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Background: The WHO and CDC recommend that HCWs who are at risk of HBV infection should vaccinate as adults early in their career by receiving 3 doses of HB vaccine at a schedule of months 0,1,6 and perform post-vaccination serological testing 1–2 months after vaccination. This study assessed adherence to all three components of the HBV vaccination program. Methods: The study was a hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study involving 340 HCWs who were randomly selected. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data which was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The proportion of HCWs adhering to the three components of the HBV vaccination protocol was computed. The multivariable analysis procedure identified the factors associated with overall adherence. Odds ratios were estimated with corresponding confidence intervals with the level of significance set at 0.05. Results: HBV vaccination coverage was 60.9 % and adherence to 3-doses, 0,1,6 vaccination schedules and post-vaccination serological testing were 46.8 %, 38 % and 13 % respectively. Overall adherence was intermediate at the population level with only 6.2 % of the study participants adhering to all three components of the HBV vaccination protocol. HCWs who had low-risk perception for HBV had the lowest odds of completely adhering to all three indicators recommended for HBV vaccination (aOR = 0.15; 95 %CI = 0.04–0.58). Also, male HCWs have lower odds of adhering to all three components of HBV vaccination compared to their female counterparts (aOR = 0.65; 95 %CI = 1.17–2.50). Conclusion: Adherence to the three components of HBV vaccination recommended for HCWs is low in this study. Failure to receive the recommended three-dose series of HBV vaccine at the recommended 0,1,6 schedule has implications for achieving seroprotection or development of antibodies against HBV. Failure to perform post-vaccination testing 1–2 months after HBV vaccination has implications for timely PEP management following occupational exposures. All three components of an ideal HBV vaccination program are important and should be used collectively to guide facility led HCW vaccination programs. Occupational health and safety programs, Infection prevention and control, as well as health promotion campaigns in health facilities, should promote adherence to all three components of HBV vaccination programs.

It is widely believed in the current theoretical circle that the " three components" education which started in the late 1970s and early 1980s entered China through Japan and Hong Kong. Back in the early 1980s the arts and crafts education circle at that time today's design education circle had an intense debate on what is the best basic training method around "pattern teaching" and " three components" and a vigorous discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the two teaching proposals. As a result two different ideological camps were formed. We reviewed the academic career of Mr. Zhuge Kai. He not only had deep feelings for traditional Chinese culture but also held an open attitude towards Western design theory. In terms of methods he interpreted the connotation and denotation of design culture from the perspective of " cross-culture" striving to reach a consensus on " the diversity of design basis the difference of culture and the historicity and purpose of design" . Especially for Western popular design thoughts and ideas he had always been cautious open and rigorous. Therefore Mr. Zhuge Kai's academic thought is eclectic on the one hand we still need to return to the theoretical thinking of the debate between "pattern" and "design" and perhaps the answer still needs to be further enriched and improved on the other hand to some extent Mr. Zhuge Kai's design theory is the most comprehensive and easily accepted by most people. Besides the so-called "eclecticism" can also be said to be a comprehensive judgment based on the contemporary thinking and development of the theoretical construction of design. It can be said that it is a beneficial exploration of the sinicization of design theory and it also expands the space and points out the direction for the later "Chinese School" and "Oriental Design" research of design theory. Starting with the dispute over the interpretation of the terms "pattern" and "design" this paper analyzes the foundation of theoretical construction of modern design science from the perspective of pattern and pattern theory discusses Mr. Zhuge Kai's eclectic academic thought of seeking a breakthrough in a specific time and space discusses the time value of Mr. Zhuge Kai's design academic thought from the perspective of theoretical construction of design science sorts out Mr. Zhuge Kai's academic contribution in the dimension of " historiography" and then clarifies his theoretical contribution in the process of excessive construction from pattern theory to design theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The addition of oxygen promoted the generation of bio-oil. • Oxygen promoted the depolymerization of three components at a lower temperature range (＜500 °C) • Oxygen enhanced the polymerization of volatiles from cellulose and lignin at high temperatures. • Oxygen inhibited the generation of heavy components in hemicellulose-oil by volatile oxidation. • Oxygen as a binder promoted the generation of phenolic compounds of heavy components in lignin-oil. Biomass oxidative pyrolysis introduces restricted oxygen into the reaction zone, realizing autothermal pyrolysis to address the heat supply challenges inherent in large-scale applications. However, heavy components (＞200 Da) in bio-oil are critical precursors that lead to coke formation upon heating, which hinders the utilization of bio-oil. In this study, the conventional and oxidative pyrolysis experiments of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in a fix-bed reactor were conducted at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 800 °C, aiming to investigate the evolution of heavy components in bio-oil during biomass oxidative pyrolysis. The results showed that the addition of oxygen promoted the generation of bio-oil. Compared to conventional pyrolysis, the addition of oxygen mostly increased the yields of cellulose-oil, hemicellulose-oil, and lignin-oil by 28.21 %, 10.94 %, and 16.84 %, respectively. Further comprehensive analysis revealed that oxygen promoted the depolymerization of three components at a lower temperature range (＜ 500 °C). With increasing temperatures, oxygen enhanced the polymerization of volatiles from cellulose and lignin, where oxygen, acting as a binder, promoted the generation of phenolic compounds of heavy components in lignin-oil. Conversely, as the temperature increased, oxygen enhanced the oxidative decomposition of volatiles from hemicellulose, inhibiting the generation of heavy components in hemicellulose-oil. To sum up, this study presented a global evolution route of heavy components in bio-oil during oxidative pyrolysis of three components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the concentrated photo-thermal thermogravimetry analyzer (PT-TGA) reactor, the pyrolysis of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin with different ratios at 100 °C/min and 550–850 °C was performed. The interaction among the three components significantly reduced the reaction temperatures and increased the maximum weight loss rate. The cellulose/lignin interactions were the main reason for the increase of gas production, especially for the H 2 production which reached 128.13 mL/g biomass, much higher than the calculated value of 75.35 mL/g biomass without considering the interactions. What occurred during the co-pyrolysis of cellulose/lignin was the combination of free radicals without consuming the hydrogen radicals, while the formation of chemicals in others' interactions integrated with the hydrogen radicals inhibited the production of H 2 at high temperatures. For full-component pyrolysis, the yield of C-containing gas can be calculated by adding a coefficient of interaction between two components, indicating that the effect of the three-component interaction was much lower than that of the two-component. This study established the interaction mechanism for the three components of biomass during photo-thermal pyrolysis based on free radicals. [Display omitted] • Inner-particle reaction significantly accelerated the fast pyrolysis process. • C-containing gases of components mixed in different ratios could be predicted. • Radicals from hemicellulose only promoted C-containing gas yields before 650 °C. • The combination of radicals from cellulose/lignin enhanced the production of H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyrolysis kinetics, heat endothermic and exothermic characteristics and gases formation of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and their mixtures were investigated by TG-DSC-MS to understand the interaction of biomass three components and its influence on the pyrolysis gas products. It was found that there were complex interactions among three components, and the activation energy of mixtures pyrolysis was mainly divided into two stages. During the pyrolysis process, cellulose could promote the decomposition of lignin and hemicellulose, while hemicelluloses might restrain the decomposition of cellulose and lignin. Furthermore, lignin promoted the decomposition of hemicelluloses but inhibited the decomposition of cellulose. The interactions also had a great influence on the gas products. The gas products generated during pyrolysis of three components were mainly H 2 , CO, H 2 O and CO 2. Hemicellulose and lignin promote H 2 release, while cellulose and lignin inhibit the release of H 2 O and CO 2 , and all three components restrain the release of CO. The effect of hemicellulose on H 2 O and CO 2 would depend on pyrolysis