptera. In: Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. 1. Abtheilung. B. K. Gerold's Sohn, Wien (Vienna), vi + 388 pp.","Aldrich, J. M. (1930) Notes on the types of American two-winged flies of the genus Sarcophaga and a few related forms, described by the early authors. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 78, 1 - 39, 3 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.78 - 2855.1","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1987) On Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), with descriptions of five new species, key, list and geographic distribution of the species. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 47 (3), 329 - 347.","Aldrich, J. M. (1916) Sarcophaga and allies in North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, La Fayette, Indiana, 301 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 32298","Lopes, H. S. (1975 c) New or little known Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35 (3), 461 - 483.","Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Dodge, H. R. (1968) The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61 (2), 421 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.421","D'Almeida, J. M. (1989) Substratos utilizados para a criacao de dipteros caliptratos no jardim zoologico do Rio de Janeiro. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84, 257 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761989000200016","Xavier, A. S., Barbosa, R. R., Barbosa, C. G. & Queiroz, M. M. C. (2015) Bionomy of two flies of sanitary and forensic importance: Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann) and Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 59, 229 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rbe. 2015.06.002","Lopes, H. S. (1975 a) Sarcophagid flies Diptera from Pacatuba, State of Ceara, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34 (2), 271 - 294.","Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (1993) Sazonalidade, preferencia por iscas e desenvolvimento ovariano em varias especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37 (2), 355 - 364.","Pamplona, D., Maia, V. C., Couri, M. S., Lamas, C. J. E. & Aires, C. C. C. (2000) A survey of Diptera on Paqueta Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 136, 169 - 175.","Oliveira, V. C., D'Almeida, J. M., Paes, M. J & Sanavria, A. (2002) Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (2), 191 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842002000200002","Barbosa, R. R., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Mello, R. P. & Queiroz, M. M. C. (2009) New records of calyptrate dipterans (Faniidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104 (6), 923 - 926. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762009000600018","Sousa, J. R. P., Esposito, M. C. & Carvalho-Filho, F. S. (2011) Composition, abundance and richness of Sarcophagidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) in forests and forest gaps with different vegetation cover. Neotropical Entomology, 40 (1), 20 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2011000100003","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045","Ramirez-Mora, M. A., Buenaventura, E., Gomez-P, L. M. & Amat, E. (2012) Updated checklist and new records of Calyptrate carrion flies (Diptera, Schizophora) from Valle de Aburra and other localities in Colombia. Entomotropica, 27 (1), 27 - 35.","Alves, A. C. F., Santos, W. E. & Creao-Duarte, A. (2014) Diptera (Insecta) de importancia forense da regiao Neotropical. Entomotropica, 29 (2), 77 - 94.","Barbosa, L. S., Cunha, A. M., Couri, M. S. & Maia, V. C. (2014) Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae e Mesembrinellidae (Diptera) da Estacao Biologica de Santa Lucia (Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, Brasil). Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitao, Nova Serie, 33, 131 - 140.","Oliveira-Costa, J., Lamego, C. M. D., Couri, M. S. & Mello-Patiu, C. A. (2014) Differential Diptera succession patterns onto partially burned and unburned pig carrion in southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 74 (4), 870 - 876. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1519 - 6984.06113","Vairo, K. P., Ururahy-Rodrigues, A., Moura, M. O. & Mello-Patiu, C. A. (2014) Sarcophagidae (Diptera) with forensic potential in Amazonas: a pictorial key. Tropical Zoology, 27 (4), 140 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.2014.981482","Barbosa, T. M., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2015) Flesh fly (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) survey on coastal environments in northeastern Brazil: new records and notes on the expanded geographical distribution. Entomotropica, 30 (12), 112 - 117.","Carmo, R. F. R. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2016) Assemblage of necrophagous Diptera in Atlantic insular environments and response to different levels of human presence. Neotropical Entomology, 45, 471 - 481. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 016 - 0394 - x","Sousa, J. R. P., Carvalho-Filho, F. S. & Esposito, M. C. (2015) Distribution and abundance of necrophagous flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae) in Maranhao, Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Insect Science, 15 (1), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jisesa / iev 054","Vasconcelos, S. D., Salgado, R. L., Barbosa, T. M. & Sousa, J. B. R. (2016) Diptera of medico-legal importance associated with pig carrion in a tropical dry forest. Journal of Medical Entomology, 53 (5), 1131 - 1139. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjw 093","Barbosa, T. M., Carmo, R. F. R., Silva, L. P., Sales, R. G. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2017) Diversity of sarcosaprophagous Calyptratae (Diptera) on sandy beaches exposed to increasing levels of urbanization in Brazil. Environmental Entomology, 46 (3), 460 - 469. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvx 059","Valverde-Castro, C., Buenaventura, E., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J. D. & Wolff M. (2017) Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) from the Colombian Guajira biogeographic province, an approach to their ecology and distribution. Zoologia, 34 (e 12277), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zoologia. 34. e 12277","Ernesto, M. V., Liberal, C. N., Ferreira, A. S., Alves, A. C. F., Zeppelini, D., Martins, C. F., Pereira-Colavite, A. & Creao-Duarte, A. J. (2018) Hexapod decomposers of Serra de Santa Catarina, Paraiba, Brazil: an area with high potential for conservation of Caatinga biodiversity. Biota Neotropica, 18 (2), e 20170410. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2017 - 0410","Lopes, D. S., Oliveiera, F. F., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Pamponet, F. M. & The, T. S. (2018) Especies de Oxysarcodexia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) associadas a carcacas de suinos (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) expostas em um fragmento de Mata Atlantica no municipio de Salvador, Bahia. EntomoBrasilis, 11 (2), 103 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 11 i 2.779","Leite-Junior, D. P., Dantas, E. S. O., Nascimento, D. C., Correa, H. S. D., Felippe, P. A. N., Pires, R. A. A., Ruiz, L. S., Melhem, M. S. C. & Paula, C. R. (2019) Action of fauna and flora on the cadaveric phenomena observed in the carcass of Sus scrofa (Linnaeus-Suidae) in the wild area Brazilian savannah of the central region-Brazil. Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal, 7 (4), 185 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.15406 / frcij. 2019.07.00285","Sousa, J. R. P., Carvalho-Filho, F. S., Juen, L. & Esposito, M. C. (2016) Evaluating the effects of different vegetation types on necrophagous fly communities (Diptera: Calliphoridae; Sarcophagidae): Implications for conservation. PLoS One, 11 (10), e 0164826, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0164826","Sousa, J. R. P., Esposito, M. C.; Carvalho-Filho, F. S. & Juen, L. (2014) The potential uses of sarcosaprophagous flesh flies and blowflies for the evaluation of the regeneration and conservation of forest clearings: a case study in the Amazon Forest. Journal of Insect Science, 14 (215), 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jisesa / ieu 077","Figueiredo, R. R., Dorf, S., Couri, M. S., Azevedo, A. A. & Mossumez, F. (2002) Corpos estranhos animados em otorrinolaringologia. Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia, 68 (5), 722 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0034 - 72992002000500019"]}

Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich, 1916) (Figs 45–47) Sarcophaga bakeri Aldrich, 1916: 270; Cuba, Habana. Holotype male, female allotype, 14 male paratypes and six female paratypes in USNM (none examined). Diagnosis. Male. Length 7.0– 7.8 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity.Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish.Abdomen grayish with golden pollinosity, T4 with 2 pairs of median marginal bristles. T3–5 with golden pollinosity. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus straight in lateral view, with pointed obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb. Cercus with bristles ventrally on full length. Cerci with distal third as broad as middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with serrated ventroapical margin, poorly developed ventroapical projections (i.e., lateral outward-directed expansions of the distiphallus seen anteriorly), truncated apex with distinct lighter area dorsoapically, and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines only along margins of distal lobes. Remarks. Similar to O. modesta Lopes, 1946b (Figs 185–187), from which it can be distinguished by the presence of apical scutellar bristles, a more abundant setosity on syntergosternite 7+8, and peculiarities of the distiphallus (Lopes 1946b), in particular the lack of ventroapical projections, the non-serrated ventrolateral margin and the lack of an anteroventral vesical concavity. The female of O. modesta has T7 divided into two plates (Tibana & Mello 1985). This species has been intercepted in the port of Shanghai in a cargo container from the Americas (Deng et al. 2011), but its possible establishment in China has not been investigated. Distribution. NEARCTIC. Mexico (Baja California Sur, Sonora, Zacatecas), USA (Texas). NEOTROPICAL. Bahamas (New Providence), Brazil (Amapá *, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará *, Pernambuco, Roraima, Rio Grande do Norte *), Chile (Tarapacá), Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guadalupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Yucatán), Peru, Puerto Rico, Turks & Caicos Island. Biology. This species has been reared in the laboratory using agar plus powdered milk, developing from first instar to adult in 15–17 days (Lopes 1973b). It has been collected from human feces, fermented fruit (grapes), dead fish (sardine), cow lung, and chicken viscera and liver (Flores & Dale 1995; Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012; Barbosa et al. 2015; Sousa et al. 2015, 2016; Barbosa et al. 2017; Valverde-Castro et al. 2017). Oxysarcodexia bakeri was collected in a residential complex of Valle de Aburrá in the surroundings of Medellín, Colombia (Salazar-Ortega et al. 2012), pointing to a possible affinity with human settlements, which is in agreement with the high synanthropic index calculated for this species by Yepes-Gaurisas et al. (2013) at another urban site in Medellín. In Guajira, Colombia, this species was one of the most abundant species in urban environments, although it was collected also in rural and forest areas (Valverde-Castro et al. 2017). In the Brazilian state of Maranhão, O. bakeri was classified as accidental and rare (Sousa et al. 2015). This species has been collected along the coast in northeastern Brazil (Barbosa et al. 2015), at sandy beaches affected by different degrees of human impact (Barbosa et al. 2017), and in mangrove areas (Sousa et al. 2016). Material examined. [♂] Oxysarcodexia bakeri sp 24 / 7CP2 [from Antioquia, Colombia] [CE-TdeA] // [♂] Oxysarcodexia bakeri sp 20 / sp20 TdeA 846 [from Antioquia, Colombia] [CE-TdeA] // [♂] Cuba, Ancón Nw de Viñales Pirnasdel Rio J. Holmsn 26.VIII.65 / Oxysarcodexia bakeri Aldr. B. Rohdendorf det. 1970. VI / bakeri Cuba [MNRJ] // [♂] Brasil: Amapá; Mazagão V-VI.1983 J. M. D’Almeida col. / Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich) Det. R. Tibana [MNRJ] // [♂] [Brazil] I.O.C Cultura N.213 / Campinas. Est. de Goyaz. Borgmeier et. Lopes / Oxysarcodexia bakeri Ald. Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ] // [♂] Cult.1116 H. S: LOPES 27.VII.73 / RECIFE PERNAMBUCO BRASIL / Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich) Det. H. S. Lopes ♂ [MNRJ] // [♂] BRASIL Mato Grosso Juína V. 1985 O. Roppo e B. Silva [MNRJ] // [♂] [Brazil] Igarapé Paraqueú Rosário Maranhão Berla 20/22-XI-70 / bakeri Ald. / Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich) Det. H. S. Lopes ♂ [MNRJ] // [♂] Natal, Brazil. Feb. 5-24, 1943 F. M. Snyder / Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich) Det. H. S. Lopes ♂ [MNRJ] // [♂] UTINGA, BELÉM PARÁ, BRASIL / Arlindo X-71 / bakeri / Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich) Det. H. S. Lopes ♂ [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Aldrich, J. M. (1916) Sarcophaga and allies in North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, La Fayette, Indiana, 301 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 32298","Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Deng, Y. H., Wang, G. P., Chen Z. Z & Fan Z. D. (2011) Three species of the genus Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) intercepted in imported container with cargoes from Americas in Shanghai Port. Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica, 18 (1), 42 - 47.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Flores, V. I. & Dale, W. E. (1995) Um estudio sobre ecologia de las moscas Sarcophagidae em la costa central peruana. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 38, 13 - 17.","Ramirez-Mora, M. A., Buenaventura, E., Gomez-P, L. M. & Amat, E. (2012) Updated checklist and new records of Calyptrate carrion flies (Diptera, Schizophora) from Valle de Aburra and other localities in Colombia. Entomotropica, 27 (1), 27 - 35.","Barbosa, T. M., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2015) Flesh fly (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) survey on coastal environments in northeastern Brazil: new records and notes on the expanded geographical distribution. Entomotropica, 30 (12), 112 - 117.","Sousa, J. R. P., Carvalho-Filho, F. S. & Esposito, M. C. (2015) Distribution and abundance of necrophagous flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae) in Maranhao, Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Insect Science, 15 (1), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jisesa / iev 054","Barbosa, T. M., Carmo, R. F. R., Silva, L. P., Sales, R. G. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2017) Diversity of sarcosaprophagous Calyptratae (Diptera) on sandy beaches exposed to increasing levels of urbanization in Brazil. Environmental Entomology, 46 (3), 460 - 469. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvx 059","Valverde-Castro, C., Buenaventura, E., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J. D. & Wolff M. (2017) Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) from the Colombian Guajira biogeographic province, an approach to their ecology and distribution. Zoologia, 34 (e 12277), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zoologia. 34. e 12277","Salazar-Ortega, J. A., Amat, E. & Gomez-Pinerez, L. M. (2012) A check list of necrophagous flies (Diptera, Calyptrate) from urban area in Medellin, Colombia. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 83, 502 - 505. https: // doi. org / 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2012.2.983","Yepes-Gaurisas, D., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J. D., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Echeverri, M. W. (2013) Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in La Pintada, Antioquia-Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 61 (3), 1275 - 1287. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 61 i 3.11955","Sousa, J. R. P., Carvalho-Filho, F. S., Juen, L. & Esposito, M. C. (2016) Evaluating the effects of different vegetation types on necrophagous fly communities (Diptera: Calliphoridae; Sarcophagidae): Implications for conservation. PLoS One, 11 (10), e 0164826, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0164826"]}

