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In medicine and psychology, the study of human behavioral responses to various stimuli has more than 100 years. Eating behavior is a special form of interaction between an individual and food, including a complex of unconditioned reflexes and conscious decisions that determines the amount and composition of food eaten under various conditions. The authors undertook an analysis of current data regarding the classification of eating disorders, as well as known methods of diagnostic evaluation.

Abstract Background Adolescents and young adults around the world experience high rates of weight gain. The underlying eating behaviours that may lead to overconsumption of energy are complex and can depend on a number of factors. The aim of this study was to explore if eating behaviour among adolescents and young adults referred to specialized obesity treatment differed depending on sex, body composition, and parental country of birth. Methods Adolescents and young adults aged 16–25 years, referred for obesity treatment in 2018–2021 were included in the study. Eating behaviour was assessed using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, comprising domains of uncontrolled-, emotional- and cognitive restraint eating. Student’s t-test was used to compare differences in eating behaviour scores between males and females, and between those having at least one parent born in a Nordic country and those with both parents born outside the Nordic countries. Associations between BMI, waist circumference, and body fat percentage, and eating behaviour as the dependent variable, were examined using linear regression. Results A total of 463 participants, mean age 21 years and mean BMI 41.3 kg/m2, were included in the analysis. Females scored statistically significantly higher than males on emotional eating (45.8 vs. 35.4, p = 0.002) and cognitive restraint eating (45.4 vs. 39.2, p = 0.009). Participants with at least one parent born in a Nordic country reported a statistically significantly lower score of uncontrolled eating (45.7 vs. 51.3, p = 0.02) compared to participants with both parents born outside the Nordic countries. Further, there were statistically significant inverse associations between cognitive restraint eating scores and BMI (β=-0.64, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.31), waist circumference (β=-0.44, 95%CI: -0.61 to -0.27) and body fat percentage (β=-0.57, 95%CI: -1.01 to -0.14) in models adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and civil status. Conclusion Our findings suggest that sex and parental country of birth may influence eating behaviours among adolescents and young adults referred for specialist obesity treatment. We also found that cognitive restraint eating decreased with increasing BMI, waist circumference, and body fat percentage. This indicates that there may be an inverse association between the ability to restrain oneself from eating and gaining weight, however, the direction of the association must be investigated further. Increased knowledge about eating behaviours may be valuable in the clinical setting.

Background: Adolescents and young adults around the world experience high rates of weight gain. The underlying eating behaviours that may lead to overconsumption of energy are complex and can depend on a number of factors. The aim of this study was to explore if eating behaviour among adolescents and young adults referred to specialized obesity treatment differed depending on sex, body composition, and parental country of birth.Methods: Adolescents and young adults aged 16-25 years, referred for obesity treatment in 2018-2021 were included in the study. Eating behaviour was assessed using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, comprising domains of uncontrolled-, emotional- and cognitive restraint eating. Student's t-test was used to compare differences in eating behaviour scores between males and females, and between those having at least one parent born in a Nordic country and those with both parents born outside the Nordic countries. Associations between BMI, waist circumference, and body fat percentage, and eating behaviour as the dependent variable, were examined using linear regression.Results: A total of 463 participants, mean age 21 years and mean BMI 41.3 kg/m2, were included in the analysis. Females scored statistically significantly higher than males on emotional eating (45.8 vs. 35.4, p = 0.002) and cognitive restraint eating (45.4 vs. 39.2, p = 0.009). Participants with at least one parent born in a Nordic country reported a statistically significantly lower score of uncontrolled eating (45.7 vs. 51.3, p = 0.02) compared to participants with both parents born outside the Nordic countries. Further, there were statistically significant inverse associations between cognitive restraint eating scores and BMI (β=-0.64, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.31), waist circumference (β=-0.44, 95%CI: -0.61 to -0.27) and body fat percentage (β=-0.57, 95%CI: -1.01 to -0.14) in models adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and civil status.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sex and parental country of birth may influence eating behaviours among adolescents and young adults referred for specialist obesity treatment. We also found that cognitive restraint eating decreased with increasing BMI, waist circumference, and body fat percentage. This indicates that there may be an inverse association between the ability to restrain oneself from eating and gaining weight, however, the direction of the association must be investigated further. Increased knowledge about eating behaviours may be valuable in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary Objective Identifying predictors of early weight loss may have value in predicting longer‐term success in weight loss programmes. This study examined if weight history variables (ie, weight cycling history [WCH], age of onset of obesity [AOO]), and preintervention Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Power of Food Scale (PFS) scores predicted weight loss (WL) and fat mass loss (FML) following a 3‐week calorie restriction intervention. Methods Thirty‐two participants (19‐60 y; body mass index [BMI] 30‐39.9 kg/m2) participated in a 3‐week calorie restriction intervention (1120 kcal/d) as part of a larger clinical trial with 28 completers included in the current analyses. Preintervention WCH, AOO, TFEQ, and PFS subscale scores were collected, and WL and FML were measured. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to predict WL and FML for relevant covariates in this study. Results WCH, AOO, preintervention TFEQ subscale scores, and PFS subscale scores did not predict WL (all Ps > .08) or FML (Ps > .06) except, PFS‐food tasted scores significantly predicted WL (r = −0.40, P = .03). Conclusion Although these variables were not robust predictors, results for at least the PFS suggest there may be value in further exploring this measure using larger sample sizes.

