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o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o escurecimento da polpa de maçãs ‘SCS427 Elenise’, ‘Fuji’ e ‘Cripps pink’ após serem cortadas, simulando o preparo de alimento minimamente processado. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, o primeiro utilizando frutos recém-colhidos e o segundo com frutos armazenados por 75 e 120 dias em atmosfera do ar a 1ºC. Os frutos foram cortados transversalmente na região equatorial e a cor da polpa analisada por sensores colorimétricos digitais, periodicamente, entre 0 até 48 horas após o corte. Maçãs ‘Cripps pink’ apresentaram maior escurecimento da polpa, em ambos os experimentos. A polpa das maçãs ‘SCS427 Elenise’ exibiu escurecimento mais lento até o ponto de escurecimento máximo em ambos os experimentos, o que sugere serem mais apropriados ao processamento mínimo sem o uso de substâncias antioxidantes que maçãs ‘Fuji’ e ‘Cripps pink’.

A macieira, em geral, apresenta autoincompatibilidade gametofítica, e por isso, faz-se necessário eleger genótipos polinizadores eficientes para cada cultivar copa. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar genótipos polinizadores para as macieiras SCS425 Luiza e SCS427 Elenise a partir da genotipagem dos alelos S, via marcadores de DNA, associada à realização de cruzamentos teste a campo. Nos ciclos de 2014/15 e 2017/18, as polinizações a campo foram conduzidas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, constituídas por 25 inflorescências de duas flores cada. Foram utilizados conjuntos de primers específicos para identificação de 16 alelos S, via PCR. Todos os genótipos testados podem ser indicados como possíveis polinizadores, respectivamente, para a ‘SCS425 Luiza’ (S5S9): a 135/114 (S3S19), a 135/140 (S3S?), a SCS433 Felix 3 (S3S26) - compatíveis; e a SCS431 Felix 1 (S4S5) e a SCS426 Venice (S3S9) - semicompatíveis; e para a ‘SCS427 Elenise’ (S3S23): a SCS431 Felix 1 (S4S5), e a SCS436 Felix 6 (S5S?) - compatíveis; e SCS433 Felix 3 (S3S26) e SCS435 Felix 5 (S3S4) - semicompatíveis.

Knowledge of the genotypes for the self-incompatibility locus (S-locus) in apple varieties and in genotypes being used as parents is critical for breeding and commercial production. We present a high-throughput set of molecular markers for the identification of 13 common S-RNase alleles (S1, S2, S3, S5, S7, S8, S9, S10, S20, S23, S24, S25 and S28). This set is composed of seven allele-specific quantitative PCR-based High-Resolution Melting assays and four multi-allelic SSR markers. Validation of these markers was performed using 86 apple accessions, including cultivars with known S-genotypes and recent commercial varieties arising from the Plant & Food Research (PFR) cultivar breeding programme. We also characterized the S-genotypes of 183 genotypes representing some of the most valuable parents within PFR’s cultivar breeding programme. The results of this work demonstrate the practical usefulness of this marker set to provide accurate cross-compatibility information to optimise choice of pollenisers in commercial apple orchard design, and to identify compatible parents and guide parental selection when executing apple breeding programmes, to optimise fruit crop yield and quality.

Apple orchards require the presence of a different genotype to pollinate the fruit producing cultivar. This is due to the process of gametophytic self-incompatibility present in most species and cultivars of the genus Malus. The fruit producing cultivar and the pollinizer must be genetically compatible to ensure fruit set and symmetrical and adequate fruit formation. The aim of this work was to evaluate five potential pollinizers for the new apple cultivar SCS426 Venice by genotyping the self-incompatibility locus (S-locus) and by controlled pollination in the field. The S-locus was screened using molecular markers and the fertilization capacity was evaluated by monitoring the fruit set after artificial pollination. Three genotypes were identified as semi-compatible (selection 135/140, cultivar SCS433 Felix 3 and SCS425 Luiza) and two as fully compatible (‘SCS431 Felix 1’ and ‘SCS434 Felix 4’) with ‘SCS426 Venice’. Regardless of the level of compatibility, all genotypes tested are efficient for the fertilization of ‘SCS426 Venice’ flowers and can be used as pollinizers in commercial orchards of this cultivar.

The Apple Germplasm Bank (AGB) of Santa Catarina Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company - Epagri, AGB-Epagri, is the largest of the genus Malus in Brazil. Twenty-eight main accessions of this bank were virus screened through DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR and IC-RT-PCR during two consecutive reproductive cycles, and each accession showed latent mixed infection by at least two species, among ASGV, ASPV and ACLSV. The combined use of diagnostic methods helped overcome inconsistencies commonly found in apple virus detection and was shown essential for the AGB-Epagri can be safely used as a source of genetic variability and for the exchange of virus-free propagative material.