Oxysarcodexia occulta Lopes, 1946 (Figs 201–203) Oxysarcodexia occulta Lopes, 1946b: 112; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, Corcovado. Holotype male, female allotype, 14 male paratypes and nine female paratypes in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.0–10.0 mm. Postocular plate golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with intense golden pollinosity, T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus, in lateral view, bent backwards with normal (i.e., as broad as median area), obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally only in distal third. Cerci with distal third as broad as middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite like pregonite, except unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, rounded apex and sinuous dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with angular median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, flattened anteroposteriorly, partially membranous, without spines. Remarks. See under O. comparilis. The female of O. occulta has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Ceará, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, São Paulo *), Colombia, Ecuador, Panama. Biology. Reared in the laboratory on agar added to powdered milk, developing from first instar to adult in 14–17 days (Lopes 1973b). In natural environments, adults have been caught using feces and rotten banana mixed with brown sugar as bait (Lopes 1973b), and larvae obtained from one female were reared on human feces, taking 4 days to reach the 3rd instar plus an additional 13 days to emerge as adults (Lopes 1975a). This species has also been collected above E. burchellii army ant raids on Barro Colorado Island (Dodge 1968). This species has been collected with Malaise and Shannon traps (Lopes & Tibana 1991), traps commonly used for collecting butterflies (Lopes 1975a), and with sweep nets in an area of the Brazilian Cerrado after attracting the flies with chicken viscera, ground beef and fish as baits (LIE). In Guajira, Colombia, this species was collected in a forest area using a Van Someren-Rydon trap baited with decomposing fish (Valverde-Castro et al. 2017). Oxysarcodexia occulta was collected in association with pig carcasses in a mesophytic semi-deciduous forest during the dry season (Paseto et al. 2019). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: [Brazil] Corcovado Castasina Cult: 81 6-33 / H. S. Lopes [typed on back side of first label] / Holotype / Oxysarcodexia occulta [no italics] sp.n. Lopes. det 1944 / MNRJ 2247 [typed vertically on left side of label] [MNRJ] // paratype ♂: [Brazil] RIO CORCOVADO H. S. LOPES 5-933 / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia occulta [no italics] sp. n. Lopes-det 1944 [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] BRAZIL: São Paulo, Mogi Guaçu, Campininha, 18.IX.2011, C. G. P. Lima, M. D. Grella, N. M. Jimenez / Oxysarcodexia sp III, Mogi Guaçu-SP, 18/11/2011, 16 [LIE] // [♂] BRAZIL: São Paulo, Mogi Guaçu, Campininha, 18.IX.2011, C. G. P. Lima, M. D. Grella, N. M. Jimenez / Oxysarcodexia sp III, Mogi Guaçu-SP, 18/11/2011, 16 [LIE]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 81-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 a) Sarcophagid flies Diptera from Pacatuba, State of Ceara, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34 (2), 271 - 294.","Dodge, H. R. (1968) The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61 (2), 421 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.421","Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1991) Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Roraima, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 21, 151 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921991211157","Valverde-Castro, C., Buenaventura, E., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J. D. & Wolff M. (2017) Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) from the Colombian Guajira biogeographic province, an approach to their ecology and distribution. Zoologia, 34 (e 12277), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zoologia. 34. e 12277","Paseto, M. L., Faria, L. S., Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (2019) Diversity of Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associated with decomposing carcasses in a rural area of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis, 12 (3), 118 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 12 i 3.842"]}

Oxysarcodexia modesta Lopes, 1946 (Figs 185–187) Oxysarcodexia modesta Lopes, 1946b: 129; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, Gávea. Holotype male (not examined) and 15 male paratypes in MNRJ (one examined). Diagnosis. Male. Length 6.0–7.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax and abdomen with pale golden pollinosity, T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs brownish. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with bristles on distal half of arms. Cercus straight in lateral view, with pointed obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with ventroapical concavity with serrated margin, rounded apex, sinuous dorsal outline and ventroapical projections. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, partially membranous, with spines on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Remarks. See under O. bakeri. The female of O. modesta has T7 partially divided into two plates (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Amapá *, Bahia *, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Pará, Pernambuco, São Paulo), Peru. Biology. Under laboratory conditions, O. modesta was reared on agar and powdered milk, developing from first instar to adult in 14–17 days (Lopes 1973b). Adults have been collected from human feces, pig and mouse carcasses, chicken viscera and liver, rotten cow liver, cow lung, fish, sardine, rotten banana mixed with brown sugar, and rotten S. comosa (Lopes 1973b; Linhares 1981; Dias et al. 1984c; Mendes & Linhares 1993; Oliveira et al. 2002; Barbosa et al. 2009; Oliveira & Vasconcelos 2010; Rosa et al. 2011; Vasconcelos et al. 2013; Barbosa et al. 2015; Sousa et al. 2015, 2016; Barbosa et al. 2017). Linhares (1981) observed no differences in attractiveness of human feces, chicken viscera and mouse carcasses for O. modesta. This author also observed a lower occurrence in urban areas as opposed to rural and forest areas, indicating a low degree of anthropophily. Sunlight, as opposed to shaded areas, is also mentioned by Linhares (1981) as a preference of this species. This species was collected from chicken liver and was classified as a necrophagous/omnivorous species by Oliveira & Vasconcelos (2010). Adults have also been collected in a zoological garden in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (Oliveira et al. 2002), in the Brazilian Cerrado (Rosa et al. 2011; Sousa et al. 2016), in a coastline region (Barbosa et al. 2015, 2017), and in urban, rural and forest environments (Linhares 1981; Dias et al. 1984c; Mendes & Linhares 1993; Vasconcelos & Araujo 2012; Vasconcelos et al. 2013). In the Brazilian state of Maranhão, O. modesta was classified as accidental and rare (Sousa et al. 2015). It is also considered an early visitor in forensic entomology (Vasconcelos et al. 2013), and showed a strong preference for preserved beaches according to Barbosa et al. (2017). Type material examined. Paratype ♂: [Brazil] INS.OSW.CRUZ N.10.3.38 / Rio de Janeiro H. Souza Lopes / 2. 932 Jacarepagua [typed on back of label] / Sarcophaga M. H. S. LOPES-DET -93 / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia modesta [no italics] sp.n. Lopes-det. 1944 [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] Quinta da Bôa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio, Brasil / R. Tibana 21. VI.73 / NRM-DIPT 0014319 [NRM] // [♂] Rio das Ostras, E. do Rio, Brasil / 15-I-96, E. S. Conrado col. / Oxysarcodexia modesta Lopes Det. R. Tibana [MNRJ] // [♂] Brasil: Amapá, Mazagão, v–vi 1993 J. M. D’Almeida col [MNRJ] // [♂] ANGRA dos REIS E. do RIO, BRASIL / H. S. LOPES 14.V.72 / Oxysarc. ♂ modesta [no italics] Lop. Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ] // [♂] ENCRUZILHADA BAHIA BRASIL / ALVARENGA & ROPPA XI-1974 / Oxysarcodexia modesta Lopes Det. R.Tibana [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 76-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Linhares, A. X. (1981) Synanthropy of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 25, 189 - 215.","Dias, E. S., Neves, D. P. & Lopes, H. S. (1984 c) Estudos sobre a fauna de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Belo Horizonte. Minas Gerais III. Atratividade das Iscas. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 79 (4), 413 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761984000400003","Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (1993) Sazonalidade, preferencia por iscas e desenvolvimento ovariano em varias especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37 (2), 355 - 364.","Oliveira, V. C., D'Almeida, J. M., Paes, M. J & Sanavria, A. (2002) Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (2), 191 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842002000200002","Barbosa, R. R., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Mello, R. P. & Queiroz, M. M. C. (2009) New records of calyptrate dipterans (Faniidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104 (6), 923 - 926. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762009000600018","Oliveira, T. C. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2010) Insects (Diptera) associated with cadavers at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Pernambuco, Brazil: implications for forensic entomology. Forensic Science International, 198, 97 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. forsciint. 2010.01.011","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045","Vasconcelos, S. D., Cruz, T. M., Salgado, R. L. & Thyssen, P. J. (2013) Dipterans associated with a decomposing animal carcass in a rainforest fragment in Brazil: Notes on the early arrival and colonization by necrophagous species. Journal of Insect Science, 13 (145), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.013.14501","Barbosa, T. M., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2015) Flesh fly (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) survey on coastal environments in northeastern Brazil: new records and notes on the expanded geographical distribution. Entomotropica, 30 (12), 112 - 117.","Sousa, J. R. P., Carvalho-Filho, F. S. & Esposito, M. C. (2015) Distribution and abundance of necrophagous flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae) in Maranhao, Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Insect Science, 15 (1), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jisesa / iev 054","Barbosa, T. M., Carmo, R. F. R., Silva, L. P., Sales, R. G. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2017) Diversity of sarcosaprophagous Calyptratae (Diptera) on sandy beaches exposed to increasing levels of urbanization in Brazil. Environmental Entomology, 46 (3), 460 - 469. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvx 059","Sousa, J. R. P., Carvalho-Filho, F. S., Juen, L. & Esposito, M. C. (2016) Evaluating the effects of different vegetation types on necrophagous fly communities (Diptera: Calliphoridae; Sarcophagidae): Implications for conservation. PLoS One, 11 (10), e 0164826, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0164826","Vasconcelos, S. D. & Araujo, M. C. S. (2012) Necrophagous species of Diptera and Coleoptera in northeastern Brazil: state of the art and challenges for the Forensic Entomologist. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 56 (1), 7 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262012005000014"]}