Summary: Objective: Identifying predictors of early weight loss may have value in predicting longer‐term success in weight loss programmes. This study examined if weight history variables (ie, weight cycling history [WCH], age of onset of obesity [AOO]), and preintervention Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Power of Food Scale (PFS) scores predicted weight loss (WL) and fat mass loss (FML) following a 3‐week calorie restriction intervention. Methods: Thirty‐two participants (19‐60 y; body mass index [BMI] 30‐39.9 kg/m2) participated in a 3‐week calorie restriction intervention (1120 kcal/d) as part of a larger clinical trial with 28 completers included in the current analyses. Preintervention WCH, AOO, TFEQ, and PFS subscale scores were collected, and WL and FML were measured. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to predict WL and FML for relevant covariates in this study. Results: WCH, AOO, preintervention TFEQ subscale scores, and PFS subscale scores did not predict WL (all Ps >.08) or FML (Ps >.06) except, PFS‐food tasted scores significantly predicted WL (r = −0.40, P =.03). Conclusion: Although these variables were not robust predictors, results for at least the PFS suggest there may be value in further exploring this measure using larger sample sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: the increase in prevalence of eating disorders in the population has brought with it an interest in evaluating the nutritional patterns of the adult population in order to increase individual health and wellbeing. Objectives: to analyze the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) in order to find out if it is a valid model for adult populations without any eating pathology in different cultures and societies by analyzing its psychometric properties and structure and proposing the best version or model for application to healthcare professionals, specifically in nursing. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive analysis was done in a sample of adult nurses with no food pathology. Nine hundred and eighty-three working nurses aged 22 to 57 were selected. The 18-item version of the TFEQ was used. Results: the 18-item model with three factors showed the best fit (χ2/gl = 4,594; CFI = 0.945; TLI = 0.935; RMSEA = 0.061). The ΔCFI between model 1 (whole base model) and the rest of the models was 0.004, so configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance is accepted. Conclusions: the results described show the validity and consistency of the TFEQ as an instrument in the scope of adults with no pathology working in healthcare, specifically nursing, for evaluating eating behavior, and not exclusively for diagnosis, but also for intervention at the governmental and organizational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating behaviors are closely related to body weight, and eating traits are depicted in three dimensions: dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. The current study aims to explore whether these aspects of eating behaviors are related to intrinsic brain activation, and to further investigate the relationship between the brain activation relating to these eating traits and body weight, as well as the link between function connectivity (FC) of the correlative brain regions and body weight. Our results demonstrated positive associations between dietary restraint and baseline activation of the frontal and the temporal regions (i.e., food reward encoding) and the limbic regions (i.e., homeostatic control, including the hypothalamus). Disinhibition was positively associated with the activation of the frontal motivational system (i.e., OFC) and the premotor cortex. Hunger was positively related to extensive activations in the prefrontal, temporal, and limbic, as well as in the cerebellum. Within the brain regions relating to dietary restraint, weight status was negatively correlated with FC of the left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus, and was positively associated with the FC of regions in the anterior temporal gyrus and fusiform visual cortex. Weight status was positively associated with the FC within regions in the prefrontal motor cortex and the right ACC serving inhibition, and was negatively related with the FC of regions in the frontal cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits responding to hunger control. Our data depicted an association between intrinsic brain activation and dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger, and presented the links of their activations and FCs with weight status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Bariatric surgery is the most efficient treatment of severe obesity. We investigated to what extent BMI- or waist-hip ratio (WHR)-related genetic variants are associated with excess BMI loss (EBMIL) two years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, and elucidated the affected biological pathways. Methods:Two-hundred fifty-one obese patients (age: 43 ± 10.7, preoperative BMI: 45.1 ± 6.1 kg/m2, 186 women) underwent RYGB surgery and were followed up after two years with regard to BMI. Patients were genotyped for 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were investigated with regard