temperature of 325 °C. • Evaluation of the interactions between three components by different methods. • Lignin inhibits the pyrolysis of cellulose and promotes hemicellulose by DSC data. • On-line release characteristics of typical volatile products during pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we describe a practical protocol for efficient, mild, visible‐light‐induced three‐component intermolecular trifluoromethyl‐alkenylation reactions of unactivated alkenes. The protocol has good functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope. Using this protocol, we not only introduced a trifluoromethyl group into alkenes but also converted unactivated alkenes to styrene‐based activated alkenes, in addition to accomplishing late‐stage functionalization of pharmaceutical intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The WHO and CDC recommend that HCWs who are at risk of HBV infection should vaccinate as adults early in their career by receiving 3 doses of HB vaccine at a schedule of months 0,1,6 and perform post-vaccination serological testing 1-2 months after vaccination. This study assessed adherence to all three components of the HBV vaccination program., Methods: The study was a hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study involving 340 HCWs who were randomly selected. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data which was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The proportion of HCWs adhering to the three components of the HBV vaccination protocol was computed. The multivariable analysis procedure identified the factors associated with overall adherence. Odds ratios were estimated with corresponding confidence intervals with the level of significance set at 0.05., Results: HBV vaccination coverage was 60.9 % and adherence to 3-doses, 0,1,6 vaccination schedules and post-vaccination serological testing were 46.8 %, 38 % and 13 % respectively. Overall adherence was intermediate at the population level with only 6.2 % of the study participants adhering to all three components of the HBV vaccination protocol. HCWs who had low-risk perception for HBV had the lowest odds of completely adhering to all three indicators recommended for HBV vaccination (aOR = 0.15; 95 %CI = 0.04-0.58). Also, male HCWs have lower odds of adhering to all three components of HBV vaccination compared to their female counterparts (aOR = 0.65; 95 %CI = 1.17-2.50)., Conclusion: Adherence to the three components of HBV vaccination recommended for HCWs is low in this study. Failure to receive the recommended three-dose series of HBV vaccine at the recommended 0,1,6 schedule has implications for achieving seroprotection or development of antibodies against HBV. Failure to perform post-vaccination testing 1-2 months after HBV vaccination has implications for timely PEP management following occupational exposures. All three components of an ideal HBV vaccination program are important and should be used collectively to guide facility led HCW vaccination programs. Occupational health and safety programs, Infection prevention and control, as well as health promotion campaigns in health facilities, should promote adherence to all three components of HBV vaccination programs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

The one‐pot three‐component synthesis of a variety of α‐aminonitriles has been studied using a catalytic amount of a sulfonic acid‐functionalized ordered nanoporous carbon catalyst, CMK‐5‐SO3H, at room temperature under solvent‐free reaction conditions. The heterogeneous catalyst could be readily isolated from the reaction mixture and reused at least ten times without significant loss in activity. A clean, rapid and simple method for the preparation of α‐aminonitriles using the recoverable CMK‐5‐SO3H catalyst is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns global existence and finite time blow-up behavior of positive solutions for a nonlinear reaction-diffusion system with different diffusion coefficients. By use of algebraic matrix theory and modern analytical theory, we extend results of Wang (Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 51:160-167, 2000) to a more general system. Furthermore, we give a complete answer to the open problem which was brought forward in Wang (Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 51:160-167, 2000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To gain a better understanding of the effect of the interactions between two biomass components (cellulose-lignin and xylan-lignin) on ligninderived phenolic products, two analysis methods are introduced. With 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 ratios of cellulose and lignin, and xylan and lignin, the mixtures were subjected to fast pyrolysis, which was carried out in a fixed-bed tubular furnace at 450 to 600 °C. The phenolic content in the bio-oils was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The product distributions showed that