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Abstract Background Pharmacists should be aware of their thought processes in dispensing work, including differences in the dispensing complexities owing to different drug positions in the left, center, and right areas. Dispensing errors associated with “same-name drugs (a pair of drugs with the same name but a different ingredient quantity)” are prevalent and often negatively affect patients. In this study, using five pairs of comparative models, the gaze movements of pharmacists in dispensing work were analyzed using an eye-tracking method to elucidate their thought processes. Methods We prepared verification slides and displayed them on a prescription monitor and three drug rack monitors. The dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location display, and total amount) was displayed on a prescription monitor. A total of 180 drugs including five target drugs were displayed on the three drug rack monitors. Total gaze points in the prescription area, those in the drug rack area, total vertical movements between the two areas, and time required to dispense drugs were measured as the four classifications Gaze 1, Gaze 2, Passage, and Time, respectively. First, we defined the two types of location displays as “numeral combination” and “color/symbol combination.” Next, we defined two pairs of models A1-A2 (numerals) and B1-B2 (color/symbol) to compare differences between the left and right areas. Moreover, three pairs of models C1-C2 (left), D1-D2 (center), and E1-E2 (right) were established to compare differences between “numeral combination” and “color/symbol combination.” Results Significant differences in the complexities of dispensing work were observed in Gaze 2, Passage, and Time between the models A1-A2 (A1B2), and in Gaze 2 and Time between the models C1-C2, D1-D2, and E1-E2 (C1>C2, D1>D2, and E1>E2, respectively). Conclusions Using the current dispensing rules, pharmacists are not good at dispensing drugs located in the right area. An effective measure for reducing the dispensing complexity is to introduce visual information in the prescription content; the utilization of the right brain facilitates reducing the complexity in the right dispensing area.

Background: Pharmacists should be aware of their thought processes in dispensing work, including differences in the dispensing complexities owing to different drug positions in the left, center, and right areas. Dispensing errors associated with "same-name drugs (a pair of drugs with the same name but a different ingredient quantity)" are prevalent and often negatively affect patients. In this study, using five pairs of comparative models, the gaze movements of pharmacists in dispensing work were analyzed using an eye-tracking method to elucidate their thought processes. Methods: We prepared verification slides and displayed them on a prescription monitor and three drug rack monitors. The dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location display, and total amount) was displayed on a prescription monitor. A total of 180 drugs including five target drugs were displayed on the three drug rack monitors. Total gaze points in the prescription area, those in the drug rack area, total vertical movements between the two areas, and time required to dispense drugs were measured as the four classifications Gaze 1, Gaze 2, Passage, and Time, respectively. First, we defined the two types of location displays as "numeral combination" and "color/symbol combination." Next, we defined two pairs of models A1-A2 (numerals) and B1-B2 (color/symbol) to compare differences between the left and right areas. Moreover, three pairs of models C1-C2 (left), D1-D2 (center), and E1-E2 (right) were established to compare differences between "numeral combination" and "color/symbol combination." Results: Significant differences in the complexities of dispensing work were observed in Gaze 2, Passage, and Time between the models A1-A2 (A12), in Gaze 2 between the models B1-B2 (B1>B2), and in Gaze 2 and Time between the models C1-C2, D1-D2, and E1-E2 (C1>C2, D1>D2, and E1>E2, respectively). Conclusions: Using the current dispensing rules, pharmacists are not good at dispensing drugs located in the right area. An effective measure for reducing the dispensing complexity is to introduce visual information in the prescription content; the utilization of the right brain facilitates reducing the complexity in the right dispensing area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between thinking and decision-making. In the first part, the paper analyzes the process of thinking from three aspects – language, psychology, and behavior. It then proceeds to investigate the implications of different kinds of thinking ondecision-making. The final section of the paper raises some questions and concerns about the role of the scientific method in making decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The author offers specific examples from the book publishing business and the movie industry.