Oxysarcodexia insolita Lopes, 1946 (Figs 151–153) Oxysarcodexia insolita Lopes, 1946b: 89; Guyana, Esequibo River, Moraballi Creek. Holotype male and female allotype in NHMUK (not examined). Diagnosis. Male. Length 11.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with golden pollinosity, more evident laterally; T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Two welldifferentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs brownish. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and scattered bristles on arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, apex expanded and with straight margin. Cercus with bristles ventrally only in distal third. Cerci with distal third broader than middle part in posterior view; parallel and with a distinct constriction mid length. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite like pregonite, except unicolorous. Distiphallus with serrated ventroapical margin, rounded apex and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with basal area more expanded than apical area; with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. Oxysarcodexia major Lopes, 1946b, considered a closely related species (Lopes 1946b), can be separated from O. insolita by the ventroapical surface of the distiphallus, which has a serrated margin in O. insolita (Fig. 152) and carries a small group of spines arranged in a line in O. major (Fig. 171). The vesica is elongate and presents spines on the ventral surface in both species, but in O. insolita it is spearhead-shaped with long spines, and the median area is U-shaped in lateral view; in O. major the vesica is shaped like a grass blade, with short spines and L-shaped median areas. Oxysarcodexia petropolitana Lopes, 1975c (Fig. 229) is similar to O. insolita (Fig. 152) and O. major (Fig. 171) (Lopes 1975c), but it differs from these species mainly in the shape of the distal lobes of the vesica (long filaments, sharply curved backwards and with expanded base in O. petropolitana; short filaments, slightly curved backwards and with expanded base in O. insolita; long filaments, slightly curved backwards and without expanded base in O. major), the distiphallus apex (serrated ventroapical margin in O. insolita and O. major, rounded in O. insolita and O. petropolitana, slightly conical in O. major), and the cercus (straight in lateral view in O. petropolitana and sinuous in O. insolita and O. major). The female of O. insolita has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Pará), Ecuador *, Guyana, Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz), Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad). Biology. Oxysarcodexia insolita has been reared in the laboratory on agar and powdered milk, developing from first instar to adult in 14–17 days. It has been bred from human feces under natural conditions (Lopes 1973b). Material examined. [♂] ECUADOR: Napo; Yasuní National Park; Yasuní Research Station; 76°36′W 00°38′S; 3–20 XI 1998: T. Pape & B. Viklund / NRM-DIPT 0014317 [NRM] // [♂] [Brazil] Cult. 837v / Pacatuba Belém Pará H.S.Lopes VIII 69 / Oxysarcodexia insolita Lopes Det. H. S. Lopes ♂ [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 c) New or little known Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35 (3), 461 - 483.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291."]}

Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis (Mattos, 1919) (Figs 213–215) Sarcophaga paulistanensis Mattos, 1919: 72; Brazil, São Paulo. Forty-four (44) male and 90 female syntypes (not examined) [original depository not stated, possibly University of São Paulo, but no syntypes were recovered there]. Oxysarcodexia amarali Prado & Fonseca, 1932: 35; Brazil, São Paulo, São Paulo. Holotype male, female allotype and seven paratypes (sex not stated) [not located; originally stated to be in “Instituto Butantan”]. Oxysarcodexia delpontei Blanchard, 1939: 809; Argentina, Buenos Aires. Lectotype male [designated by Mulieri et al. (2010: 22)] and 11 female paralectotypes in MACN (not examined). Oxysarcodexia artigasi Dodge, 1966: 684; Chile, Santiago. Holotype male in UCC and one male paratype in WSU (not examined). Oxysarcodexia artegasi: Lopes (1973a: 298), incorrect subsequent spelling of artigasi Dodge, 1966. Oxysarcodexia paulistanensi: Lenardis et al. (2017: 25), incorrect subsequent spelling of paulistanensis Mattos, 1919. Diagnosis. Male. Length 6.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with silvery pollinosity, T5 without golden pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third of cercus narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite and postgonite both with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with ventroapical concavity with serrated margin, rounded apex, sinuous dorsal outline and small dorsoapical swelling. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch and lateral lobes; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. See under O. bikini, O. injuncta and O. marina. The female of O. paulistanensis has T7 divided into two plates (Tibana & Mello 1985; Vairo et al. 2015). This species was included in a pictorial key to females of nine species of Sarcophagidae of forensic importance in southern Brazil, which also provided a description of the female (Vairo et al. 2015). The morphology of all three larval instars was described by Lopes (1943) and studied ultrastructurally, using scanning electron microscopy, by Lopes & Leite (1987). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Entre Ríos), Brazil (Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Chile (Santiago), Uruguay (Canelones). Biology. Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis has been reared under laboratory conditions on agar and powdered milk for 24h, and then transferred to meat (Lopes 1973b). Under natural conditions it has been reared from human feces [the preferred substrate for rearing according to Lopes (1973b) and Mendes & Linhares (1993)], rat carcasses (Mendes & Linhares 1993; Moura 2004; Moura et al. 2005), and chicken viscera (Mendes & Linhares 1993). The time of development reported in the literature for this fly is 8 days for the larval stages and 6–9 days from pupa to adult (Lopes 1943). We reared this species at LIE on minced bovine meat (but larviposition was observed also on rotten fish), observing a larval stage duration of 5–7 days and development from pupa to adult of 8–12 days. Attractive baits for this species include human and dog feces, chicken viscera, rotten bovine liver, minced meat, rotten squid, fish (sardine), mouse, rat and pig carcasses, and rotten bananas mixed with yeast or brown sugar (Lopes 1973b; Ferreira et al. 1980; Dias et al. 1984c; Mendes & Linhares 1993; Carvalho & Linhares 2001; Moura et al. 2005; Barros et al. 2008; Rosa et al. 2011; Vairo et al. 2011; Beuter et al. 2012; Mulieri et al. 2015; Dufek et al. 2016; Souza & Von Zuben 2016; Armani et al. 2017; Remedios-De León et al. 2017; Faria et al. 2018; Paseto et al. 2019; Remedios-De León et al. 2019). In a study on the synanthropy of flesh flies, Linhares (1981) recorded O. paulistanensis as more attracted to human feces and mouse carcasses than to chicken viscera, and pointed out a preference for sunlit as opposed to shaded areas. The higher frequency of adult females on chicken viscera and rodent carcasses suggests the use of these substrates as protein sources for ovarian development (Mendes & Linhares 1993). Dufek et al. (2016) pointed out the strong preference of this species for human settlements in Argentinean wetlands. Souza & Von Zuben (2016) collected it in association with urban, rural and forest areas of the Brazilian Cerrado and semi-deciduous forest. Mulieri et al. (2008) analysed the seasonal trends in abundance, habitat preference and bait attractiveness of O. paulistanensis along the Buenos Aires coastline, finding a positive correlation with mean temperature, a preference for grassland as opposed to woodland, and a preference for dog feces as opposed to bovine liver. Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis occurs in urban, suburban and rural areas (Linhares 1981; Mendes & Linhares 1993; Mulieri et al. 2011; Beuter et al. 2012; Dufek et al. 2016; Remedios-De León et al. 2017; Paseto et al. 2019; Remedios-De León et al. 2019), Brazilian Cerrado (Barros et al. 2008; Rosa et al. 2011; Faria et al. 2018) and forest environments (Dias et al. 1984c; Carvalho & Linhares 2001; Moura et al. 2005; Vairo et al. 2011; Paseto et al. 2019). A higher abundance of O. paulistanesis in the Brazilian Cerrado is reported for the dry season (Barros et al. 2008; Rosa et al. 2011; Faria et al. 2018; Paseto et al. 2019). This species was also reported by Mulieri et al. (2010) and Lenardis et al. (2017) as visiting flowers of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.— Apiaceae) and by Mulieri et al. (2010) as a visitor of shrubs of Condalia spp., Discaria americana Gillies & Hook, and Scutia buxifolia (all Rhamnaceae). Material examined. [♂] [Brazil] Pinheiros X-981 Lindolfo / Sarcophaga amarali ♂ P. et Fons. Det.H.S.Lopes [MNRJ] // [♂] Barueri, São Paulo, Brasil 22.I.66 K. Lenko col. / Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis (Matt.) Det. R. Tibana [MNRJ] // [♂] PETRÓPOLIS E. do RIO, BRASIL. / H. S. LOPES 15.I.73 / Oxy. paulistanensis ♂ (Matt.) Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ] // [♂] BRAZIL: São Paulo, Campinas, Sousas, 13.IV.2011, C. M. Souza, D. L. Brancoli, F. Rezende / O. paulistanensis, Sousas, Campinas-SP, 13/04/2011 [LIE] // [♂] BRAZIL: São Paulo, Campinas, UNICAMP, IX.2010, C. M. Souza / O. paulistanensis, Campinas-SP, SET/2010 [LIE]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 85-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Mattos, W. B. (1919) As Sarcophagas de Sao Paulo. Thesis, Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, iii + 116 + xii pp.","Prado, A. & Fonseca, F. (1932) Algumas especies novas de Sarcophagas da cidade de Sao Paulo (Diptera. Stephanostomatidae). Revista Medico-Cirurgica do Brasil, 40, 35 - 39.","Blanchard, E. E. (1939) Los sarcofagidos argentinos. Contribucion a su conocimiento. Physis, 17, 791 - 856.","Mulieri, P. R., Mariluis, J. C. & Patitucci, L. D. (2010) Review of the Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), with a key and description of a new species. Zootaxa, 2575 (1), 1 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2575.1.1","Dodge, H. R. (1966) Some new or little-known Neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera), with a review of the genus Oxysarcodexia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59, 674 - 701. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 59.4.674","Lopes, H. S. (1973 a) Notes on some Neotropical Sarcophagidae studied by H. R. Dodge (Diptera). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 293 - 299.","Lenardis, A. E., Gil, A., Torretta, J. P., Ganly, D., Bouilly, J. P. & De La Fuente, E. B. (2017) Floral visitor assemblages related to coriander genotypes and sowing dates: relationship with volatile signals. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 83, 22 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. njas. 2017.09.004","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Vairo, K. P., Moura, M. O. & Mello-Patiu, C. A. (2015) Comparative morphology and identification key for females of nine Sarcophagidae species (Diptera) with forensic importance in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 59, 177 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rbe. 2015.06.003","Lopes, H. S. (1943) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das larvas dos Sarcophagidae com especial referencia ao esqueleto cefalico (Diptera). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 38, 127 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761943000200002","Leite, A. C. R. & Lopes, H. S. (1987) Second contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of the Raviniini (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) based on observations using scanning electron microscope. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 82 (2), 219 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761987000200010","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (1993) Sazonalidade, preferencia por iscas e desenvolvimento ovariano em varias especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37 (2), 355 - 364.","Moura, M. O. (2004) Variacao especial como mecanismo promotor da coexistencia em comunidades de insetos necrofagos. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 21 (3), 409 - 419. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752004000300001","Moura, M. O., Carvalho, C. J. B. & Monteiro-Filho, E. L. A. (2005) Estrutura de comunidades necrofagas: efeito da partilha de recursos na diversidade. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 22 (4), 1134 - 1140. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752005000400046","Ferreira, M. J. M., Rizzo, J. A., Rasmussen, G. & Pereira, I. F. (1980) Ocorrencia e frequencia de califorideos em formacoes de mata e cerrado no municipio de Goiania-Goias. Anais da E. A. V., 1, 13 - 26.","Dias, E. S., Neves, D. P. & Lopes, H. S. (1984 c) Estudos sobre a fauna de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Belo Horizonte. Minas Gerais III. Atratividade das Iscas. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 79 (4), 413 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761984000400003","Carvalho, L. M. L. & Linhares, A. X. (2001) Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in southeastern Brazil. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46 (3), 604 - 608. https: // doi. org / 10.1520 / JFS 15011 J","Barros, R. M. de, Mello-Patiu, C. A. de & Pujol-Luz, J. R. (2008) Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associados a decomposicao de carcacas de Sus scrofa Linnaeus (Suidae) em area de Cerrado do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52 (4), 606 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000400011","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045","Vairo, K. P., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Carvalho, C. J. B. (2011) Pictorial identification key for species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of potential forensic importance in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 333 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000033","Beuter, L., Fernandes, P. A., Barros, P. B., Souza, C. R. & Mendes, J. (2012) Insetos de potencial importancia forense e na saude publica em regiao urbana de Minas Gerais: frequencia relativa e variacao sazonal de fauna atraida e criada em carcacas de roedores. Revista de Patologia Tropical, 41 (4), 480 - 490. https: // doi. org / 10.5216 / rpt. v 41 i 4.21711","Mulieri, P. R., Patitucci, L. D. & Olea, M. S. (2015) Sex-biased patterns of saprophagous Calyptratae (Diptera) collected with different baits of animal origin. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52 (3), 386 - 393. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjv 031","Dufek, M. I., Oscherov, E. B., Damborsky, M. P. & Mulieri, P. R. (2016) Assessment of the abundance and diversity of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in sites with different degrees of human impact in the Ibera Wetlands (Argentina). Journal of Medical Entomology, 53 (4), 827 - 835. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjw 045","Souza, C. R. & Von Zuben, C. J. (2016) Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 45, 637 - 641. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 016 - 0411 - 0","Armani, A. P., Dahinten, S. & Centeno, N. (2017) Artropodofauna cadaverica asociada a cerdo domestico (Sus scrofa) en un ambiente ribereno en Chubut, Argentina. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 43 (2), 262 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.25100 / socolen. v 43 i 2.5955","Remedios-De Leon, M., Castro, M. & Morelli, E. (2017) Artropodofauna cadaverica sobre modelos experimentales porcinos Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) en cuatro periodos estacionales. Entomologia Mexicana, 4, 550 - 555.","Faria, L. S., Paseto, M. L., Couri, M. S., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Mendes, J. (2018) Insects associated with pig carrion in two environments of the Brazilian savanna. Neotropical Entomology, 47 (2), 181 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 017 - 0518 - y","Paseto, M. L., Faria, L. S., Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (2019) Diversity of Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associated with decomposing carcasses in a rural area of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis, 12 (3), 118 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 12 i 3.842","Remedios-De Leon, M., Castro, M. & Morelli, E. (2019) Artropodofauna cadaverica associada a Sus scrofa en el Sur de Uruguay. Boletin de la Sociedad Zoologica de Uruguay, 28 (1), 21 - 28.","Linhares, A. X. (1981) Synanthropy of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 25, 189 - 215.","Mulieri, P. R., Schnack, J. A., Mariluis, J. C. & Torretta, J. C. (2008) Flesh flies species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from a grassland and a woodland in a nature reserve of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista Biologia Tropical, 56 (3), 1287 - 1294. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 56 i 3.5710","Mulieri, P. R., Patitucci, L. D., Schnack, J. A. & Mariluis, J. C. (2011) Diversity and seasonal dynamic of an assemblage of Sarcophagid Diptera in a gradient of urbanization. Journal of Insect Science, 11 (91), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1673 / 031.011.9101"]}