Existem diversos protocolos para a extração de DNA vegetal, que proporcionam concentrações e qualidade variáveis de DNA em função da interação entre os componentes das soluções de extração e os compostos dos tecidos vegetais interferentes, como polifenois e proteínas. O objetivo da realização do trabalho foi testar a eficiência de protocolos de extração de DNA a partir de folhas de macieira. Testou-se três protocolos de extração de DNA: Kit FastDNA® SPIN da MP Biomedicals; adaptação a partir do Mini Kit DNeasy® Plant da Qiagen; adaptação do protocolo CTAB. Foram utilizadas folhas jovens frescas e congeladas dos genótipos M-10/09, SCS426 Venice e SCS427 Elenise. A pureza e a concentração das amostras de DNA obtidas foram analisadas em espectrofotômetro. O DNA foi testado via reações de PCR com o iniciador SAND, que acessa uma região do genoma da macieira associada a um fator de transcrição. As maiores concentrações de DNA foram proporcionadas pelo protocolo CTAB adaptado. Já quanto à pureza, considerou-se satisfatório o protocolo adaptado a partir do Mini Kit DNeasy® Plant e o CTAB adaptado, enquanto que todos os protocolos foram eficientes para a amplificação dos fragmentos alvo via reações de PCR. Dessa forma, os três protocolos podem ser utilizados para a extração de DNA de macieira a partir de folhas. Contudo, com a utilização do protocolo CTAB observou-se elevada eficácia, em razão da maior qualidade e concentração de DNA extraído, além do menor custo relativo no processo de extração.

The objective of this study was to identify self-incompatibility (S) alleles of advanced breeding selections of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). The S-alleles of 42 apple genotypes were analyzed by markers using allele-specific PCR amplification and amplicons digested with restriction endonucleases. Among the screened genotypes were cultivars, advanced selections, and accessions of the Apple Germplasm Bank of Epagri (Cacador, Santa Catarina, Brazil). Two S-alleles were identified in 36 genotypes, and only one S-allele was determined in the other six genotypes. In all, eleven S-alleles were identified among all the genotypes evaluated. The S3 and S5 alleles were most frequent (30.2% and 19.8%, respectively). The identification of S-alleles using molecular markers in important apple tree genotypes is useful for determination of compatible parents for breeding programs.

Commercial apples are graded primarily by appearance and many new 'Fuji' apple strains have been planted in commercial orchards because of the enhanced red color of their skin. The fruit of most apple strains selected for skin color do not differ; however, some apple strains may produce fruit with different firmness and soluble solid content (SSC). This study compared the fruit quality and maturity of three 'Fuji' apple strains ('Fuji Suprema', 'Mishima', and ‘Fuji Select') grown in experimental orchards in southern Brazil. Fruit were harvested at two maturity stages: early, which were stored in air; and advanced, which were stored in a controlled atmosphere (CA). Storage conditions were selected to induce the development of different physiological disorders. Fruit quality was assessed one day after harvest and after 210 days of storage at 0.8 °C plus seven days at 22 °C, over three growing seasons. Skin color was the main variable that distinguished fruits of the three strains. The extent of red coloration was greater on the surface of 'Fuji Suprema’ apples than on 'Mishima’ or 'Fuji Select’, especially for early-harvest fruit. The pattern of fruit maturation on the tree was the same for the three strains and they showed similar starch index, SSC, and titratable acidity; flesh firmness was slightly (