The article introduces the fashion process as a relevant topic for the current research in the field, stating the need for further explorations and academic investigation. Recent studies provide detailed guidelines about the fashion design process understood as a linear sequence of stages evolving from the initial sources of inspiration through fabrics research, sketching, pattern-making and garment construction techniques to end products and collection delivery. Very few studies investigate how, when or where innovative ideas emerge along this process. Although acknowledged as part of real-life practice, the intuitive/unstructured/experimental part of creation is hardly grasped within a linear framework. Besides the systematic approach to the design process, fashion students also need to learn how to think creatively and navigate successfully between the multiple phases of the development. How to experiment, reflect, adapt, solve problems, select, improve and enrich their processes. The studio exercises illustrated in the last part of this article propose an integration of design thinking methods into creative pedagogies for fashion design. Challenges, play and other experimental activities engage students better at the early stage of the process, feed their imagination and are instrumental in developing their personal creative approach to fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering technology students often forgo a methodical approach of solving or answering questions on assignments or exams in favor of an intuition-based approach, emphasizing educated guessing (Broberg et al., 2008). Faculty observations have noted these student solutions often provide explanations, usually sans calculations, to support answers the students believe to be reasonable when in reality deviated from the correct answer. An extensive study was developed to assess several distinctions between student intuition and use of cognition in problem solving, as related to a generalized student population. The study was comprised of a survey and interview. The survey utilized two instruments, the Types of Intuition Scale (TIntS) and the Cognitive-Experiential Self Theory (CEST). The interview element was comprised of questions related to the student’s background and personal experience with math phobia. Data provided by study participants responding to specific questions from the TIntS and CEST instruments allowed researchers to determine how likely students are to use intuition rather than analytical processes. The results of the study found these students prefer to approach problems using logic but tend to rely upon their intuition when problem solving, especially in unfamiliar and high-pressure scenarios. Furthermore, this paper is intended to enlighten educators and other related groups regarding the degree to which intuition is used as a means of solving problems, and the types of intuition generally involved, especially for engineering technology students. Thus, providing practitioners and administrators with a better idea of what these students may provide in response to homework or other problem-solving situations.

This paper elaborates on some of Saussure's reflections on the structure of signs, and the role these signs play in the constitution of conscious thought. In the notes of La double essence, Saussure argued that the sign "creates" and "guides" thought, but as part of a reflection that is both complex and hesitant. To clarify this position and examine its relevance, we first analyze the general conception of the status of signs and semiotics, that Saussure developed in his Course II. We then examine the way in which, in the twentieth century, the problem of how human thought is constituted was tackled by Piaget and Vygotsky. Finally, drawing on the notes of La double Essence, we try to highlight the arguments that led Saussure to adopt the position quoted below, and we will show how Saussure's approach provides decisive arguments in support of the social interactionist position inherited from Vygotsky. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sight-reading strategies used for reading music in different tonal environments are critical for musicians to perform accurately. We investigated the strategies advanced sight-readers utilize when they encounter different tonal environments. After a brief study period, six advanced sight-readers performed a through-composed piece that included tonal, non-tonal, and ambiguously tonal music. Immediately following the performance, participants went back through the music and described their thought process and strategies. Participants reported different strategies from one another to play accurately, but there were also common strategies used for different tonal environments. We found verbal reports of critical and relevant strategies of advanced sight-readers were categorized as attention, static analysis, informed intuition, and performer's analysis. The sight-readers executed their performance interacting with static analysis, informed intuition, and performer ' s analysis. Most importantly, participants relied heavily on performer's analysis for the expressive performance in the tonal section, followed by the non-tonal and ambiguously tonal sections. Findings imply that advanced sight-readers' strategies moved back and forth between attention, intuition, and analytical strategies based on the demands in each tonal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of writing this article is to obtain an overview of the thinking process of ele- mentary school students in mathematical understanding related to the material of multi- plication and fraction distribution. The thought process consists of instrumental thinking processes and instrumental relational thinking processes. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Students in one class are given a task sheet to do individually by writing clear work steps. Six students were selected as research subjects to analyze. Consisting of 2 subjects who have high math skills, 2 medium and 2 low. The process of thinking of a subject is observed by looking at and reviewing the answers to the assignment sheet and giving clinical interviews related to the results of his work. Based on data analysis, it was obtained an illustration that the subject did not have a good instrumental relational think- ing process. Generally, many subjects do not understand the concept of fractions, so it is wrong to change fractions to other forms, operate fractions and conclude answers.