Oxysarcodexia vittata (Walker, 1836) (Figs 278–280) Sarcophaga vittata Walker, 1836: 353; South America. Lectotype female [designated by Lopes (1976: 632)] in NHMUK (not examined). [Described from one or more syntype (s), with no indication of sex; according to Aldrich (1930: 14) this type material was “Not found in British Museum”, but it was probably overlooked or unrecognized because Lopes (1976) examined what is unquestionably an original Walker syntype; we consider Lopes (1976) to have made a lectotype designation in accordance with Article 74.5 of the Code, having “unambiguously selected a particular syntype to act as the unique name-bearing type” of the nominal taxon Sarcophaga vittata Walker, 1836.] Oxysarcodexia titubata Lopes, 1946a: 459; Brazil, Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu. Holotype male, female allotype, 16 male paratypes and four female paratypes in MNRJ; one male paratype in NHMUK (none examined). Diagnosis. Male. Length 7.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity. Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles posteriorly, and a smaller bristle can be present among these.Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish.Abdomen with silvery pollinosity, although T5 partly with golden pollinosity. T4 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles at apex of arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with pointed obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex which is darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, square/oblong apex, sinuous dorsal outline, short and small ventroapical projections, lateral lobes, a medium-sized dorsoapical swelling and lateroapical expansions. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, squared, sclerotized and without spines. Remarks. See remarks under O. ariozanoi sp. n., O. augusta, O. fraterna and O. nitida. The female of O. vittata is characterized by having T7 undivided, dorsally sclerotized and with a large membrane connecting it to T5; T8 represented by two elongate plates without bristles; ST6 larger than ST5 and with bristles along posterior margin; ST7 wider than long and connected to ST8 by an extensive membranous area (Lopes 1946a). According to the description provided by Lopes (1946a), this species can be placed in the group of females with an undivided T7 proposed by Tibana & Mello (1985). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo *). Biology. This species is attracted to human feces and was reared in the laboratory by Lopes (1973b), who provided no further information on its development. Material examined. [♂] BRAZIL: São Paulo, Jundiaí, Serra do Japi; 06.I.2012; M. D. Grella / Oxysarcodexia 01; Jundiaí-SP; 06/01/2012 / O. titubata [LIE] // [♂] Brasilien [Brazil], Nova Teutonia, 27°11′B 52°23′L, Fritz Plaumann / Xarcophaga titubata (Lopes) / Oxysarcodexia [NHMD] // [♂] Holotype / IGUASSÚ Paraná [Brazil] XII.941 Com. E.N.V / Oxysarcodexia titubata [no italics] Lopes Det. H. S. Lopes / MNRJ 2309 [typed vertically on left side of label] [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Walker, F. (1836) Diptera. In: Curtis, J., Haliday, A. H. & Walker, F. (Eds.), Descriptions of insects collected by Captain P. P. King, R. N., F. R. S., in the survey of the Straights of Magellan. Vol. 17. Trans. Linn. Soc., London, pp. 315 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1834. tb 00026. x","Lopes, H. S. (1976) On the holotypes, mostly females, of some Sarcophagidae (Diptera) described by Francis Walker. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 36, 629 - 641.","Aldrich, J. M. (1930) Notes on the types of American two-winged flies of the genus Sarcophaga and a few related forms, described by the early authors. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 78, 1 - 39, 3 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.78 - 2855.1","Lopes, H. S. (1946 a) Um novo genero e tres novas especies de \" Sarcophagidae \" do Brasil (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 5 (4), 453 - 462. [1945]","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291."]}

Oxysarcodexia festiva Lopes & Tibana, 1987 (Figs 114–116) Oxysarcodexia festiva Lopes & Tibana, 1987: 338; Costa Rica, Cartago, Turrialba. Holotype male in CAS (examined from photographs). Diagnosis. [Based on the original description (Lopes & Tibana 1987) and on photographs provided by Dr. Norman Penny (CAS).] Male. Length 9.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles about the size of the smaller frontal bristles. Thorax with golden pollinosity dorsally and on mesonotum. Two well-differentiated posterior and 3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs brown. Abdomen with yellowish gray pollinosity, T4 with median marginal bristles. ST5 with slender and elongate apical arms covered with pilosity apically. Cercus with pre-apical dorsal recurrent lobe and distinct setosity at the apex. Distiphallus curved forwards, with trichosity ventroapically. Vesica robust with setosity-like projections ventrally; distal lobes elongate, membranous and with a pair of spines. Remarks. This species is easily distinguished from other Oxysarcodexia species by the peculiar cercus, characterized by long pile dorsoapically (Lopes & Tibana 1987) (Fig. 116). Female unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Costa Rica. Biology. Unknown. Type material examined. No specimens were examined directly, but photographs of the holotype were provided by courtesy of Dr. Norman Penny (CAS)., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1987) On Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), with descriptions of five new species, key, list and geographic distribution of the species. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 47 (3), 329 - 347."]}

Oxysarcodexia rimata sp. n. (Figs 237–240) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BFE15C27-0EDF-4C5A-A64B-D6FC16FC81D6 Diagnosis. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles equal in size to uppermost frontal bristles. Thorax dark with pale golden pollinosity slightly more intense on sides. Two well-differentiated posterior and 2 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentral bristles; apical scutellar bristles present. Legs dark brownish. Abdomen with golden pollinosity except ST2 with silvery pollinosity. T3 with 1 pair of marginal lateral bristles, T4 with 1 pair of marginal lateral and 1 pair of median marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel. Cercus straight in lateral view, with darker, backward-curving apical expansion; cerci with tips slightly diverging in posterior view. Pregonite broad, curved, with pointed apex; unicolorous. Postgonite slender, slightly curved, with pointed apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus apex curved at an obtuse angle. Juxta bifurcated, rugose laterally, smooth ventrally and knurled apically. Vesica symmetrical, well sclerotized, small, knurled along margins, with short, almost flat triangular branches in anterior view. Description. Male. Length 7.50 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial and postocular plates with pale golden pollinosity; occiput blackish with silvery pollinosity, black bristles in dorsomedial and lateral areas and a few golden bristles in ventromedial area; frons 0.06x head width at level of ocellar triangle; frontal vitta blackish, with row of 10–11 frontal bristles; inner vertical bristle well developed, outer vertical bristle 0.43x as long as the inner one and as long as a postocellar bristles; ocellar bristles equal in size to uppermost frontals; reclinate fronto-orbital bristles 1.6x as long as frontals, proclinate bristles absent; gena and postgena blackish, respectively with golden and silvery pollinosity and both with black bristles; antenna blackish, first flagellomere with pale golden pollinosity and about 2x as long as pedicel; arista dark brown and long plumose on proximal 3/4; palpus dark brown. Thorax. Dark with pale golden pollinosity slightly more intense on sides. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0+1, dorsocentrals 4 (first and third weaker) + 4 (first and second weaker), intra-alars 2+2, supra-alars 2+3, postalars 2, postpronotals 3, notopleurals 4 (2 large primaries and 2 smaller subprimaries), katepisternals 3 with middle one weaker and inserted slightly below others, meropleurals 7–8, postalar wall setose, scutellum with 1 basal, 1 discal, 1 lateral, 1 subapical and 1 apical bristle; prosternum with few bristles along margins. Wing. Hyaline, tegula black, vein R 1 bare, vein R 4+5 setulose over 2/3 of distance to crossvein r-m, costal spine not differentiated and third costal sector without ventral setulae. Legs. Dark brownish, fore femur with rows of bristles on dorsal, posterodorsal and anteroventral surfaces; fore tibia with 1 dorsal, 2 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal and 1 posteroventral bristles; mid femur with 4 median anterior and 2 pre-apical posterior bristles, 4 long anteroventral and 4 long posteroventral bristles, and a ctenidium of flattened spines on distal posteroventral surface; mid tibia with 2 posterodorsal, 1 posterior, 1 posteroventral, 1 anteroventral and 1 anterodorsal bristles; hind femur with 1 dorsal, 1 posterior and 7 anterodorsal bristles, anteroventral and anterodorsal rows of long bristles, and apical row of posteroventral bristles; hind tibia with 1 anterior, 2 anteroventral, 3 anterodorsal, 1 dorsal and 2 posterodorsal bristles; fore and hind tarsomeres with weak ventral golden pollinosity. Abdomen. Brownish with golden pollinosity; ST2 with silvery pollinosity. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of lateral marginal and 1 pair of median marginal bristles, T5 with 24 strong marginal bristles. ST2–4 square with 1 pair of strong bristles on posterior margin and scattered setulae; ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel. Terminalia. Syntergosternite 7+8 brownish-yellow with golden pollinosity, scattered short black setulae and 8 marginal bristles. Epandrium brownish-yellow with sparse golden pollinosity and short black setulae. Surstylus oblong, elongate, with sparse marginal and discal setulae and a long and slender light yellow bristle at apex. Cercus straight in lateral view, with darker, backward-curving apical expansion; cerci with tips slightly diverging in posterior view. Pregonite broad, curved, with pointed apex; unicolorous. Postgonite slender, slightly curved, with pointed apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with apex curved at an obtuse angle. Juxta bifurcated, rugose laterally, smooth ventrally and knurled apically. Vesica well sclerotized, small, knurled along margins, with short and almost flat triangular branches in anterior view. Female. Unknown. Etymology. From the Latin rima = cleft, slit. The specific epithet is an adjective referring to the cleft or slit-like gap between the vesica and the angular distal part of the distiphallus in lateral view (Fig. 238). Remarks. See under O. admixta. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Ecuador. Biology. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂: ECUADOR: Napo Province: Yasuní National Park: Yasuní Research Station: 76°36′W 00°38′S: 3–20 XI 1998: T. Pape & B. Viklund / NRM-DIPT 0014488 [MZPUCE]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 93-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603

Oxysarcodexia wygodzinskyi Lopes & Tibana, 1987 (Figs 281–283) Oxysarcodexia wygodzinskyi Lopes & Tibana, 1987: 336; Argentina, Salta, San Martin. Holotype male in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.5 mm. Postocular plate with silvery pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax with pale golden pollinosity, especially on humeral region. Two well-differentiated posterior and 3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish. Abdomen with silvery pollinosity, although with some pale golden pollinosity on anterior margin of T5. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with bristles at apex of arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with pointed obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally in distal half. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel, with apices slightly convergent. Pregonite of equal width from base to apex and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, rounded apex and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, rounded, sclerotized, with spines only apically along margins. Remarks. See under O. cingarus. Female unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Argentina (Salta), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul). Biology. The only biological information about O. wygodzinskyi is its association as a floral visitor of Triplaris gardneriana (Polygonaceae) (Custodio et al. 2017). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: Dep. San Martin Salta Argentina Wygodzinsky 500. 800 m. 10.1.57 / Holotype / Oxysarcodexia wygodzinskyi holotypus ♂ n. sp. Det. H. S. Lopes & R. Tibana / MNRJ 2254 [typed vertically on left side of label] [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] Brasil, MS Porto Murtinho 22°01′09″S 57°52′04″W vii-viii-2013 T. Custódio & D. Ciriaco col. / Oxysarcodexia wygodzinskyi Lopes & Tibana, 1987. Det. CA Mello-Patiu [MNRJ] // [♂] SISBIOTA CNPq/FAPESP [typed vertically on left side of label] BRASIL MS Porto Murtinho Fazenda Retiro Conceição S21°41′18.8″ W057°45′53.7″ Coleta manual (rede) 11.xii.2011 Patiu & Patiu col. / Oxysarcodexia wygodzinskyi Lopes & Tibana, 1987. Det. CA Mello-Patiu [MNRJ] // [♂] Oxysarcodexia wygodzinskyi Lopes & Tibana, 1987, det. C. A. Mello-Patiu / BRASIL, MS, Porto Murtinho, Fazenda Retiro Conceição S21°41′18.8″ W057°45′53.7″ Coleta manual (rede) 11.xii.2011 Patiu & Patiu col. [MNRJ].

