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Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-230). Number of sources in the bibliography: 300 Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture, 2021. The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. Η παρούσα διατριβή διερευνά το φυσικό αερισμό ως στρατηγική παθητικού δροσισμού, η οποία εφαρμόζεται σε αστικά παραδοσιακά κτίρια υψηλής θερμικής μάζας, στο κλίμα της Μεσογείου. Η καινοτόμος προσέγγιση που υιοθετείται αφορά στην αποτίμηση του αερισμού σε πολλαπλές κλίμακες μελέτης, όπως αυτή της γειτονιάς, του αστικού φαραγγιού και του κτιρίου, μέσω μετρήσεων πεδίου. Η έρευνα εστιάζει σε δύο χαρακτηριστικά στοιχεία της παραδοσιακής αρχιτεκτονικής τα οποία ενισχύουν τη στρατηγική του φυσικού αερισμού: το «πόρτικο», που αποτελεί τον κεντρικό, διαμπερή χώρο μιας τριμερούς τυπολογικής διάταξης και το «σαχνισί», την αρχιτεκτονική προεξοχή ελαφριάς κατασκευής με πολλαπλά ανοίγματα. Στο πλαίσιο της διατριβής, καταγράφεται για πρώτη φορά το απόθεμα των ιστορικών κτιρίων με πόρτικο και σαχνισί στο ιστορικό κέντρο της Λευκωσίας, στην Κύπρο. Επίσης, συζητείται ο ρόλος της αστικής μορφολογίας στη διαμόρφωση των τυπολογικών και μορφολογικών χαρακτηριστικών του πόρτικου και του σαχνισιού, από τη σκοπιά της εριβαλλοντικής διάστασης. Η αποτίμηση των συνθηκών θερμικής άνεσης των κτιρίων γίνεται βάσει των παραμέτρων της θερμοκρασίας, της σχετικής υγρασίας και της ταχύτητας του αέρα. Τα αποτελέσματα εκφράζουν τον κτιριακό αερισμό συναρτήσει της ροής του ανέμου σε επίπεδο δρόμου και γειτονιάς, γεγονός που αποτελεί μέρος της πρωτοτυπίας της παρούσας έρευνας. Συγκεκριμένα, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η ταχύτητα του ανέμου στα αστικά οδικά φαράγγια κυμάνθηκε στο ένα τρίτο της ελεύθερης ροής στο ύψος αναφοράς. Αντίστοιχα, η μέγιστη ταχύτητα του αέρα στα πόρτικα έφτασε το ένα πέμπτο της ταχύτητας του ανέμου εντός του αστικού φαραγγιού. Η μέγιστη ταχύτητα η οποία καταγράφηκε στο πόρτικο που διέθετε σαχνισί (κατά το μοτίβο ολοήμερου αερισμού), έφτασε το ήμισυ της ταχύτητας του ανέμου που επικρατούσε στο αστικό φαράγγι. Τα ευρήματα της έρευνας αναδεικνύουν και ποσοτικοποιούν για πρώτη φορά τη λειτουργία του σαχνισιού ως στοιχείου συλλογής του ανέμου (ανεμοσυλλέκτης). Επιπλέον, αξιολογείται ο ρόλος του χρήστη, καθώς και η εφαρμογή συγκεκριμένων μοτίβων αερισμού στη ρύθμιση των συνθηκών θερμικής άνεσης, καταλήγοντας σε συστάσεις βέλτιστης διαχείρισης ανοιγμάτων, δεδομένης της αστικής γεωμετρίας. Η ταχύτητα του αέρα που καταγράφεται στα πόρτικα είναι ιδιαίτερα χαμηλή, γεγονός που καθιστά τη δροσιστική επίδραση του φυσικού αερισμού (αίσθημα ψύξης λόγω εξάτμισης του ιδρώτα) περιορισμένη. Ωστόσο, οι μετρήσεις επιβεβαιώνουν την αποτελεσματικότητα του νυχτερινού αερισμού/δροσισμού. Τέλος, το μεγάλο εύρος των μετρήσεων του αερισμού σε επίπεδο γειτονιάς και αστικών φαραγγιών αποδεικνύει την πολυπλοκότητα της ροής υπό πραγματικές συνθήκες, σε ιστορικά κέντρα με σημαντικό βαθμό γεωμετρικής ανομοιογένειας, καθιστώντας έτσι εμφανή την ανάγκη για περαιτέρω έρευνες πεδίου. This research addresses the cooling potential of natural ventilation in heavyweight buildings located in dense and organically developed historic urban centres in the Mediterranean climate. An innovative multi-scale approach was adopted through the consideration of the airflow field on the neighbourhood, street canyon and building levels, using field measurements. The focus is on two particular features of vernacular architecture, which both play a key role in natural ventilation: namely the typological characteristics of the tripartite arrangement (trimeres) with pass-through spaces – portico, and the morphological characteristics of sahnisi – a lightweight projecting volume with multiple windows. The first comprehensive mapping and record of the remaining stock of heritage buildings featuring portico and sahnisi in the historic centre of Nicosia in Cyprus was conducted through this thesis. Urban-scale considerations in the definition of typological and morphological aspects of porticos and sahnisis were discussed through the lens of environmental performance for the first time. Indoor thermal comfort was assessed taking into consideration the parameters of temperature (comparing three adaptive comfort models), relative humidity and air velocity. The findings address building ventilation as a function of in-street and rooftop airflow, which is part of what makes this work so original. Specifically, the airflow in the street canyon ranged at a magnitude of one third of the reference wind velocity at the rooftops. Peak indoor air velocity in the porticos reached up to one fifth of the canyon’s wind speed, while in the sahnisi it reached up to half of the canyons’ wind speed (during the all-day ventilation pattern). This indicates the wind-capture potential of the sahnisi, which had not been quantified before. The impact of occupant behaviour and particular window operation patterns on indoor thermal comfort are also discussed, concluding with recommendations for optimised window opening patterns, given the variability of the background wind and street geometry. The potential of cooling ventilation due to elevated air speed was found to be limited, as no indoor air movement was recorded for most of the time. However, the cooling effectiveness of night ventilation was demonstrated. Finally, the dispersion of the obtained urban airflow measurements manifests the complexity of airflow in real, inhomogeneous historic urban sites and highlights the need for further field research.