cellulose, xylan, and lignin were the main contributors to the mass of biomass bio-oil, gas, and char, respectively. The char yields decreased and the bio-oil and gas yields increased in the presences of cellulose and xylan. Comparative analyses of both the phenol content and peak area of the two methods suggest that in the case of cellulose and lignin co-pyrolysis, the formation of three kinds of phenolic products is promoted. The strength of this positive effect increased with increasing lignin content. However, the production of hydroxyphenols is promoted, while the productions of guaiacols and syringols are inhibited by the effect of xylan, which creates a different interaction between xylan and lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PbO nanoparticles were explored as a highly efficient, simple, cheap, and recyclable catalyst for the fast synthesis of 1 H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione derivatives by means of a one-pot three-component reaction of phthalhydrazide, aromatic aldehyde, and malononitrile under solvent-free conditions at 80 °C. Furthermore, nanosized PbO was prepared by the two conventional methods of planetary ball milling and dispersion of commercial PbO in n-octane, and their catalytic performances were compared with the commercial bulk PbO. The prepared nano-PbO via ball milling was described by SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The present protocol conveyed major proficiencies such as the use of a reasonable and readily available catalyst, simple work-up and purification of products by nonchromatographic strategy, low reaction times, and enhanced yields under relatively environmental benign conditions. The heterogeneous catalyst was appropriately recyclable and could be reused for several times without loss of activity. Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonyl compounds are important precursors of free radicals, ozone (O 3), and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. Biomass burning is an important source of carbonyl compounds. To explore the formation pathway of carbonyl compounds from biomass burning and the effects of fuel composition and burning conditions, this study performed tube-furnace combustion experiments using three biomass types (rice straw, pine, and poplar) and their three component extracts (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) at seven ignition temperatures (300–900 °C, 100 °C gradient) and two oxygen concentrations (21% and 10.5%). The results showed that the average emission factors of carbonyl compounds (EF CC) from rice straw, pine, and poplar were 2.28 ± 1.72, 3.09 ± 2.98, and 2.90 ± 2.78 g/kg, respectively. EF CC were significantly higher (5.37 ± 0.25 g/kg) in lower temperature (300–500 °C) stage than in higher temperature (0.55 ± 0.03 g/kg). Furthermore, oxygen reduction promoted the emission of carbonyl compounds, increasing the EF CC by 21.6% on average. The average EF CC for the three components of biomass decreased in the order of cellulose (3.78 ± 3.90 g/kg), hemicellulose (2.90 ± 2.60 g/kg) and lignin (1.98 ± 1.72 g/kg), and their CCs profiles were also different. Cellulose and hemicellulose produced more formaldehyde and acetaldehyde than lignin, contributing 71.1 ± 12.6%, 69.0 ± 4.4% and 62.4 ± 15.5% in CCs, respectively. Acetone was mainly produced by the combustion of hemicellulose and lignin. Aromatic aldehydes were mainly produced by lignin burning, and also were significantly affected by temperature, the proportion under higher temperature is 2.7 times that under lower temperature. The EF CC values by weighted average calculation from the three components were good matched with those of parent fuels (r = 0.98), while the fitting results for those species such as aromatic aldehydes were relatively weak (r = 0.66), showing that there are different formation pathways and sensitivity to fuel composition and burning condition among different CCs. [Display omitted] • Emission factors(EF) and compositions of 19 carbonyls are quantified from the combustion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. • The formation pathways of carbonyl compounds under various conditions are discussed. • The calculated EFs of carbonyls from the three components are good agreement with parent fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo shavings hierarchical porous carbon (BPC) possesses excellent prospects for applications in supercapacitors. Herein, the formation mechanism of the hierarchical porous structure of BPC is systematically investigated in an attempt to clarify the role of three components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) in bamboo shavings on the pore structure and electrochemical properties of BPC. An efficient three-component separation method of bamboo shavings is proposed. We adopt a green activation strategy of CO 2 -catalyzed induction of small doses of K 2 CO 3 to prepare bamboo shavings and their different components into