Oxysarcodexia neivai Mattos, 1919 Oxysarcodexia neivai Mattos, 1919: 78. Type locality: Brazil, São Paulo, São Paulo. Holotype female, depository not stated, possibly University of São Paulo but not recovered there., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Mattos, W. B. (1919) As Sarcophagas de Sao Paulo. Thesis, Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, iii + 116 + xii pp."]}

Oxysarcodexia eberti Lopes & Tibana, 1987 (Figs 105–107) Oxysarcodexia eberti Lopes & Tibana, 1987: 336; Brazil, Minas Gerais, Paracatu. Holotype male in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 6.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with silvery pollinosity and slightly pale golden pollinosity shades; T5 with slightly pale golden pollinosity, although silvery pollinosity more intense. Two well-differentiated posterior and 3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals.Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 without median marginal and with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus bent slightly backwards, with expanded obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb. Cercus with bristles ventrally absent only on middle portion. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel. Pregonite and postgonite both with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex, which is darker than base only in pregonite. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, square/oblong apex, sinuous dorsal outline, large membranous dorsoapical swelling and lateroapical expansions. Vesica symmetrical, with angular median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, squared, mostly sclerotized, with spines along margins. Remarks. See under O. aurata. Female unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais). Biology. This species has been collected in association with pig carcasses in the Brazilian Cerrado (Barros et al. 2008; Rosa et al. 2011), being more abundant during the dry period (Rosa et al. 2011). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: PARACATU MINAS BRASIL / IX.69 / Holotype / Oxysarcodexia eberti [no italics] n. sp. holotypus ♂ Det. H. S. Lopes & R. Tibana / MNRJ 2238 [typed vertically on left side of label] [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] BRASIL: MT: Chap. Dos Guimarães Véu da Noiva—cerrado S15°24′ W55°50′ Shannon—peixe 16.i.2012 Mello-Patiu & Patiu col. SISBIOTA/CNPq/FAPESP / Oxysarcodexia eberti Lopes & Tibana, 1987 Det. C. A. Mello-Patiu [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1987) On Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), with descriptions of five new species, key, list and geographic distribution of the species. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 47 (3), 329 - 347.","Barros, R. M. de, Mello-Patiu, C. A. de & Pujol-Luz, J. R. (2008) Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associados a decomposicao de carcacas de Sus scrofa Linnaeus (Suidae) em area de Cerrado do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52 (4), 606 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000400011","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045"]}

Oxysarcodexia major Lopes, 1946 (Figs 170–172) Oxysarcodexia major Lopes, 1946b: 88; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Trapicheiro, Distrito Federal. Holotype male, female allotype, 27 male paratypes and 16 female paratypes in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 10.0–12.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with intense golden pollinosity, more evident laterally; T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with scattered pilosity and bristles on arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally absent only on the middle portion. Cerci with distal third as broad as middle part in posterior view; parallel and with a distinct constriction mid length. Pregonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite like pregonite, except unicolorous. Distiphallus with serrated ventroapical margin, rounded apex and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with angular median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, elongate, with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. See under O. insolita. The female of O. major has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima), Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico (Veracruz), Peru, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad). Biology. This species has been collected with the use of human feces, rotten S. comosa, rotten banana mixed with brown sugar, rotten liver, rotten beef lung, pig carcasses, chicken viscera and fish heads as bait (Lopes 1973b; Oliveira et al. 2002; Sousa et al. 2011; Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012; Valverde-Castro et al. 2017; Faria et al. 2018; Lopes et al. 2018; Paseto et al. 2019). Collecting methods included W.O.T., Malaise, Shannon and Van Someren-Rydon traps (Lopes & Tibana 1991; Oliveira et al. 2002; Sousa et al. 2011). Its occurrence has been reported from urban (Oliveira et al. 2002; Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012), rural (Ramírez-Mora et al. 2012), and forest areas (Valverde-Castro et al. 2017), in the Amazon forest (Sousa et al. 2011), in the Atlantic forest (Lopes et al. 2018) and in a pasture and a forest of the Brazilian Cerrado (more abundant in the dry season) (Faria et al. 2018; Paseto et al. 2019). Lopes et al. (2018) reported O. major as associated with the putrefaction and dry decay stages of decomposition of pig carcasses. Oxysarcodexia major has been reared under laboratory conditions (Lopes 1973b), but no detailed information about its development exists in the literature. Type material examined. Holotype ♂: [Brazil] Cultura N. 314 / Rio de Janeiro Lopes / Holotype / Oxysarcodexia major [no italics] sp. n. Lopes. det. 1944 / MNRJ 2244 [typed vertically on left side of label] [MNRJ] // paratype ♂: [Brazil] Corcovado—Rio L. T. Col. 4932 / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia major [no italics] sp.n. Lopes. det 1944 [MNRJ] // paratype ♂: [Brazil] I.O.C Cultura N. 373 / GRAJAHÚ Rio de Janeiro Lopes / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia major [no italics] sp.n. Lopes. det 1944 [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] Oxysarcodexia bakeri ? SP 8 / TdeA 1311 [from Antioquia, Colombia] [CE- TdeA]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 71-72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Oliveira, V. C., D'Almeida, J. M., Paes, M. J & Sanavria, A. (2002) Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (2), 191 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842002000200002","Sousa, J. R. P., Esposito, M. C. & Carvalho-Filho, F. S. (2011) Composition, abundance and richness of Sarcophagidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) in forests and forest gaps with different vegetation cover. Neotropical Entomology, 40 (1), 20 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2011000100003","Ramirez-Mora, M. A., Buenaventura, E., Gomez-P, L. M. & Amat, E. (2012) Updated checklist and new records of Calyptrate carrion flies (Diptera, Schizophora) from Valle de Aburra and other localities in Colombia. Entomotropica, 27 (1), 27 - 35.","Valverde-Castro, C., Buenaventura, E., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J. D. & Wolff M. (2017) Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) from the Colombian Guajira biogeographic province, an approach to their ecology and distribution. Zoologia, 34 (e 12277), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zoologia. 34. e 12277","Faria, L. S., Paseto, M. L., Couri, M. S., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Mendes, J. (2018) Insects associated with pig carrion in two environments of the Brazilian savanna. Neotropical Entomology, 47 (2), 181 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 017 - 0518 - y","Lopes, D. S., Oliveiera, F. F., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Pamponet, F. M. & The, T. S. (2018) Especies de Oxysarcodexia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) associadas a carcacas de suinos (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) expostas em um fragmento de Mata Atlantica no municipio de Salvador, Bahia. EntomoBrasilis, 11 (2), 103 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 11 i 2.779","Paseto, M. L., Faria, L. S., Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (2019) Diversity of Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associated with decomposing carcasses in a rural area of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis, 12 (3), 118 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 12 i 3.842","Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1991) Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Roraima, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 21, 151 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921991211157"]}

Oxysarcodexia augusta Lopes, 1946 (Figs 33–35) Oxysarcodexia augusta Lopes, 1946b: 84; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, Méier. Holotype male and three male paratypes in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 7.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity, more intense at humeral region. Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles; one smaller bristle can be present among these. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. Abdomen grayish with silvery pollinosity, T5 with silvery pollinosity only. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles at apex of arms. Cercus straight in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex and with a dorsal subapical hump. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with ventroapical concavity with serrated margin, a lateroapical furrow, lateroapical expansions, rounded apex and sinuous dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with membranous spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. Three post-sutural dorsocentral bristles are found in O. augusta, O. bikini, O. catica Souza & Buenaventura, 2016, O. corolla Dodge, 1965, O. favorabilis, O. flavipes Lopes & Tibana, 1987, O. fraterna, O. grandis Lopes, 1946, O. jamesi Dodge, 1968, O. laclaricola Souza & Buenaventura, 2016, O. liliarum, O. maiae sp. n., O. marina (Hall, 1938), O. mineirensis Souza & Paseto, 2015, O. nitida, O. notata, O. peruviana, O. plebeja Lopes, 1946c, O. terminalis (Hall, 1937), O. varia, O. vittata and O. xon. The female of O. augusta has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo). Biology. Lopes (1973b) reared this species under laboratory conditions without providing information on its development. It has been collected from human feces, chicken viscera, dead fish, dead mice, dead marine animals, rotten banana mixed with brown sugar, and rotten S. comosa (Lopes 1969; Lopes 1973b; Mendes & Linhares 1993). Malaise and Shannon traps have been used to collect this species (Lopes & Tibana 1991). At Rio de Janeiro Zoological Garden, it was collected using a wind-oriented trap (W.O.T.) baited with rotten liver (Oliveira et al. 2002). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: [Brazil] Meyer, 2-932H. S. L.—col. Sarcophaga N. / Holotipo / Oxysarcodexia augusta n. sp. hol. XI.44 Det. H. S. Lopes / Holotype [MNRJ] // paratype ♂: [Brazil] Col. Inst. O. Cruz N.9.360 / Paratype / Meyer, 2-532 H. S. L. col. Sarcophaga N. / Oxysarcodexia augusta sp. n. Lopes. det. 1944 [MNRJ] // paratype ♂: Nova Friburgo E. do Rio-Brasil S. Lopes-24-4-37 / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia augusta sp. n. Lopes. det 1944 [MNRJ] // paratype ♂: [Brazil] Est. Exp. Loreto 1936.VI.5 Dr. A. Ogloblin / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia augusta sp. n. Lopes. det 1944 [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Est. Ecológica, UFMG Campus; 2–22.VIII.1993; S. D. Gaimari / NRM-DIPT 0014231 [NRM]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1946 b) Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies do genero Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Boletim da Escola Nacional de Veterinaria, 1, 62 - 134.","Souza, C. M. & Buenaventura, E. (2016) Three new species of Oxysarcodexia Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from the Colombian Andes. Zootaxa, 4084 (1), 115 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4084.1.5","Dodge, H. R. (1965) The Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of the West Indies. II. Jamaica. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 58, 497 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 58.4.497","Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1987) On Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), with descriptions of five new species, key, list and geographic distribution of the species. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 47 (3), 329 - 347.","Dodge, H. R. (1968) The Sarcophagidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61 (2), 421 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 61.2.421","Hall, D. G. (1938) New genera and species of South American Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Arbeiten uber Morphologische und Taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, 5, 253 - 259.","Souza, C. M. & Paseto, M. L. (2015) Description of a Neotropical new species of Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). EntomoBrasilis, 8 (3), 222 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 8 i 3.524","Lopes, H. S. (1946 c) Sarcophagidae do Mexico, capturados pelo professor A. Dampf. (Diptera). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 44 (1), 119 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761946000100004","Hall, D. G. (1937) Sarcophaginae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 7. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 347 - 375, 1 pl.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Lopes, H. S. (1969) A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States: Family Sarcophagidae. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, 103, 1 - 88.","Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (1993) Sazonalidade, preferencia por iscas e desenvolvimento ovariano em varias especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37 (2), 355 - 364.","Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1991) Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Roraima, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 21, 151 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921991211157","Oliveira, V. C., D'Almeida, J. M., Paes, M. J & Sanavria, A. (2002) Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (2), 191 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842002000200002"]}