Resumo – Os burrknots sao nodulos radiculares aereos que obstruem a vascularizacao das plantas de macieira, podendo causar o seu defnhamento. Comumente a avaliacao da ocorrencia desse disturbio se restringe a regiao do porta-enxerto. O objetvo do trabalho foi desenvolver uma escala de avaliacao da ocorrencia de burrknots em plantas copa de macieira, e apresentar uma aplicacao pratca da escala desenvolvida. Foram observadas plantas com diferentes intensidades de burrknots ao longo do caule e dos ramos, sendo classifcadas em cinco grupos distntos fenotpicamente (escala de 1 a 5). Na aplicacao pratca da escala foram avaliadas fenotpicamente 12 populacoes segregantes de macieira que permitram caracterizar o comportamento individual e medio das progenies e identfcar os genitores com maior potencial de transmitr esse carater aos seus hibridos. A escala sugerida foi efciente na avaliacao da ocorrencia de burrknots em macieira, demonstrando a sua aplicabilidade em estudos com diferentes fnalidades. Abstract - Burrknots are aerial root nodules that obstruct the vascularization of apple plants, which can cause depletion of the fruit tree. Usually, the evaluation of the occurrence of this disorder is restricted to the rootstock region. The objective of the study was to develop a scale for the evaluation of the occurrence of burrknots in the apple trees, and to present a practical application of the developed scale. Plants with different intensities of burrknots along the stem and branches were observed, which were classified into five phenotypically distinct groups for this disorder (scale 1 to 5). In the practical application of the scale, 12 segregating populations of apple trees were phenotypically evaluated, which allowed to characterize the individual and average behavior of the progenies, and to identify the parents with greater potential of transmitting this character to their hybrids. The suggested scale was efficient in the evaluation of the occurrence of burrknots in apple trees, demonstrating their applicability in studies with different purposes.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship among dry matter content (DMC) and maturity indexes at harvest and quality of Gala apples after storage. Apple fruit of four ?Gala? strains produced on two rootstocks and three growing regions were used for experiments 1 and 2. For all experiments, fruit harvest maturity was assessed one day after harvest and stored fruit was assessed after removal from storage plus seven days at 22 °C. For experiment 1, fruit were harvested weekly along the final stages of growth and maturation on the tree. For experiment 2, fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and stored under a controlled atmosphere at 0.7 oC for 195 days. For experiment 3, fruit from two orchards were harvested at commercial maturity and stored in air at 1oC for 50, 110, or 194 days. DMC did not change during the final stages of fruit growth, however, there were significant changes in fruit firmness, starch index, and soluble solids content (SSC) during the same period. At the commercial harvest, fruit DMC showed high correlation with SSC, titratable acidity (TA) and firmness. DMC assessed at the commercial harvest also showed high correlation after storage with SSC and TA but not with firmness or flesh browning (FB). DMC decreased slightly during storage. The results show that DMC is not a reliable index to determine Gala apple maturity at harvest, or to predict fruit firmness and FB after storage. However, DMC at harvest has potential to predict SSC and TA after storage, two important fruit quality traits. Fruit density at harvest showed utility to predict risk of flesh browning after storage. Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-19T17:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Relationship-among-dry-matter-content-and-maturity-indexes-2022.pdf: 1648133 bytes, checksum: dfb69ceee487067db59c60e2e7934b13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

Os burrknots são nódulos radiculares aéreos que obstruem a vascularização das plantas de macieira, podendo causar o seu definhamento. Comumente a avaliação da ocorrência desse distúrbio se restringe à região do porta-enxerto. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver uma escala de avaliação da ocorrência de burrknots em plantas copa de macieira, e apresentar uma aplicação prática da escala desenvolvida. Foram observadas plantas com diferentes intensidades de burrknots ao longo do caule e dos ramos, sendo classificadas em cinco grupos distintos fenotipicamente (escala de 1 a 5). Na aplicação prática da escala foram avaliadas fenotipicamente 12 populações segregantes de macieira que permitiram caracterizar o comportamento individual e médio das progênies e identificar os genitores com maior potencial de transmitir esse caráter aos seus híbridos. A escala sugerida foi eficiente na avaliação da ocorrência de burrknots em macieira, demonstrando a sua aplicabilidade em estudos com diferentes finalidades. Termos de indexação: Malus spp.; nódulos aéreos radiculares; metodologia de avaliação; caracterização fenotípica Abstract - Burrknots are aerial root nodules that obstruct the vascularization of apple plants, which can cause depletion of the fruit tree. Usually the evaluation of the occurrence of this disorder is restricted to the rootstock region. The objective of the study was to develop a scale for the evaluation of the occurrence of burrknots in the apple trees, and to present a practical application of the developed scale. Plants with different intensities of burrknots along the stem and branches were observed, which were classified into five phenotypically distinct groups for this disorder (scale 1 to 5). In the practical application of the scale, 12 segregating populations of apple trees were phenotypically evaluated, which allowed to characterize the individual and average behavior of the progenies, and to identify the parents with greater potential of transmitting this character to their hybrids. The suggested scale was efficient in the evaluation of the occurrence of burrknots in apple trees, demonstrating their applicability in studies with different purposes. Index terms: Malus spp.; root aerial nodules; assessment methodology; phenotypic characterization Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-18T00:12:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1Brancheretal2018.pdf: 926139 bytes, checksum: 9c3bcedf4a4a07c45734d855c5fc68db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-14