honeycomb-like hierarchical porous carbons with excellent supercapacitor performance. The findings demonstrate that cellulose and hemicellulose mainly provide the microporous structure for BPC. Lignin provides not only a large number of mesopores but also abundant micropores. Compared with porous carbon derived from other components, lignin-derived porous carbon exhibits the optimal specific capacitance (273 Fg−1 at 0.5 Ag−1) and rate performance (capacity retention of 82.6% at 20 Ag−1) attributed to the largest specific surface area (1985 m2g−1) and micro-mesopore volume, indicating that lignin provides an important guarantee for the excellent specific capacitance and rate performance of BPC. The cellulose-derived porous carbon demonstrates superior cycling stability (98.2% capacitance retention over 15,000 cycles) due to its extraordinary electrical conductivity and stable carbon backbone, which means that cellulose is essential to the outstanding cycling stability of the BPC. Furthermore, the existence of hemicellulose also promotes the electrochemical performance of BPC to some extent. With the combined action of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, the BPC demonstrates excellent electrochemical properties. This work provides a promising ideas for the subsequent adjustment of pore structure and optimization of electrochemical properties of biomass-derived carbon by adjusting the content of each component in biomass. An efficient three-component separation method of bamboo shavings is adopted. The role of different components of bamboo shavings on the hierarchical porous structure and electrochemical properties of BPC is clarified. [Display omitted] • An efficient three-component separation method of bamboo shavings is adopted. • BPC exhibits a honeycomb-like hierarchical porous structure. • The role of different components on porous structure and electrochemical properties of BPC is clarified. • Excellent rate capability and superior cycling stability are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two different heterocycles, thiazole-2-imines and imidazole-2-thiones, have been conveniently synthesized by just altering the sequential order (1 + 2 + 3or1 + 3 + 2) when combining the same components [aryl amine (1), aryl isothiocyanate (2), and phenacyl bromide (3)] in one-pot, three-component protocols. The third possible sequential order of combination (2 + 3 + 1) chemoselectively affords thiazole-2-imine. The finding is a stepping stone in the synthetic applicability of sequential one-pot, three-component protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we present a method for generating orthogonal three-component gradients based on self-assembled monolayers on gold. Our proposed method uses a surface chemical reaction which follows first-order reaction kinetics. A quinone-presenting monolayer was subjected to two sequential reduction steps in perpendicular directions, to yield an orthogonal amine gradient on the surface. The three components were conjugated to the amine functionality during all reduction steps, yielding the surface with orthogonal three-component gradients. In our method, the ligand densities of different components can be precisely modulatory and predictable, and the resulting amine group is well suited to various conjugation reagents. Thus, we suggest that our proposed method can be used as a general platform for preparing three-component gradients consisting not only of small organic molecules but also of macro(bio)molecules such as proteins, oligonucleotides, and nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boundaries of the set of feasible bilinear solutions for three-component systems have been estimated in the presence of noise, as a sequel of a previous report on two-component data sets. Simulations involving a significant degree of overlap among component profiles in both matrix modes have been analyzed using FACPACK and the recently described sensor-wise N-BANDS model. The latter computes the upper and lower envelopes of the set of profiles showing maximum and minimum intensity at each sensor. For three and more components, the graphical representation of the extreme profiles corresponding to maximum and minimum signal contribution function provided by methods such as MCR-BANDS and N-BANDS do not enclose, in general, the full set of feasible profiles. The present results were obtained under non-negativity as the only constraint on the profiles, and were successfully compared with those obtained using a noise addition procedure. A three-component experimental system was also analyzed regarding the combined effect of rotational ambiguity and instrumental noise. • The combined effect of rotational ambiguity and noise is studied. • Sensor wise N-BANDS and FACPACK algorithms are applied. • Results for a simulated three-component system are compared. • An experimental system is analyzed using both models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]