Oxysarcodexia catica Souza & Buenaventura, 2016 (Figs 63���65) Oxysarcodexia catica Souza & Buenaventura, 2016: 116; Colombia, Antioquia, Medell��n, Pajarito. Holotype male in CE-TdeA. Diagnosis. Male. Length 7.3 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity. Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs dark brownish. Abdomen with golden and silvery pollinosity, T5 with golden pollinosity. T1+���3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus straight in lateral view, with pointed apex. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel. Pregonite and postgonite both with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex, which is darker than base. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, rounded apex, lateral expansions, straight dorsal outline, lateral lobes and a dorsoapical ���fold��� (hoodshaped juxta). Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, flattened, square, sclerotized, with micro-spines on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Remarks. See under O. ariozanoi sp. n. and O. augusta. Female unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Colombia. Biology. The holotype was collected using a Van Someren-Rydon trap baited with chicken viscera and fish heads, placed in an elevated site (1,800���2,000 m.a.s.l.) of a semi-urban/rural area surrounded by pastures and some shrub remains, as described in Ram��rez-Mora et al. (2012). Type material examined. [Holotype ♂] COLOMBIA, Antioquia, Medell��n, Pajarito, 06��17���10.7���N 75��36���43.7���W, 1.929 m, 16.2 ��C, 14:15h, TVSR [Van Someren Rydon trap], 19-ene-11, M13P1, I. Cadavid, A. Varela, C. Rave, Leg [CE-TdeA]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Souza, C. M. & Buenaventura, E. (2016) Three new species of Oxysarcodexia Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from the Colombian Andes. Zootaxa, 4084 (1), 115 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4084.1.5","Ramirez-Mora, M. A., Buenaventura, E., Gomez-P, L. M. & Amat, E. (2012) Updated checklist and new records of Calyptrate carrion flies (Diptera, Schizophora) from Valle de Aburra and other localities in Colombia. Entomotropica, 27 (1), 27 - 35."]}

Oxysarcodexia admixta (Lopes, 1933) (Figs 6–8) Sarcophaga admixta Lopes, 1933: 156; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis. Holotype male and three female paratypes in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Length 7.0–10.0 mm. Postocular plate with silvery pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax generally with golden pollinosity, sometimes more intense on humeral region, contrasting with silvery pollinosity of abdomen; T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 2 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals; apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and pilosity on arms. Cercus in lateral view with straight ventral margin, expanded rounded apex and scattered bristles along entire ventral margin. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite and postgonite gradually narrowing from base to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, conical apex and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes reduced, filamentous, sclerotized, tapering, with spines only along margins. Remarks. The shapes of the cercus and phallus are similar to those of O. carvalhoi (Fig. 61); differences are found in the apex of the distiphallus, where a ventroapical concavity is lacking in O. admixta (Fig. 7), and in the vesica, which is more developed in O. carvalhoi than in O. admixta though still reduced in comparison with other species of the genus, with lateral lobes and spines only on the ventral surface in O. admixta. The terminalia of O. admixta also present similarities with those of O. avuncula, O. berlai, O. carvalhoi, O. diana and O. ventricosa with regard to the conical apex of the distiphallus and the spinous vesica with triangular apex of distal lobes (Figs 7, 43, 49, 61, 103, 272; species included in the ventricosa group by Lopes (1975c) based on both male and female morphology). Oxysarcodexia admixta is also similar to O. rimata sp. n. (Fig. 238), which differs by having juxta knurled apically, apex of distiphallus more angled and vesica longer, reaching ventroapical margin of distiphallus. The female of O. admixta has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo). Biology. Oxysarcodexia admixta has been collected from human feces, fish (sardine), mouse and pig carcasses, chicken viscera (especially rotten liver), cow lung, dead marine animals, rotten squid, rotten bananas mixed with brown sugar, rotten bananas with yeast, and rotten Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart. (Arecaceae) (a coastal palm species) (Lopes 1973b; Dias et al. 1984c; Mendes & Linhares 1993; D’Almeida & Lima 1994; Oliveira et al. 2002; Rosa et al. 2011; Vairo et al. 2011; Barbosa et al. 2014; Dufek et al. 2016; Sousa et al. 2015, 2016; Souza & Von Zuben 2016; Faria et al. 2018; Paseto et al. 2019). It has been successfully reared from human feces and mouse carcasses (Lopes 1973b; D’Almeida 1994) and from a mixture of agar gel and powdered milk with transfer of larvae to meat after 24 h (Lopes 1973b). In the LIE laboratory it was reared on minced bovine meat, but larviposition was observed also on rotten fish, with adults emerging after 15–19 days (6 days from first instar to pupa plus 9–13 days until adult emergence). This species has also been found in association with gum exudates of Terminalia argentea Mart. & Zucc. (Combretaceae), probably attracted by the high concentration of complex carbohydrates present in this resource (Boff et al. 2008). It has been reported from the Brazilian Cerrado (Rosa et al. 2011; Souza & Von Zuben 2016; Faria et al. 2018), where it is more abundant during the dry period (Rosa et al. 2011; Faria et al. 2018; Paseto et al. 2019); from ombrophilous forest (Vairo et al. 2011), palm groves (Sousa et al. 2016), urban areas (Dias et al. 1984c; Mendes & Linhares 1993; D’Almeida & Lima 1994; Oliveira et al. 2002; Dufek et al. 2016), rural and forest areas (Dias et al. 1984c; Dufek et al. 2016; Paseto et al. 2019), and the Atlantic Forest (Souza, unpublished). In the Brazilian state of Maranhão, O. admixta was classified as accidental and rare (Sousa et al. 2015). Dufek et al. (2016), in a study carried out in Argentinean wetlands, considered this species as having a preference for human settlements. Type material examined. Holotype ♂: INS.OSW.CRUZ A. [unreadable number]-10.703 / Typus / EuH:119 / 1RAV.6-1-983 [Brazil] Angra dos Reis / Sarcophaga admixta Lopes H.S. Lopes-DET4-933 / admixta [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] BRAZIL: São Paulo, Jundiaí, edge of Serra do Japi; 28.X.2011; A. G. Savino [LIE] // [5 ♂♂, same label] BRAZIL: São Paulo, Jundiaí, Serra do Japi; 24.I.2012; M. D. Grella [LIE] // [2 ♂♂, same label] Oxysarcodexia admixta / “Campininha”, Mogi Guaçu, SP, Brasil; 14/10/2013; Isca: Carne moída; Smania et al. [LIE] // [♂] Oxysarcodexia admixta / Campinas, SP; III/2012; Brancoli DL [LIE] // [♂] Est. Exp. Loreto 1936. V.27 Dr. A. Ogloblin / Oxysarcodexia admixta (Lopes, 1933) S. Lopes. Det [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1933) Sobre algumas especies de Sarcophaga do Brasil, com a descripcao de cinco especies novas (Dipt. Sarcophagidae). Revista de Entomologia, 3 (2), 153 - 158.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 c) New or little known Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35 (3), 461 - 483.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Dias, E. S., Neves, D. P. & Lopes, H. S. (1984 c) Estudos sobre a fauna de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Belo Horizonte. Minas Gerais III. Atratividade das Iscas. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 79 (4), 413 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761984000400003","Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (1993) Sazonalidade, preferencia por iscas e desenvolvimento ovariano em varias especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37 (2), 355 - 364.","D'Almeida, J. M. & Lima, S. F. (1994) Atratividade de diferentes iscas e sua relacao com as fases de desenvolvimento ovariano em Calliphoridae e Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 11 (2), 177 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751994000200001","Oliveira, V. C., D'Almeida, J. M., Paes, M. J & Sanavria, A. (2002) Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (2), 191 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842002000200002","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045","Vairo, K. P., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Carvalho, C. J. B. (2011) Pictorial identification key for species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of potential forensic importance in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 333 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000033","Barbosa, L. S., Cunha, A. M., Couri, M. S. & Maia, V. C. (2014) Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae e Mesembrinellidae (Diptera) da Estacao Biologica de Santa Lucia (Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, Brasil). Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitao, Nova Serie, 33, 131 - 140.","Dufek, M. I., Oscherov, E. B., Damborsky, M. P. & Mulieri, P. R. (2016) Assessment of the abundance and diversity of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in sites with different degrees of human impact in the Ibera Wetlands (Argentina). Journal of Medical Entomology, 53 (4), 827 - 835. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjw 045","Sousa, J. R. P., Carvalho-Filho, F. S. & Esposito, M. C. (2015) Distribution and abundance of necrophagous flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae) in Maranhao, Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Insect Science, 15 (1), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jisesa / iev 054","Souza, C. R. & Von Zuben, C. J. (2016) Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 45, 637 - 641. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 016 - 0411 - 0","Faria, L. S., Paseto, M. L., Couri, M. S., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Mendes, J. (2018) Insects associated with pig carrion in two environments of the Brazilian savanna. Neotropical Entomology, 47 (2), 181 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 017 - 0518 - y","Paseto, M. L., Faria, L. S., Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (2019) Diversity of Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associated with decomposing carcasses in a rural area of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis, 12 (3), 118 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 12 i 3.842","Boff, S., Graciolli, G., Boaretto, A. G. & Marques, M. R. (2008) Insetos visitantes de gomas exsudadas por Terminalia argentea Mart & Zucc (Combretaceae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52 (3), 477 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000300025","Sousa, J. R. P., Carvalho-Filho, F. S., Juen, L. & Esposito, M. C. (2016) Evaluating the effects of different vegetation types on necrophagous fly communities (Diptera: Calliphoridae; Sarcophagidae): Implications for conservation. PLoS One, 11 (10), e 0164826, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0164826"]}

Oxysarcodexia berlai Lopes, 1975 (Figs 48–50) Oxysarcodexia berlai Lopes, 1975c: 473; Brazil, Pará, Belém, Utinga. Holotype male and 24 male paratypes in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity, more intense at humeral region. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs brownish. Abdomen grayish with golden pollinosity, T5 with golden pollinosity. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles on distal half of arms. Cercus straight in lateral view, apex expanded and with straight margin. Cercus with bristles ventrally absent only on middle portion. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with ventroapical concavity with serrated margin, rounded apex, lateroapical expansions and sinuous dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. The main difference between O. berlai and O. ventricosa are: the arrangement of the cerci in posterior view, parallel in the former and diverging in the latter (Lopes 1975c) (Figs 50, 273); the shape of the distiphallus (Dodge 1966), apically more conical in O. ventricosa (Fig. 272) and with a rugose texture of the juxta not observed in O. berlai (Fig. 49); and the blackish legs in O. berlai (Fig. 48) versus yellow in O. ventricosa (Fig. 271). See also remarks under O. amorosa. Lopes (1975c) pointed out that O. berlai probably belongs in the ventricosa group, but corroboration of this hypothesis is hampered by the lack of information on the female, which is unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Amapá *, Maranhão, Pará, Pernambuco), Colombia, Peru *. Biology. Unknown. Type material examined. Holotype ♂: [Brazil]Utinga Belém Pará H.S. Lopes VIII 69 / Holotype / Oxysarcodexia berlai ♂ n. sp. Det. H. S. Lopes / MNRJ 2233 [typed vertically on left side of label] [MNRJ] // paratype ♂: Ipeane, Recife Pernabuco [sic] Brasil. / H. S. Lopes 1.X.69 / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia berlai [♂] n. sp. Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ] // paratype ♂: Igarapé PARAQUEÚ Rosário, MARANHÃO BRASIL / Berla / 20/22-XI-70 / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia berlai ♂ n.sp. Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] Avispas, Madre de Dios, PERU, 10–20.IX.1962; L. Pena 400m / Oxysarc. berlai; ♂; Lopes; Det. H. S. Lopes / NRM-DIPT 0014262 [NRM] // [♂] Serra do Navio Amapá Brasil J. Lane, X-67. / Oxysarc. ♂ berlai Lop. Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1975 c) New or little known Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35 (3), 461 - 483.","Dodge, H. R. (1966) Some new or little-known Neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera), with a review of the genus Oxysarcodexia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59, 674 - 701. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 59.4.674"]}

