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Publisher Summary This chapter briefly discusses the strengths and limitations of long-term memory and their implications for the design of interactive systems and describes important differences between two functions of long-term memory: recognition and recall. The neural pattern resulting from a perception is determined not only by the features of the perception, but also by the context in which it occurs. Similar perceptions in similar contexts cause similar patterns of neural activity. Repeated activation of a particular neural pattern makes that pattern easier to reactivate in the future. Over time, connections between neural patterns develop in such a way that activating one pattern activates the other. Patterns of neural activity, which is what memories are, can be activated in two different ways: by more perceptions coming in from the senses, and by other brain activity. In addition, this chapter also explains recognition versus recall: implications for UI design.

Stem cells give rise to the entirety of cells within an organ. Maintaining stem cell identity and coordinately regulating stem cell divisions is crucial for proper development. In plants, mobile proteins, such as WOX5 and SHR, regulate divisions in the root stem cell niche (SCN). However, how these proteins coordinately function to establish systemic behavior is not well understood. We propose a non-cell autonomous role for WOX5 in the CEI and identify a regulator, AN3/GIF1, that coordinates CEI divisions. Here we show with a multiscale hybrid model integrating ODEs and agent-based modeling that QC and CEI divisions have different dynamics. Specifically, by combining continuous models to describe regulatory networks and agent-based rules, we model systemic behavior, which led us to predict cell-type-specific expression dynamics of SHR, SCR, WOX5, AN3, and CYCD6;1, and experimentally validate CEI cell divisions. Conclusively, our results show an interdependency between CEI and QC divisions.Thumbnail image

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the frequency with which kid influencers promote branded and unbranded food and drinks during their YouTube videos and assess the nutritional quality of food and drinks shown. METHODS: Researchers used Socialbakers data to identify the 5 most-watched kid influencers (ages 3 to 14 years) on YouTube in 2019. We searched for 50 of their most-watched videos and 50 of their videos that featured food and/or drinks on the thumbnail image of the video. We coded whether kid influencers consumed or played with food or toys, quantified the number of minutes food and/or drinks appeared, and recorded names of branded food and/or drinks. We assessed the nutritional quality of foods using the Nutrient Profile Model and identified the number of drinks with added sugar. RESULTS: A sample of 418 YouTube videos met the search criteria, and 179 of those videos featured food and/or drinks. Food and/or drinks were featured in those videos 291 times. Kid influencers’ YouTube videos were collectively viewed >48 billion times, and videos featuring food and/or drinks were viewed 1 billion times. Most food and/or drinks were unhealthy branded items (n = 263; 90.34%; eg, McDonald’s), followed by unhealthy unbranded items (n = 12; 4.1%; eg, hot dogs), healthy unbranded items (n = 9; 3.1%; eg, fruit), and healthy branded items (n = 7; 2.4%; eg, Yoplait yogurt). CONCLUSIONS: Kid influencers generate millions of impressions for unhealthy food and drink brands through product placement. The Federal Trade Commission should strengthen regulations regarding product placement on YouTube videos featuring young children.

A large number of images are generated and uploaded to the cloud, due to the rapid development of IT and networking technologies. To prevent unauthorized access, image encryption is a way that can ensure the safety of images. However, the encrypted image is noisy, which is not suitable for further management and application. Some scholars have recently proposed the concept of Thumbnail Preserving Encryption (TPE). The encrypted image not only achieves privacy protection, but also preserves the properties of thumbnails. Therefore, when an image is encrypted by TPE, it is possible for the thumbnail image to retain similar appearance after encryption, allowing a quick overview of the encrypted image. In this paper, we propose a new TPE method to resolve the problems that may arise in methods used by cryptography scholars such as Tajik. Experimental results show that our TPE method retained the same thumbnail appearance before and after encryption.

The booming of video on demand (VOD) provides numerous TV series and movies for users to watch anywhere at any time. As the amount of video contents available for viewing grows explosively, thumbnail image representation of video works as a surrogate and facilitates quick and easy video retrieval. Unlike previous work, which considers representativeness as the main criterion for thumbnail image selection, the work described in this paper incorporates attractiveness as an additional criterion. Our idea is based on the observation that thumbnail image for VOD services should not only convey the gist of the video but also intrigue the users. We propose a two-stage method that efficiently utilizes visual features to select a thumbnail image from each TV series. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a subjective test. The results provide further insight into the user preference.

