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The identification of movement and behaviour patterns, as well as inter- and intra-population connectivity is crucial in order to implement effective and functional management and conservation measures for threatened migratory species such as tope (Galeorhinus galeus). Yet, previous studies struggled to elucidate clear and consistent movement and depth usage patterns of adult tope in the Northeast Atlantic, suggesting a high plasticity in the migration and behaviour. We deployed pop-up satellite archival tags on adult tope during their seasonal summer aggregations in the inner German Bight of the south-eastern North Sea and near a presumed mating site in southwest Scotland. Depth distribution and migration pathways were derived from time series data with location processing. Four individuals followed migration trajectories leaving coastal areas and crossed the European shelf slope into oceanic areas of the Northeast Atlantic, remaining fully pelagic for the rest of the deployment duration. These sharks showed far-ranging migration trajectories and undertook regular and frequent diel vertical migrations, reaching daytime depths of over 700 m. Vertical migration patterns closely overlapped with biological mesopelagic habitat structures and closely tracked the diel migration of organisms from deep scattering layers derived from hydroacoustic recordings. It is hypothesized that adult tope regularly utilize oceanic habitats, foraging on mesopelagic layers in an environment generally considered of low prey density., SI

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Little is known about why traditional Chinese (TCM) continues to be used and practised by Chinese people despite the existence of evidence-based Western medicine (WM). This study aims to explore Chinese patients and TCM practitioners’ attitudes and beliefs towards the utilisation and practice of TCM and to determine if there are any differences in the way in which Chinese people use and practice TCM in different regions of China, in this study, Hong Kong and Guangzhou. A mixed-method, sequential explanatory study was undertaken that involved two phases.\ud \ud In the first phase, a structured questionnaire translated into Chinese was used to collect data from a convenience sample of Chinese patients attending outpatient clinics in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. A Chinese research assistant who could speak Cantonese and Mandarin distributed the questionnaires to patients attending the TCM outpatient clinics in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Also, a random sample of Chinese medicine practitioners in Hong Kong was sent a questionnaire by post, as a list of Chinese medicine practitioners names, and clinic addresses in Hong Kong are available on the Chinese Medical Council’s Internet website.\ud \ud For TCM practitioners in Guangzhou, a Chinese research assistant distributed the questionnaire in-person to a random sample of TCM doctors working at the Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese medicine in Guangzhou. In the second phase of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and Chinese medicine practitioners in Hong Kong and patients and TCM practitioners in Guangzhou. Patients and TCM practitioners who took part in an interview were randomly selected from a list of patients and TCM practitioners who had previously filled out a questionnaire in the first phase of the study.\ud \ud A total of 1,200 patients and 400 TCM practitioners took part in the study, which comprised of 600 patients attending an out-patient TCM clinic in Hong Kong and 600 attending an out-patient TCM clinic in Guangzhou. The response rate for patients who took part was 81.4% (n= 505) and for Guangzhou 91.6% (n=550). For TCM practitioners, the response rate was 55% (n=110) for practitioners in Hong Kong and 61.5% (n= 123) for practitioners in Guangzhou. Patients’ mean age was 44.6 years, and the sample consisted of 41.2% males and 58.8% females. For TCM practitioners, the mean age was 45.4 years and the sample consisting of 66.1% males and 33.9% females.\ud \ud In the second phase of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 patients and 16 TCM practitioners in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, respectively. The results showed that for patients in Hong Kong and Guangzhou the most common use of TCM was for the treatment of acute medical conditions, such as colds and flu and also for chronic medical conditions, such as rheumatism and diabetes.\ud \ud Also, patients in Guangzhou were found to use TCM to “recuperate” the body after taking Western medicines prescribed by WM doctors, or after suffering a chronic illness. Concurrent use of TCM and WM was found to be more common in patients in Guangzhou, than in patients in Hong Kong. The integration of TCM services in hospitals in Hong Kong is notably different from that of China. Unlike China, where TCM practitioners are permitted to treat in-patients inside state-run hospitals, in Hong Kong, TCM practitioners are only permitted to treat patients on an outpatient basis and not as in-patients.\ud \ud The results of this study contribute to the existing body of literature about the utilisation and practice of TCM by Chinese people in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. The study also provides unique information about the practice of TCM in Hong Kong since the implementation of the Chinese medicine Ordinance and the establishment of the Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong. Although the study contributes to the existing body of literature concerning the utilisation and practice of TCM by Chinese people and TCM practitioners ‘respectively, it does have several inherent limitations. Among the significant limitations is the fact that, as a cross-sectional survey design was used, therefore no “cause and effect” relationships can be drawn from the results. Furthermore, because statistical tests, in general, require a large sample size to ensure a representative distribution of the population being studied, the total number of patients and TCM practitioners who participated in the study is relatively small.

Tope (Galeorhinus galeus) is a highly mobile elasmobranch in the temperate to subtropical northeast Atlantic. It is highly migratory and has been shown to display complex movement patterns, such as partial migration, in the southern hemisphere. In the northeast Atlantic, previous mark-recapture studies have struggled to identify movement patterns and the species behaviour is poorly described, yet identification of migratory behaviors and habitats of importance for the species is of paramount importance for effective management. Here, we combined fisheries independent survey data with mark-recapture (MR) data to investigate the distribution of different age classes of tope across the northeast Atlantic. We further investigated depth use in detail with archival electronic tags and a pop-up satellite archival tag (PSAT). We suggest previous studies struggling to find consistent movement patterns using MR data were confounded by a combination of site fidelity, partial migration by females and increasing depth and home range of juveniles. Survey and MR data showed immature tope less than 40 cm were caught exclusively in continental shelf waters less than 45 m deep, showing a significant relationship between habitat depth and total length. Immature individuals seemed to remain on the continental shelf, while mature tope of both genders were caught in both shelf and offshore waters. This use of deeper water habitats by mature tope was further supported by archival tags, which indicated individuals use both shallow (

peer-reviewed Large enterprises possess massive quantities of computing systems. The costs of running and managing these systems, and capital investments for new hardware, are significant. Optimizing the utilization of those computing systems can produce significant savings for the enterprise. However, the optimization in a multinational, multi-divisional, multi-geographic enterprise is complicated by the large scale of business usage purposes and the heterogeneity of the systems. This paper proposes a solution by introducing a market-like environment for directing workload migration from less efficient systems to more efficient systems. Migration sources and targets are treated as sellers and buyers in a transaction in this environment, and a Computing Environment Entitlement Contract (CEEC) is used as the unit of trade. A Market Maker is also introduced to ensure that matched buyers and sellers complete the transaction.