to their impact on response to RYGB and preoperatively measured Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) scores. Results:Homozygous T carriers of the SNP rs4846567 in proximity to the Lysophospholipase-like 1 (LYPLAL1) gene showed a 7% higher EBMIL compared to wild-type and heterozygous carriers (p = 0.031). TT-allele carriers showed furthermore lower scores for Hunger (74%,p < 0.001), lower Disinhibition (53%,p < 0.001), and higher Cognitive restraint (21%,p = 0.017) than GG/GT carriers in the TFEQ. Patients within the lowest quartile of Hunger scores had a 32% greater EBMIL compared to patients in the highest quartile (p < 0.001). Conclusion:TheLYPLAL1genotype is associated with differences in eating behavior and loss of extensive body weight following RYGB surgery. Genotyping and the use of eating behavior-related questionnaires may help to estimate the RYGB-associated therapy success. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Individuals display different attitudes and behaviors when meeting their nutritional requirements. Any impairment in the eating behaviors that are affected from many factors pave the way for the development of diseases. With this reason, understanding the eating behaviors and impairments of eating behaviors is important. However, eating behavior is a complex process affected by intrinsic, environmental and social factors. Several measurement tools have been developed to understand the eating behaviors. One of these measurement tools is the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) comprising 51 items. This study aims at adaptation of the 21-item (TFEQ-R21) obtained by the revision of the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) to the Turkish culture. TFEQ-R21 measures the eating behavior based on three factors including the cognitive restriction, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating. Data collected from 258 individuals with Turkish version of the Three-Factors Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-Tr21). Validity of TFEQ-Tr21 has been tested with confirmatory factor analysis for validity, correlations between the subscales and item analysis. The internal consistency of TFEQ-Tr21 has been tested with Cronbach’s alpha ve McDonald’s structural reliability coefficients. Confirmatory factor analysis has shown that the structure of TFEQ-Tr21 is identical with the original scale (TREQ-R21). Reliability coefficients have been found out as satisfactory. It has been shown that the scale adapted to Turkish culture (TFEQ-Tr21) is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine the eating behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlabelled: Little is known about whether eating behavior is associated with alterations of brain structure or whether the possible alterations are related to body weight status. The current study employed structural imaging from an open MRI data set (http://fcon_1000.Projects: nitrc.org/indi/pro/nki.html) to examine the relationship between eating behavior traits and brain structural changes. The eating behavior traits were measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire Scale. The brain structural alterations were analyzed using the Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) method, and a multiple linear regression model was constructed to identify significant brain structural changes that related to eating behavior factors. We found that cognitive restraint of eating was positively correlated with the gray matter volume (GMV) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and negatively correlated with the GMV in the putamen; disinhibition scores were negatively associated with the GMV in the left middle frontal gyrus; hunger scores showed a positive correlation with the GMV in the hypothalamus and the visual memory areas and a negative association with the GMV in the inferior temporal gyrus and the bilateral middle frontal gyrus. These results indicated a close connection between the eating behavior traits and structural changes in particular brain regions. Conjunction analysis was also performed to further explore the brain structural alterations that were commonly associated with eating behavior and weight status. The findings add to our understanding of the neural basis underlying eating behaviors, and the connection between these behaviors and body weight status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used Spearman's rho correlations and descriptive statistics (α = 0.05) to explore relationships between maternal eating behaviors (disinhibition, cognitive restraint, and susceptibility to hunger) and frequency of consumption of specific food groups (dairy, fruits, vegetables, meats) in a rural Mexican-American population. Analyses were based on the mothers' responses to the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and Willett's Food Frequency Questionnaire. Cognitive restraint was associated with greater frequency of consumption of vegetables, whereas disinhibition was associated with less frequent consumption of fruit. Susceptibility to hunger may have indirectly influenced the latter by enhancing the level of disinhibition. Mean frequency of consumption of vegetables (1-3 times per month) and fruits (once per week) was less than Healthy People 2020 targets. Additional research is needed to better understand factors contributing to these eating behaviors and patterns. To do so will require developing diet assessment tools that reflect foods typically consumed by this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Insensitivity to the bitter-tasting compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) has been proposed as a marker for individual differences in taste perception that influence food preference and intake. The principal genetic determinants of phenotypic variation in PROP taste sensitivity are alleles of the TAS2R38 gene, which encodes a chemosensory receptor sensitive to thiourea compounds including PROP and phenylthiocarbamide. Members of the TAS2R family are expressed in the gustatory system, where they function as bitter taste receptors, and throughout the gut, where their physiological roles in prandial, gut-derived hormone release are beginning to be elucidated. To better understand the relationship between TAS2R function and ingestive behaviors, we asked if TAS2R38 variants are associated with one or more of three eating behaviors: restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. We genotyped a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located within the TAS2R38 gene, rs1726866 (T785C, Val262Ala) in 729 nondiabetic individuals (381 females, 348 males) within the Amish Family Diabetes Study. Eating behaviors were assessed using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. An association analysis between rs1726866 and these three traits revealed a significant association of the PROP-insensitive “T” allele with increased disinhibition (p =0.03). Because eating behaviors differ substantially between males and females, we subsequently performed sex-stratified analyses, which revealed a strong association in females (p =0.0002) but not in males. Analyses with other SNPs in close proximity to rs1726866 suggest that this locus is principally responsible for the association. Therefore, our results indicate that a polymorphism in TAS2R38 is associated with differences in ingestive behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This cross-sectional analysis evaluated the effect of age and body mass index (BMI) on Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire scores in males. Subjects (n = 60) were recruited according to BMI status. Each completed the 51-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. The group was split at the median age to produce a “younger” and “older” group for statistical analysis. A 2-way between-groups analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of BMI on disinhibition (P = .003) and hunger (P = .041) with higher levels found in overweight males compared to healthy-weight counterparts. A significant main effect of age on hunger (P = .046) demonstrated older males were less susceptible to hunger than younger males. These insights provide a better understanding of eating behavior across the male life cycle and may assist health professionals to better guide men in weight management in the light of rising overweight/obesity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Identifying predictors of early weight loss may have value in predicting longer-term success in weight loss programmes. This study examined if weight history variables (ie, weight cycling history [WCH], age of onset of obesity [AOO]), and preintervention Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Power of Food Scale (PFS) scores predicted weight loss (WL) and fat mass loss (FML) following a 3-week calorie restriction intervention., Methods: Thirty-two participants (19-60 y; body mass index [BMI] 30-39.9 kg/m 2 ) participated in a 3-week calorie restriction intervention (1120 kcal/d) as part of a larger clinical trial with 28 completers included in the current analyses. Preintervention WCH, AOO, TFEQ, and PFS subscale scores were collected, and WL and FML were measured. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to predict WL and FML for relevant covariates in this study., Results: WCH, AOO, preintervention TFEQ subscale scores, and PFS subscale scores did not predict WL (all P s > .08) or FML ( P s > .06) except, PFS-food tasted scores significantly predicted WL ( r = -0.40, P = .03)., Conclusion: Although these variables were not robust predictors, results for at least the PFS suggest there may be value in further exploring this measure using larger sample sizes., Competing Interests: Corresponding author, Martin Binks, PhD, reports that the original data collection for this study was funded by Nestlé Health Science Inc. The funding agency was not involved in decisions related to the publication of outcomes. Dr Binks has also received honoraria in the past for presenting educational content on behalf of Nestlé Health Science Inc. Dr Binks further attests that this manuscript has neither been submitted for consideration nor been published elsewhere and represents an original work. The authors have no other potential conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2019 The Authors. Obesity Science & Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, World Obesity and The Obesity Society.)