YouTube has become one of the most influential channels in recent years. There are an enormous number of videos on the platform, but few of them are popular, getting placed in the “Trending” section. But, videos on this list have different stories. Some of them will get constant popularity and others will fade out. Many researchers have analyzed what will make a video become popular. However, no study has focused on how long a video maintains its popularity. In addition, the content similarity between the thumbnail image and the title has been neglected, although it appears to play an important role in social media posts (e.g. blogs, Instagram). We measure the variable, content similarity, by analyzing the thumbnail image and text. This study investigates the impact of this new variable on popular videos’ survival to give YouTubers and advertisers insights into video marketing. Also, our suggested approach can achieve new academic results in the research of YouTube.

Thumbnail images are discreet, yet central navigational tools in increasingly complex visual information environments. Indeed, without thumbnail images there would be no image search: they are an inherent part of the information architecture of most digital information platforms. Yet, how might we understand the role of the thumbnail as an attention technology in the digital economy? And what kind of aesthetic does it produce? This paper examines the legal negotiations of the thumbnail image and the ensuing decision to conceptualize the thumbnail as a functional image against the cultural history of visual attention technologies and the aesthetics of their connective function. Such an endeavour, we propose, allows us to understand and appreciate the significant digital economy and particular aesthetic of the thumbnail image despite its apparent subtlety.

In 1995 Bill Gates purchased the Bettmann Archive, canonical repository of the pictorial past. Gates’ corporation Corbis moved the collection to Iron Mountain, an underground data-prison, promising to digitize a fraction of the collection and restrict access to the rest. This was not a break with established routines of picture trafficking, but a continuation of the cultural commerce of Otto Bettmann himself. This chapter juxtaposes the career of the Bettmann cultural establishment with the pictorial output of other Weimar practitioners, notably Eduard Fuchs and Herbert Bayer, illuminating what was at stake in rival modes of global image banking. Despite continuities in service delivery, a profound difference of aesthetic allegiance separates Bettmann and Corbis–Bettmann, centered on the role of historicity in the manufacture of image banks.

Multi-state objects, or MSOs as they are commonly referred to, add a wealth of opportunity with interactive publications. MSOs can be used with fixed layout EPUBs and Adobe Publish Online (Preview). You can export a document with MSOs to Interactive PDF files with a workaround, but unfortunately they only work on desktop computers. As of this writing, I haven’t found a PDF reader that supports MSOs in PDF files.

Thumbnail image of graphical abstract Heat-treated alloy FePt nanoparticles transform into L10 FePt and mixed L10/L12 FePt3 intermetallic phases. Enrichment in Pt in some nanoparticles, rather than intrinsic thermodynamic effects, drives phase segregation. FePt nanoparticles of uniform, equimolar composition are expected to transform into phase-pure, highly ordered L10 FePt nanoparticles.

More books are appearing in digital format. While you could buy a separate e-reader, you can also turn your Macintosh into an e-reader. That way you can read your favorite e-books anywhere you can take your computer.

When you use most programs such as a word processor or a spreadsheet, you’ll need to save data. That way the next time you need that data, you can use or modify it without having to retype everything all over again.

Many people share PDF files but many times you may need to modify the contents of those PDF files. That could mean filling out forms or adding a signature. Fortunately, you can modify PDF files on a Macintosh so you never need to buy special PDF editing software.

When a voluntary action is followed by an unexpected stimulus, a late positive potential (LPP) with a posterior scalp distribution is elicited in a latency range of 500-700 ms. In the present study, we examined what type of mismatch between expectations and action outcomes was reflected by the LPP. Twelve student volunteers participated in a task simulating choice of TV programs. After choosing one of three options displayed as a cue stimulus, they viewed a second stimulus (still TV image). To manipulate the type of expectation, three kinds of cue conditions were used: thumbnail image condition (three small TV images), category label condition (three words), and no cue condition (three question marks). Over trials, the second stimulus either matched (p = .80) or mismatched (p = .20) the chosen option. As compared to matched TV images, mismatched TV images elicited a larger LPP (500-700 ms) in the thumbnail image and category label conditions. In addition, a larger centroparietal P3 (400-450 ms) was elicited to mismatched TV images in the thumbnail image condition alone. LPP reflects a conceptual mismatch between a category-based expectation and an ensuing action outcome, whereas P3 reflects a perceptual mismatch between an image-based expectation and an action outcome.

Touch is everywhere. There was a time, not long ago, when the idea of using touch as the sole method for interacting with a PC might have seemed outlandish. The popularity of smartphones and tablets, however, has proven not only that is touch here to stay, but also that we can do some pretty powerful things with it.