Abstract: This study uses a descriptive exploratory approach because it aims to describe the thought processes of students in solving word problems based on information processing theory and involving high school students in grade XI. Research instruments in the form of interview guidelines and question instruments. Students are asked to complete the given word problem then interviewed to confirm their thought processes based on information processing theories, namely attention, perception, rehearsal, retrieval and encoding. Subjects were chosen based on the completeness of aspects of the thought process and suggestions from the teacher. The results showed that all subjects carried out all processes but in different ways. Abstrak: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif eksploratif karena bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses berpikir siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita berdasarkan teori pemrosesan informasi dan melibatkan siswa kelas XI SMA. Instrumen penelitian berupa pedoman wawancara dan instrumen soal. Siswa diminta untuk menyelesaikan soal cerita yang diberikan kemudian diwawancarai untuk mengonfirmasi proses berpikirnya berdasarkan teori pemrosesan informasi, yaitu attention, perception, rehearsal, retrieval dan encoding. Subjek dipilih berdasarkan aspek kelengkapan, aspek proses berpikir, dan saran dari guru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua subjek melakukan semua proses, namun dengan cara yang berbeda-beda.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to describe the thinking process of junior high school students in solving mathematical problems. The thought process that will be disclosed in this study includes receiving, processing, storing, and calling information. In this research, it refers to problem solving according to Polya. This type of research is descriptive research and uses a qualitative approach. The subjects chosen consisted of one person from class VIII. The conclusion of this study is that the subject understands the problem by receiving information from repeatedly reading the problem so that it correctly mentions the thing that is known and asked. The subject makes a completion plan by linking the selected formulas. In completing the subject using the plan he has made by linking the known, asked, and the formula he has chosen. The subject also rechecked the problem solving stage. Abstrak: Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah mendeskripsikan proses berpikir siswa SMP dalam memecahkan masalah matematika. Proses berpikir yang akan diungkapkan penelitian ini mencakup penerimaan, pengolahan, penyimpanan, dan pemanggilan suatu informasi. Dalam penelitian ini merujuk kepada pemecahan masalah menurut Polya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek yang dipilih berjumlah satu orang dari kelas VIII. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah subjek memahami masalah dengan menerima informasi dari membaca berulang kali soal sehingga dengan benar menyebutkan hal yang diketahui dan ditanyakan. Subjek membuat rencana penyelesaian dengan mengaitkan rumus-rumus yang dipilih. Dalam melakukan penyelesaian subjek menggunakan rencana yang telah ia buat dengan mengaitkan yang diketahui, ditanyakan, dan rumus yang telah ia pilih. Subjek juga melakukan pengecekan ulang pada tahap penyelesaian masalah.

Among various computing models, it is difficult to find a model inspired from the human mind to improve the computational efficiency of the computer. In fact, the human mind becomes competent in responding for the inputs, resourcefully and mindfully acquiring knowledge and experience over continuous processing with the time. Further, as it is possible to find deeper explanation for the human mind in the Buddhism, the introduction of a computing model imitating the human mind based on Buddhist Theory of Mind (BTM) to enhance the computational efficiency, would be a great research challenge. According to the BTM, human mind is a continuous thought process which arise as per the conditions. Imitating this processing model in the human mind, a computing model called Six-state Continuous Processing model was introduced exploiting 24-causal relations in BTM. This paper discusses this profound Buddhist theoretical approach that was used in order to derive the Six-state continuous processing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being aware of the unspeakable In the following article I would like to invite you to delve into the technical aspects of containment with me using a case study. For this purpose I would like to give a short theoretical outline of the technology and its basic requirements for Bion (without claiming to be complete), in order to then attempt to illustrate the most important aspects of implementation using a concrete case study of a child analysis. Also the failure of the attempt to contain or inadequacy of the attempt will be analysed. Ultimately, however, the focus should not only be on the position of the analyst, who may and must use psychological auxiliary constructions in order to be able to function as a container or holder, but on the cooperation of the analytic couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study aims to describe the thinking process of field dependent students in solving geometric problems based on the Polya stage. The type of research used was descriptive qualitative. The study was conducted at SMA 1 Pasuruan using 2 subjects in the cognitive style FD taken from 38 students. The instruments used were in the form of cognitive style exams, solving geometrical problems and interview guidelines. The results of the study show that in processing information, the subject of FD does not understand the problem as a whole so that in planning the completion of the subject FD forgets about the concept of the cube. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan proses berpikir siswa field dependent dalam menyelesaikan masalah geometri berdasarkan tahapan Polya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Pasuruan dengan menggunakan dua subjek bergaya kognitif FD yang diambil dari 38 siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa eksamen gaya kognitif, penyelesaian masalah geometri dan pedoman wawancara. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa dalam memproses informasi, subjek FD tidak memahami masalah secara utuh sehingga dalam merencanakan penyelesaian subjek FD lupa tentang konsep kubus.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to describe field dependent students’ thinking process based on Mason’s thinking stcructure. Man and woman field dependent subject used all of aspect exclude introduce aspect in entry phase and why in attack phase. Man subject got stuck ones and he believed that his solution can answer the problem. Women subject get twice stuck and the solution can’t answer the problem. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses berpikir mahasiswa field dependent berdasarkan kerangka berpikir matematis Mason. Subjek field dependent laki-laki dan perempuan memenuhi semua aspek kecuali aspek introduce pada fase entry dan why pada fase attack. Perbedaannya yaitu subjek 1 mengalami stuck 1 kali dan percaya bahwa hasil pekrjaannya telah dapat menjawab persoalan dan subjek 2 mengalami 2 kali stuck dan tidak dapat menyelesaikan masalah yang diberikan.

