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This study introduces a systems-theoretic methodology to meet the requirements of a major national infrastructure for safety and security-based design by enhancing the alignment of stakeholders and actors in the project. Safe-by-Design (SbD) is an engineering concept for risk management that considers safety as much as possible in the design phase. The article presents the results of a case study conducted to investigate the efficacy of recent system safety models and analysis techniques in the major national infrastructure of a Waste-to-Energy (WtE) project under consideration in Iceland. The structures and roles within the system responsible for constructing the WtE plant, given the sustainability and circular economy restrictions, are addressed in the study. Stakeholders' roles and responsibilities are analyzed, yielding their feedback on potential risks and creating a positive image of the project. Also, suitable ways to enter the project and finance it are devised. In essence, this enables the creation of a safety and security-based design approach. Furthermore, detailed documentation of the system model development is presented. The novelty of the study lies in the application of STAM, STPA, and STECA as an SbD approach for a major infrastructure project. Also, the methods discussed here have not been used in a WtE project as far as we know. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall aim of this article is to contribute to the further development of the area of risk analysis and risk management in the International Organization for for Standardization (ISO) standards by strengthening its scientific basis. Industrial standards, especially ISO standards, are the tools organizations use to manage their risk, through following their guidance and complying with their requirements. Organizations confirm their compliance with these standards through certification, which means that they heavily depend upon the quality of the ISO standards to enable them to effectively manage their risk. The purpose of this study is to investigate what guidance is given on key elements of risk management and how well ISO standards are aligned with state‐of‐the‐art risk management literature. Eighteen ISO standards, all addressing risk management, were reviewed in this study with regard to risk terminology and guidance. The results of the study confirm the increasing importance of risk management for business. However, the study also shows a lack of guidance on doing risk analysis in the industrial standards examined. The ISO management system standards and guidelines are not aligned with the scientific literature on risk and are not appropriate for the management of risk arising from complex interactions and emergent behavior that is inherent in present‐day sociotechnical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall aim of this article is to contribute to the further development of the area of risk analysis and risk management in the International Organization for for Standardization (ISO) standards by strengthening its scientific basis. Industrial standards, especially ISO standards, are the tools organizations use to manage their risk, through following their guidance and complying with their requirements. Organizations confirm their compliance with these standards through certification, which means that they heavily depend upon the quality of the ISO standards to enable them to effectively manage their risk. The purpose of this study is to investigate what guidance is given on key elements of risk management and how well ISO standards are aligned with state-of-the-art risk management literature. Eighteen ISO standards, all addressing risk management, were reviewed in this study with regard to risk terminology and guidance. The results of the study confirm the increasing importance of risk management for business. However, the study also shows a lack of guidance on doing risk analysis in the industrial standards examined. The ISO management system standards and guidelines are not aligned with the scientific literature on risk and are not appropriate for the management of risk arising from complex interactions and emergent behavior that is inherent in present-day sociotechnical systems., (© 2021 Society for Risk Analysis.)