This pdf provides a technical guideline for an energy audit of a historical building to support its energy and environmental improvement (as shown in the Energy Audit Process Flow schema based on the EN 16247-2:2014, see par 1.4), from the analyses to the design stage up to the Energy Performance Contracting implementation. Each section of the guideline can also be used as technical specification for tender activities, along with the related template Annex. This guidelines’ document was developed within the ENI CBC Med BEEP project and aims to enhance the capacity of public local administrations to design, and realise innovative energy and environmental improvement on historic public buildings, through a multidisciplinary and integrated digital approach (using Building Information Modelling and performance-based design to develop an Energy Efficient Heritage Building Information Model - EE-HBIM). The guideline is based on the testing of this emerging technology on built heritage in eight different EU and non EU Mediterranean countries to demonstrate its scalability to the entire building stock of the Med area. The project will provide public administrations with a powerful method for the energy rehabilitation of public buildings to be supported with private funds through the Energy Performance Contracting. The HBIM model should integrate previously collected information on the building (geometric, diagnostic, environmental data), to create a comprehensive documentation of the building's current state. Moreover, the HBIM model will be used as a basis to inform the subsequent simulation-based energy-environmental improvement concept, through energy renovation scenarios that are both compatible with the identified historic buildings and capable to enhance its energy and environmental performance.

The present paper correlates aspects of built heritage conservation, occupant’s behaviour and thermal comfort. The research focuses on the contemporary architectural intervention of converting original semi-open spaces, that have been acting as such during all periods of the year, into indoor spaces by adding movable glass dividers. A representative building that reflects the typical arrangement of rural vernacular earth architecture in Cyprus is selected for detailed investigation. In situ measurements and simulation tools are used to investigate the adjustment of airflow through the operation of windows when the dividers are open (heating period) and closed (cooling period). Computational Fluid Dynamics are employed in order to illustrate the temperature distribution of various window operation patterns that are evaluated according to the adaptive thermal comfort. The results argue on the climatic adaptability of vernacular buildings and indicate that the examined window control patterns have a more prominent impact during the heating period. Conclusions confirm the cooling potential of night ventilation and highlight the benefit of having energy-aware and engaged occupants. Key directions regarding conservation practices and occupant’s behaviour are brought forth, bringing energy efficiency and comfort into the discussion about cultural heritage. 24 1 41 59

This paper investigates the overall thermal performance of vernacular buildings in Nicosia, Cyprus and highlights the role of semi-open spaces in improving the thermal comfort of the aforementioned structures. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it presents, in a comparative way, field measurements carried out in five traditional buildings, discussing at the same time the impact of authentic architectural features, as well as of contemporary interventions, on the bioclimatic function of the original building envelope, taking into account the daily use of the premises under investigation. The research outcomes highlight the positive contribution of semi-open spaces to the thermal comfort of vernacular buildings, especially during the cooling period (summer). Contemporary architectural interventions, such as the conversion of semi-open spaces into closed indoor spaces, as well as the behaviour of occupants, are also found to affect the thermal performance of the traditional building envelope.; This paper investigates the overall thermal performance of vernacular buildings in Nicosia, Cyprus and highlights the role of semi-open spaces in improving the thermal comfort of the aforementioned structures. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it presents, in a comparative way, field measurements carried out in five traditional buildings, discussing at the same time the impact of authentic architectural features, as well as of contemporary interventions, on the bioclimatic function of the original building envelope, taking into account the daily use of the premises under investigation. The research outcomes highlight the positive contribution of semi-open spaces to the thermal comfort of vernacular buildings, especially during the cooling period (summer). Contemporary architectural interventions, such as the conversion of semi-open spaces into closed indoor spaces, as well as the behaviour of occupants, are also found to affect the thermal performance of the traditional building envelope.