This paper discusses the importance of emotional education to reduce adolescent problems and emphasizes emotional competence and self-regulation as basic elements of competency education in the school context, based on research in recent decades, especially linked to the role of Executive Functions. In addition, some results of programs and therapies with Mindfulness or conscious attention to the present moment in children and adolescents are presented and the little presence of research is observed, even in Peru. The results of an ex post facto study are presented with a sample (N = 76) of IE High School students Jorge Basadre Grohmann from Trujillo, Peru, where is described the problems in adolescents and compared them with the capacity for conscious attention and academic performance. We noted that the students presented clinical significance in problems of self-esteem (25.4%) and depression (11.8%) and that there was few relationship between the ability to be aware at the present moment with anxiety (ρ= -,349, p,005), depression (ρ= -473, p,000), interpersonal problems (ρ= -,309, p,014), uncertainty about the future (ρ= ,421, p,001) and psychosocial risk (ρ= -,409, p,001). No significant relationships were detected between adolescent problems and academic grades, although associations between grades were observed. The article aims to make another contribution for the study of the emotional problems in Peruvian adolescents and to promote the development of education policies based on emotions, a theme in which there is still a long way to go. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the working population, bipolar disorder can have a significant negative effect on professional relationships, attendance, functioning, and loss of productivity. In Japan, workers who take a leave due to depressive episodes receive a work-focused intervention program called the "return to work program" during their leave. A 39-year-old Japanese woman with bipolar II disorder took a third sick leave of absence. We recommended her the return to work program of our university hospital. At the beginning of the program, she had a rigid thought process toward her perceptions of her duties in the workplace and at home. Through the program, mindfulness might identify rigidity, group cognitive-behavioral therapy might correct rigidity, and self-analysis might have regained flexibility. In conclusion, a variety of effects of our return to work program might have enabled her thought process to evolve from rigid to flexible, and she showed successful reinstatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study aims to describe the thinking process of students in solving Higher Order Thinking Skills problems based on conceptual and procedural understanding. This type of research is descriptive research. The subject of this study was the eighth-grade students of Ma’arif 3 Islamic Middle School Malang. The results of the study were obtained (1) Based on the conceptual understanding of the subject did not meet the indicators presenting concepts in various forms of mathematics, but fulfilling the indicators rewrite the concepts that had been studied and could apply the concepts algorithmically. (2) Based on procedural understanding the subject meets the indicators of choosing the right procedure in solving the problem, but it is not appropriate to know when and how to use the procedure and apply the procedure chosen to solve the problem. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses berpikir siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal Higher Order Thinking Skills berdasarkan pemahaman konseptual dan prosedural. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Islam Ma’arif 3 Malang. Hasil penelitian diperoleh (1) berdasarkan pemahaman konseptual subjek belum memenuhi indikator mempresentasikan konsep dalam berbagai bentuk matematika, tetapi memenuhi indikator menuliskan kembali konsep yang telah dipelajari dan dapat menerapkan konsep secara algoritma; (2) berdasarkan pemahaman prosedural subjek memenuhi indikator memilih prosedur yang tepat dalam menyelesaikan masalah, namun kurang tepat dalam mengetahui kapan dan bagaimana menggunakan prosedur tersebut dan mengaplikasikan prosedur yang dipilih untuk memecahkan masalah.