Oxysarcodexia similata Lopes & Tibana, 1987 (Figs 248–250) Oxysarcodexia similata Lopes & Tibana, 1987: 335; Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad, Aripo. Holotype male (not examined), 14 male paratypes (two examined) and 11 female paratypes in CAS, CNC and MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 6.0–8.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax and abdomen with moderately developed golden pollinosity; T5 partly with golden pollinosity. Two welldifferentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus straight in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base narrowing smoothly to apex; unicolorous. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, rounded apex and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with lateral lobes and rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. Oxysarcodexia similata (Fig. 249) can be mistaken for O. amorosa (Fig. 20) and O. xanthosoma (Fig. 285) due to morphological similarities in the male terminalia. See also remarks under O. amorosa. The female was described together with the male and its genital structures are considered very similar to those of O. amorosa (Lopes & Tibana 1987), thus O. similata is a member of the group with females having T7 divided into two plates (see Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEARCTIC. Mexico (Morelos, San Luis Potosí). NEOTROPICAL. Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Mexico (Jalisco), Panama, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad). Biology. In Antioquia, Colombia, O. similata was reported from urban and rural areas and, more scarcely, in forest environments, which according to Yepes-Gaurisas et al. (2013) indicates a preference for human settlements. These authors also reported that O. similata showed a strong attraction to chicken viscera as opposed to human feces, which attracted no specimens. Type material examined. 2 paratypes, ♂♂; same labels: Costa Rica: Cartago Turrialba 2000′ 23 July 1965 H. G. Real / Herman G. Real Collection / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia similata n.sp . ♂ Paratipo Tibana & Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] PANAMA: Panama prov. Punta Chame, 19.ix.2002, J. Méndez 79°45′W 8°40′N red mangrove stand / NRM-DIPT 0014339 [NRM]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1987) On Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), with descriptions of five new species, key, list and geographic distribution of the species. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 47 (3), 329 - 347.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Yepes-Gaurisas, D., Sanchez-Rodriguez, J. D., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Echeverri, M. W. (2013) Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in La Pintada, Antioquia-Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 61 (3), 1275 - 1287. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 61 i 3.11955"]}

Oxysarcodexia inflata Lopes, 1975 (Figs 145–147) Oxysarcodexia inflata Lopes, 1975c: 470; Brazil, Maranhão, Rosário, Igarapé, Paraqueú. Holotype male, female allotype and 12 male paratypes in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.0 mm. Postocular plate with silvery pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with pale golden pollinosity, slightly more intense on the abdomen, T5 with golden pollinosity along the entire extension. Two well-differentiated posterior and 2 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals.Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs brownish. T3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity and bristles at apex of arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex and dorsal subapical barb. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel. Pregonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with serrated ventroapical margin, lateroapical expansions, ventroapical projections, rounded apex and straight dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with lateral lobes and rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, membranous, with spines only on ventral surface; median area more expanded than basal and apical areas; with filaments, tapering and sclerotized. Remarks. See under O. amorosa. The female of O. inflata was described by Lopes (1975c) as presenting welldeveloped ocellar bristles, lacking apical scutellar bristles and, as in O. amorosa, having T7 weakly sclerotized in the center and with black setosity. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Amapá, Maranhão, Pará, Pernambuco). Biology. Oxysarcodexia inflata has been collected using rotten bovine meat, fish viscera or pig carcasses as bait (Barbosa 2015). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: Igarapé PARAQUEÚ Rosário MARANHÃO BRASIL / Berla / 20/22- XI-70 / Holotype / Oxysarcodexia inflata ♂ n.sp. Det. H. S. Lopes / MNRJ 2242 [typed vertically on left side of label] [MNRJ] // 2 paratypes, ♂♂, same label: Igarapé PARAQUEÚ Rosário, MARANHÃO BRASIL / 20/22-XI- 70 / H. Berla / Paratype / Oxysarcodexia inflata n.sp. ♂ Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1975 c) New or little known Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35 (3), 461 - 483."]}

Oxysarcodexia cyanea Lopes, 1975 (Figs 96–98) Oxysarcodexia cyanea Lopes, 1975d: 475; Dominica, Trafalgar Falls. Holotype male (examined from photographs), female allotype and 32 female paratypes in USNM. Diagnosis. [Based on the original description by Lopes (1975d) and on photographs provided by Dr. Torsten Dikow (USNM).] Male. Length 9.0 mm. Back of head gray and thorax gray. Ocellar bristles well developed. Two welldifferentiated posterior and 2 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs blackish. Abdomen grayish with silvery pollinosity, T4 without median marginal bristles. ST5 reddish brown. Cercus covered with many short yellow setulae, slightly curved at apex, which is blackish and obliquely cut. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third as broad as middle part in posterior view; parallel and with enlarged and blackish apices. Pregonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex, which is expanded; unicolorous. Postgonite unicolorous. Distiphallus in lateral view with smooth ventroapical margins, conical apex; dorsal outline sinuous and with a small membranous area dorsally. Vesica large, symmetrical, partially membranous, with distal lobes bearing a few spines. Remarks. The distiphallus of this species (Fig. 97) is similar to that of O. zayasi Dodge, 1956 (Fig. 291), but a notable difference is found in the cercus, which resembles that of O. orbitalis (Fig. 205) and which in turn differs from O. cyanea by the distinctive distiphallus, conical in posterior view and with rounded distal lobes of the vesica. Oxysarcodexia cyanea can be distinguished from O. aurata (Fig. 40) by the absence of a dorsoapical swelling of the distiphallus (referred to by Lopes (1975d) as a “large membrane on penis apex”). The female of O. cyanea has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). The larvae of this species were described by Lopes (1975d). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Dominica. Biology. The original description mentions some specimens of O. cyanea collected on human feces and others collected in a Malaise trap, without further details (Lopes 1975d). Type material examined. No specimens were examined directly, but photographs of the holotype were provided by courtesy of Dr. Torsten Dikow (USNM)., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1975 d) Bredin-Archbold Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica: The Sarcophagidae of Dominica (Diptera). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 467 - 487.","Dodge, H. R. (1956) Two new Sarcophagid flies from Cuba (Diptera). Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural, 23 (1), 97 - 103.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445."]}

Oxysarcodexia xanthosoma (Aldrich, 1916) (Figs 284–286) Sarcophaga xanthosoma Aldrich, 1916: 274; Guatemala, Los Amates. Holotype male in USNM (not examined). Diagnosis. Male. Length 7.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen with intense golden pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 1–3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals.Apical scutellar bristles present. Legs blackish. T3 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus straight in lateral view, with expanded obliquely cut apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally absent only on middle portion. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; diverging. Pregonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex, which is darker than base. Postgonite with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin but with a small serrated area ventromedially, rounded apex and sinuous dorsal outline. Vesica symmetrical, with lateral lobes and rounded median projection of main branch; distal lobes well developed, with short filaments, tapering, sclerotized, with spines only on ventral surface. Remarks. Morphological variation seen in O. xanthosoma can lead to confusion with O. amorosa and O. similata; see remarks under O. amorosa. The female of O. xanthosoma has an undivided T7 (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEARCTIC. Mexico (San Luis Potosí, Sonora). NEOTROPICAL. Argentina (Misiones), Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, São Paulo), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico (Jalisco, Veracruz), Panama, Peru. Biology. This species was reared in the laboratory by Lopes (1973b), who did not state the medium, and on human feces by D’Almeida (1994). It has been collected using human feces, peccary entrails, rotten liver, dead fish, pig and rat carcasses, rotten banana mixed with brown sugar, and rotten S. comosa as bait (Curran & Walley 1934; Lopes 1973b, 1975a; Oliveira et al. 2002; Leandro & D’Almeida 2005; Barbosa et al. 2009; Rosa et al. 2011; Vairo et al. 2011, 2014; Carmo et al. 2017). Oxysarcodexia xanthosoma occurs in urban and periurban habitats (including a zoo), forest and mountainous areas, rainforest fragments, and in the Brazilian Cerrado (Lopes & Tibana 1982; D’Almeida 1994; Oliveira et al. 2002; Rosa et al. 2011; Vairo et al. 2011, 2014; Carmo et al. 2017). Material examined. [♂] ECUADOR: Napo Province: Yasuní National Park: Yasuní Research Station: 76°36′W 00°38′S 3–20.XI.1998 T. Pape & B. Viklund / NRM-DIPT 0014476 / O. xanthosoma [NRM] // [♂] Oxysarcodexia xanthosoma / Campinas, SP [Brazil] VII/2012 Brancoli DL [LIE] // [♂] Oxysarcodexia xanthosoma / Campinas, SP [Brazil] VII/2012 Brancoli DL [LIE] // [♂] Oxysarcodexia xanthosoma / Campinas, SP [Brazil] VII/2012 Brancoli DL [LIE] // [♂] Grajahú Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] Lopes 18.V.47 / Oxysarcodexia xanthosoma (Aldrich) ♂ Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ] // [♂] REPR. CIGANOS JACAREPAGUÁ OLIVEIRA [Brazil] 13.X.39 / Oxysarcodexia xanthosoma (Aldrich) ♂ Det. H. S. Lopes [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Aldrich, J. M. (1916) Sarcophaga and allies in North America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, La Fayette, Indiana, 301 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 32298","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1973 b) Collecting and rearing sarcophagid flies (Diptera) in Brazil, during 40 years. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 45, 279 - 291.","Curran, C. H. & Walley, G. S. (1934) Sarcophagidae. In: Curran, C. H., The Diptera of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana, with descriptions of new species from other British Guiana localities. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 66, 287 - 532.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 a) Sarcophagid flies Diptera from Pacatuba, State of Ceara, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34 (2), 271 - 294.","Oliveira, V. C., D'Almeida, J. M., Paes, M. J & Sanavria, A. (2002) Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62 (2), 191 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842002000200002","Leandro, M. J. F. & D'Almeida, J. M. (2005) Levantamento de Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae em um fragmento de mata na Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 95 (4), 377 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212005000400006","Barbosa, R. R., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Mello, R. P. & Queiroz, M. M. C. (2009) New records of calyptrate dipterans (Faniidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104 (6), 923 - 926. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762009000600018","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045","Vairo, K. P., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Carvalho, C. J. B. (2011) Pictorial identification key for species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of potential forensic importance in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 333 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000033","Vairo, K. P., Ururahy-Rodrigues, A., Moura, M. O. & Mello-Patiu, C. A. (2014) Sarcophagidae (Diptera) with forensic potential in Amazonas: a pictorial key. Tropical Zoology, 27 (4), 140 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.2014.981482","Carmo, R. F. R., Oliveira, D. L., Barbosa, T. M., Soares, T. F., Souza, J. R. B. & Vasconcelos, S. D. (2017) Visitors versus colonizers: An empirical study on the use of vertebrate carcasses by necrophagous Diptera in a rainforest fragment. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 110 (5), 492 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / sax 045","Lopes, H. S. & Tibana, R. (1982) Sarcophagid flies (Diptera) from Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 77 (3), 285 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761982000300007"]}

Oxysarcodexia favorabilis (Lopes, 1935) (Figs 111–113) Sarcophaga favorabilis Lopes, 1935: 318; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis. Holotype male in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Thorax with golden pollinosity, contrasting with the silvery pollinosity of the abdomen, T5 with only silvery pollinosity. Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs dark brownish. T3 with 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus bent backwards, with pointed apex and straight margin. Cercus with bristles ventrally absent only on middle portion. Cerci with distal third narrower than middle part in posterior view; parallel. Pregonite with base and apex of almost same width; unicolorous. Postgonite with expanded base and sudden narrowing at apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, square/oblong apex, sinuous dorsal outline, large dorsoapical swelling, ventroapical projections, lateral lobes and lateroapical expansions. Vesica symmetrical; distal lobes well developed, with filaments, tapering, membranous, with spines. Remarks. Oxysarcodexia favorabilis (Fig. 112) resembles O. liliarum (Fig. 164), O. maiae sp. n. (Fig. 167) and O. mineirensis (Fig. 180) by the shape of the distiphallus and the distally enlarged juxta. These species are properly distinguished by the dorsal phallic outline, which is more curved in O. favorabilis than in O. liliarum, and with a subtle angle in O. maiae sp. n. and O. mineirensis. The ventroapical projections the distiphallus and the shape of the cercus also differ in these species: in O. favorabilis the ventroapical projections are longer and directed upwards and the cercus is slightly curved with a darker tip directed posteriorly, whereas in O. liliarum the ventroapical projections, in lateral view, resemble a notch with darker edges and the tip of cercus, although also darker, is directed anteriorly. The cercus of Oxysarcodexia mineirensis also has a darker tip and is curved in a smooth s-shape, whereas O. maiae sp. n. has a unicolorous cercus less curved than in the other species. These last two species have similar ventroapical projections of the distiphallus, but the vesica of O. mineirensis is narrower and longer than that of O. maiae sp. n. The holotype of O. favorabilis is somewhat damaged and in suboptimal condition for assessment of the pollinosity of the thorax and abdomen. See also remarks under O. ariozanoi sp. n. and O. augusta. Female unknown. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). Biology. Unknown. Type material examined. Holotype ♂: [Brazil] Angra dos Reis, Est. do Rio, Dario Mendes 8-934 / Holotype / Typus / Sarcophaga favorabilis Lopes H. S. Lopes DET. —935 / MNRJ/2307 [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1935) Notas sobre Sarcophagidae com descripcao de tres especies novas do Brasil (Dipt.). Revista de Entomologia, 5, 315 - 322."]}