Abstract: This research was aimed to (1) describe the thinking process of male students in solving group problems; (2) describe the thinking process of female students in solving group problems. This research was carried out at Universitas Islam Majapahit. Subjects in this study were one male student and one female student who had equivalent mathematics skills and comunicative. This research was an explorative research using a qualitative approach. Data collection was done by task-based interviews. The results showed significant differences between the two subjects. At the stage of understanding the problem, the male subject was better at understanding the symbols in the problem than the female subject. But the female subject was better at retelling the question than the male subject. At the stage of problem solving planning, female subject were more consistent in the use of concepts than male subject. At the stage of implementing the settlement plan, male subject were better at using principles and wrote symbol than female subject. At the stage of examining the completion of the female subject more systematically than the male subject. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mendeskripsikan proses berpikir mahasiswa laki-laki dalam memecahkan masalah grup dan (2) mendeskripsikan proses berpikir mahasiswa perempuan dalam memecahkan masalah grup. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah satu mahasiswa laki-laki dan satu mahasiswa perempuan yang memiliki kemampuan matematika yang setara dan komunikatif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksploratif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara berbasis tugas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan kedua subjek. Pada tahap memahami masalah, subjek laki-laki lebih baik dalam memahami simbol yang ada di soal daripada subjek perempuan. Akan tetapi, subjek perempuan lebih baik dalam menceritakan kembali soal yang diberikan daripada subjek laki-laki. Pada tahap merencanakan penyelesaian masalah, subjek perempuan lebih konsistensi dalam penggunaan konsep daripada subjek laki-laki. Pada tahap melaksanakan rencana penyelesaian, subjek laki-laki lebih baik dalam penggunaan prinsip dan menuliskan simbol daripada perempuan. Pada tahap memeriksa penyelesaian, subjek perempuan lebih sistematis daripada subjek laki-laki.

Abstract: PISA is one of international meassurement for student competence. PISA 2015 result show that Indonesia in the low position. This research aims to know the thinking procees of student in order to solve Spacial Geometry PISA problems. Thinking proses shows in cognitive maps using information process theory. This research using 3 students with high, middle, and low cognitive ability as subjects and given 6 problems according to PISA levels. This research shows that student with high cognitive ability having complete thinking proses, student with middle and low cognitive ability having a lost concept on the middle and high-level problems. Abstrak: PISA merupakan salah satu alat pengukuran kemampuan siswa. Dari hasil PISA 2015 Indonesia menduduki posisi rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses berpikir siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal geometri spasial PISA. Proses berpikir ditunjukkan dalam pemetaan kognitif berdasarkan teori pemrosesan informasi. Penelitian menggunakan tiga orang siswa dengan kemampuan kognitif tinggi, rendah, sedang, rendah dengan mengerjakan enam soal mirip PISA yang merepresentasikan setiap level. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa siswa berkemampuan tinggi mengalami proses berpikir yang sempurna, siswa berkempampuan sedang dan rendah mengalami hilang konsep pada soal level sedang dan atas.

This paper will analyze the importance of playfulness as an instrument for learning mathematics, taking into account that the body allows to develop not only motor skills but also intellectual faculties involving high levels of abstraction, such as mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The methodology used was action research, through interviews to students, parents and teachers, as well as the systematization of experiences in the classroom by means of a field diary. It was found that traditional -tedious- teaching does not allow students to realize the importance of learning mathematics. It is concluded that it is necessary for the teachers to implement strategies that link playfulness and the body, in order to improve teaching-learning processes, which allows that mathematics do not be considered as something far from reality, but that be granted the status of a knowledge that improves the processes of understanding and reflection, facilitating the solution of practical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]