Oxysarcodexia molitor (Curran & Walley, 1934) (Figs 188–191) Sarcophaga molitor Curran & Walley, 1934: 488; Guyana, Kaieteur. Holotype male (examined from photographs), female allotype and two female paratypes in AMNH. Diagnosis. [Based on the original description (Curran & Walley 1934), the redescription by Lopes (1975c) and photographs provided by Dr. David Grimaldi (AMNH).] Male. Length 8.5–10.0 mm. Ocellar bristles weakly developed. Thorax and abdomen grayish with golden pollinosity more intense laterally on thorax and on T4, T5 golden yellowish. Two well-differentiated posterior and 2 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles present, although very small. Legs blackish. ST5 small with parallel cleft margins, with pilosity, and with small triangular projection on posterior part of arms. Cercus robust with truncated apex. Anterior area of the apical distiphallic plate largely membranous, with pair of spinous internal plates. Vesica strongly sclerotized with much-reduced distal membranous lobe. Remarks. See under O. confusa. The female of O. molitor was described by Curran & Walley (1934), but structures of the female terminalia were poorly detailed (only reddish color of integument, golden abdominal pollinosity, and T6 (“first genital segment”) with sparse black setosity and a row of marginals). Tibana & Mello (1985) did not consider this species in their female grouping study and no illustrations were presented in the original description (Curran & Walley 1934), preventing us from including O. molitor in any of the proposed female groups. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Guyana. Biology. The only available information is that the type specimens were collected on human feces (Curran &Walley 1934). Type material examined. No specimens were examined directly, but photographs of the holotype were provided by courtesy of Dr. David Grimaldi (AMNH)., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Curran, C. H. & Walley, G. S. (1934) Sarcophagidae. In: Curran, C. H., The Diptera of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana, with descriptions of new species from other British Guiana localities. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 66, 287 - 532.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 c) New or little known Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 35 (3), 461 - 483.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445."]}

Oxysarcodexia simplicoides (Lopes, 1933) (Figs 251–253) Sarcophaga simplicoides Lopes, 1933: 156; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara. Holotype male and one male paratype in MNRJ. Diagnosis. Male. Length 8.0–9.0 mm. Postocular plate with silvery pollinosity. Ocellar bristles well developed. Black setulae on postocular plate, gena and occiput. Thorax and abdomen with silvery pollinosity, T5 without golden pollinosity, only silvery pollinosity. Two well-differentiated posterior and 3 smaller anterior post-sutural dorsocentrals. Apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs brownish. T3 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2 pairs of lateral marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with margins almost parallel and with pilosity. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with pointed apex. Cercus with bristles ventrally over full length. Cerci with distal third narrower than the middle portion in posterior view; parallel and with a distinct constriction mid length. Pregonite and postgonite both with expanded base, gradually narrowing to apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus with smooth ventroapical margin, ventroapical projections, rounded apex, sinuous dorsal outline and notable lateroapical dilation. Vesica symmetrical, with lateral lobes; distal lobes well developed, rounded, sclerotized, without spines; main branch of vesica enlarged. Remarks. The presence of slender setulae on the gena and the postocular plate, of the same color (black) as on the occiput, is one of the most striking characteristics of O. simplicoides. The female of O. simplicoides has T7 divided into two plates (Tibana & Mello 1985). Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Brazil (Ceará, Espírito Santo *, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro). Biology. Baits such as banana mixed with brown sugar, cow liver and lung, and dead fish and squid, have been used in association with “can” traps, whereas feces have been used as an attractant during active collecting (Lopes 1975a; Pamplona et al. 2000). Adults have also been collected from pig and rodent carcasses in pastures and in urban and natural areas of the Brazilian Cerrado (Barbosa et al. 2009; Rosa et al. 2011; Vasconcelos & Araujo 2012; Faria et al. 2018; Paseto et al. 2019), where they are more abundant in the dry season (Faria et al. 2018). Type material examined. Holotype ♂: INS.OSW.CRUZ 10.740 / Typus / Rio de Janeiro H. Souza Lopes / Sarcophaga simplicoides Lopes H. S. LOPES-DET. 4—933 / MNRJ 2253 [typed vertically on left side of label] [MNRJ]. Other material examined. [♂] P. C. Elias VI-72 / Linhares, E. Santo, Brasil / simplicoides [MNRJ]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 97-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603, {"references":["Lopes, H. S. (1933) Sobre algumas especies de Sarcophaga do Brasil, com a descripcao de cinco especies novas (Dipt. Sarcophagidae). Revista de Entomologia, 3 (2), 153 - 158.","Tibana, R. & Mello, C. A. (1985) O sintergito 6 + 7 nas femeas de Oxysarcodexia Towsend, 1917 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45 (4), 439 - 445.","Lopes, H. S. (1975 a) Sarcophagid flies Diptera from Pacatuba, State of Ceara, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34 (2), 271 - 294.","Pamplona, D., Maia, V. C., Couri, M. S., Lamas, C. J. E. & Aires, C. C. C. (2000) A survey of Diptera on Paqueta Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 136, 169 - 175.","Barbosa, R. R., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Mello, R. P. & Queiroz, M. M. C. (2009) New records of calyptrate dipterans (Faniidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104 (6), 923 - 926. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762009000600018","Rosa, T. A., Babata, M. L. Y., Souza, C. M., Sousa, D., Mello-Patiu, C. A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. & Mendes, J. (2011) Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55 (3), 424 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262011005000045","Vasconcelos, S. D. & Araujo, M. C. S. (2012) Necrophagous species of Diptera and Coleoptera in northeastern Brazil: state of the art and challenges for the Forensic Entomologist. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 56 (1), 7 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262012005000014","Faria, L. S., Paseto, M. L., Couri, M. S., Mello-Patiu, C. A. & Mendes, J. (2018) Insects associated with pig carrion in two environments of the Brazilian savanna. Neotropical Entomology, 47 (2), 181 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 017 - 0518 - y","Paseto, M. L., Faria, L. S., Mendes, J. & Linhares, A. X. (2019) Diversity of Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associated with decomposing carcasses in a rural area of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis, 12 (3), 118 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.12741 / ebrasilis. v 12 i 3.842"]}

Oxysarcodexia maiae sp. n. (Figs 166–169) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9ED7A674-CABC-4B42-B885-462C95A5F6DA Diagnosis. Postocular plate with pale golden pollinosity. Ocellar bristles longer than upper frontal bristles. Thorax grayish with pale golden pollinosity. Three well-differentiated post-sutural dorsocentral bristles; apical scutellar bristles absent. Legs dark brown. Abdomen with pale golden pollinosity; T1+2 with silvery pollinosity laterally. T1+2–3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal and 1 pair of median marginal bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with almost parallel arms. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with pointed apex and parallel to its counterpart in posterior view. Pregonite broader than postgonite, slightly curved and with rounded apex; unicolorous. Postgonite slender, with curved, pointed apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus flower-like; apex expanded, with lateral and ventral projections, smooth margins and a wide opening. Vesica symmetrical, sclerotized, flattened, oblong, with microscopic spines ventroapically. Description. Male. Length 6.0 mm. Head. Fronto-orbital, parafacial and postocular plates with pale golden pollinosity; occiput blackish with silvery pollinosity, black bristles in dorsomedial and lateral areas and a few golden bristles in ventromedial area; frons 0.1x head width at level of ocellar triangle; frontal vitta blackish, with row of 8–9 frontal bristles; inner vertical bristle well developed; outer vertical bristle not differentiated; ocellar bristles 1.3x as long as uppermost frontals; reclinate fronto-orbital bristles 2.3x as long as uppermost frontal, proclinate bristles absent; gena and postgena blackish with pale golden pollinosity and black bristles; antenna dark brownish, first flagellomere with pale golden pollinosity and 2.2x as long as pedicel; arista brown and long plumose on proximal 3/4; palpus dark brown. Thorax. Grayish with pale golden pollinosity. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0+1, dorsocentrals 3 (first weaker) + 3, intra-alars 2+2, supra-alars 2+3 (middle one stronger), postalars 2, postpronotals 3 (lateromedial one weaker), notopleurals 4 (2 large primaries and 2 smaller subprimaries), katepisternals 3 with middle one weaker and inserted slightly below others, meropleurals 9, postalar wall setose, scutellum with 1 basal, 1 discal, 1 lateral (weaker), 1 subapical and 0 apical bristles; prosternum with few bristles along margins. Wing. Hyaline, tegula black, vein R1 bare, vein R 4+5 setulose over 2/3 of distance to crossvein r-m, costal spine not differentiated, third costal sector without ventral setulae. Legs. Dark brown, fore femur with rows of bristles on posterodorsal, posteroventral, and posterior surfaces; fore tibia with 1 dorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 anterodorsal and 1 anterior bristles; mid femur with 5 anterodorsal, 2 pre-apical posterior, 4 anteroventral, 4 posteroventral bristles and a ctenidium of flattened spines on distal posteroventral surface; mid tibia with 2 posterodorsal, 1 posteroventral, 1 ventral, 1 anteroventral and 2 anterodorsal bristles; hind femur with 1 posterodorsal and 1 dorsal bristle, anteroventral and anterodorsal rows of long bristles, and apical row of posteroventral bristles; hind tibia with 1 anteroventral, 3 anterodorsal, 1 dorsal and 2 posterodorsal bristles; tarsomeres with weak ventral golden pollinosity. Abdomen. Grayish with pale golden pollinosity. T1+2 with silvery pollinosity laterally. T1+2–3 with 1 pair of lateral marginal bristles, T4 with 3 pairs of lateral marginal and 1 pair of median marginal bristles, T5 with 18 strong marginal bristles. ST2–4 square with scattered bristles. ST5 with deep median cleft with almost parallel arms. Terminalia. Syntergosternite 7+8 brownish-yellow with golden pollinosity and scattered short black setulae and 8 marginal bristles. Epandrium brownish-yellow with golden pollinosity, 1 strong dorsoapical bristle and short black setulae. Surstylus triangular with enlarged base and sparse black marginal setulae. Cercus sinuous in lateral view, with pointed apex and parallel to its counterpart in posterior view. Pregonite broader than postgonite, slightly curved and with rounded apex; unicolorous. Postgonite slender, with curved, pointed apex; unicolorous. Distiphallus flowerlike; apex expanded, with lateral and ventral projections, smooth margins and a wide opening. Vesica symmetrical, sclerotized, flattened, oblong, with microscopic spines ventroapically. Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is in honor of Maria José Maia de Souza, mother of the first author. Remarks. See under O. ariozanoi sp. n., O. augusta and O. favorabilis. Distribution. NEOTROPICAL. Ecuador. Biology. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♂: ECUADOR: Napo Province: Yasuní National Park: Yasuní Research Station: 76°36′W 00°38′S: 3–20 XI 1998: T. Pape & B. Viklund / NRM-DIPT/0014490 [MZPUCE]., Published as part of Souza, Carina Mara De, Pape, Thomas & Thyssen, Patricia Jacqueline, 2020, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, 1917 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) - a centennial conspectus, pp. 1-126 in Zootaxa 4841 (1) on pages 70-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4841.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4405603