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Throughout history, many innovations have contributed to the development of modern cardiothoracic surgery, improving patient outcomes and expanding the range of treatment options available to patients. This article explores five key historical innovations that have shaped modern cardiothoracic surgery: cardiopulmonary bypass, surgical pacemakers, video assisted thoracic surgery, robotic surgery and mechanical circulatory support. We will review the development, impact and significance of each innovation, highlighting their contributions to the field of cardiothoracic surgery and their ongoing relevance in contemporary and perioperative practice., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

The authors discuss the contribution of the outstanding scientist, surgeon, health care organizer and academician Lev K. Bogush in development of original surgeries that saved ten thousands of patients with respiratory diseases. The main periods of phthisiatric surgery are described (no antibacterial drugs and limited technical possibilities of surgical treatment, defining the place of surgery after emergence of specific effective drug treatment, introduction of resection options, drug-resistant forms of disease in population). In recent years, phthisiatric surgery is experiencing «second» birth, when it is increasingly used for destructive forms of disease. The authors emphasize the foresight of the scientist. He not only first performed many surgeries for pulmonary tuberculosis, but also created a whole direction in scientific and clinical development. The last one was later applied in other areas of thoracic surgery and oncology. Today, developments of academician Bogush L.K. are again in demand at the new stage of development of surgical science. This is especially clear in reconstructive tracheobronchial surgery, as well as surgical treatment of various complications after lung surgeries. Active surgical activity of Bogush L.K. fell on the period of two wars (the Finnish Company and the Great Patriotic War). He took active part in these conflicts and was the chief surgeon of several fronts for many years. Only a severe wound did not allow him to finish the war in Berlin. Rich surgical experience inspired further scientific and clinical researches in thoracic surgery.

Objective: The Thoracic Surgery Residents Association (TSRA) is a resident-led organization established in 1997 under the guidance of the Thoracic Surgery Directors Association to represent the interests and educational needs of cardiothoracic surgery residents. We aim to describe the past contributions, current efforts, and future directions of the TSRA within a conceptual framework of the TSRA mission., Methods: Primary review of educational resources was performed to report goals and content of past contributions. TSRA Executive Committee input was used to describe current resources and activities, as well as the future goals of the TSRA. Podcast analytics were performed to report national and global usage., Results: Since 2011, the TSRA has published 3 review textbooks, 5 reference guides, 3 test-preparation textbooks, 1 supplementary publication, and 1 multiple-choice question bank and mobile application, all written and developed by cardiothoracic surgery trainees. In total 108 podcasts have been recorded by mentored trainees, with more than 175,000 unique listens. Most recently, the TSRA has begun facilitating trainee submissions to Young Surgeon's Notes, fostered a trainee mentorship program, developed the monthly TSRA Newsletter, and established a wide-reaching presence on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to help disseminate educational resources and opportunities for trainees., Conclusions: The TSRA continues to be the leading cardiothoracic surgery resident organization in North America, providing educational resources and networking opportunities for all trainees. Future directions include development of an integrated disease-based resource and continued collaboration within and beyond our specialty to enhance the educational opportunities and career development of cardiothoracic trainees., (Copyright © 2020 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Dr O.T. "Jim" Clagett was a pioneer in surgery of the great vessels and thorax. The procedure that bears his name for treatment of postpneumonectomy empyema was only one of his many innovations in aortic, lung, and esophageal surgery. He performed over 35,000 operations and trained over 115 residents during his tenure at Mayo Clinic. His distinguished career highlights include: helping develop the field of cardiothoracic surgery during its infancy, starting the Thoracic Surgery Residency Program at Mayo Clinic, serving in numerous institutional and national leadership roles, and countless awards., (Copyright © 2021 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Cardiothoracic Surgery at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) represents a transformative enterprise whose origins lie in local practice and education in a Southern state with a challenging history, transformed by the visions of a few to become a dominant force in the historical fabric of regional, national, and international cardiothoracic surgery. Throughout its history, numerous individuals have participated in important innovations, education, and contributions to a consistent theme of surgical excellence. This review will recapitulate a sample of relevant historical events and the impact of the leaders of cardiothoracic surgery at UAB., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tuberculosis (TB) parallels the history of human development from the Stone Age to the present. TB continues to be in the top 10 causes of global human mortality over that period. This article highlights the history of pulmonary TB from the onset of human existence to the present. Despite its long history, TB was slowly identified as a major cause of disease, and defined causation and significant treatment strategies advances over the past 150 years. TB remains a major challenge for definitive global prevention and cure. This article gives a brief overview of the history of TB., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In 1962, surgeons at two hospitals in Bombay used heart-lung machines to perform open-heart surgery. The devices that made this work possible had been developed in Minneapolis in 1955 and commercialized by 1957. However, restrictions on currency exchange and foreign imports made it difficult for surgeons in India to acquire this new technology. The two surgeons, Kersi Dastur and PK Sen, pursued different strategies to acquire the ideas, equipment, and tacit knowledge needed to make open-heart surgery work. While Dastur tapped Parsi networks that linked him to local manufacturing expertise, Sen took advantage of opportunities offered by the Rockefeller Foundation to access international training and medical device companies. Each experienced steep learning curves as they pursued the know-how needed to use the machines successfully in dogs and then patients. The establishment of open-heart surgery in India required the investment of substantial labor and resources. Specific local, national, and transnational interests motivated the efforts. Heart-lung machines, for instance, took on new meanings amid the nationalist politics of independent India: Even as surgeons sought imported machines, they and their allies assigned considerable value to 'indigenous' innovation. The confluence of the many interests that made Sen and Dastur's work possible facilitated the uneasy co-existence of conflicting judgments about the success or failure of this medical innovation.

One of the most challenging tasks during airway surgery is ensuring adequate ventilation throughout the procedure. Because the airway is shared between surgeon and anesthesiologist, successful oxygenation and ventilation of the patient can only be accomplished through close collaboration during the various stages of the procedure. This includes periods in which surgical airway manipulation compromises adequate ventilation and periods in which ventilation interferes with the surgical environment. With continuous communication between surgeon and anesthesiologist, optimal outcomes can be achieved., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The legacy of Nina Starr Braunwald lives on in her innovations, clearing a path for women in cardiothoracic surgery, and in the lives of those she has trained or supported. As one of the early pioneers in cardiac surgery, she represents what is excellent in our profession. The Braunwald family has donated to The Thoracic Surgery Foundation in the form of Research Awards, and a survey was conducted to determine the career paths of recipients since the first award in 1993., (Copyright © 2018 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To highlight some of the legendary figures in the medical field who have paved the path of thoracic surgery today., Methods: We reviewed historical articles and landmark studies published in anesthesiology, pulmonology, and thoracic surgery, and summarized them as they pertain to current practice., Results: Throughout our article, we have attempted to chronologically depict how our field has evolved, starting from the development of the stethoscope to reconstructing the esophagus using an extracorporeal tube to minimally invasive complex surgeries that we practice today., Conclusions: We hope that our article can inspire the young minds to further grow the field and take it to higher levels., (Copyright © 2018 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Significant developments in airway surgery occurred following the introduction of mechanical ventilators and intubation with cuffed endotracheal tubes during the poliomyelitis epidemic of the 1950s. The resulting plethora of postintubation injuries provided extensive experience with resection and reconstruction of stenotic tracheal lesions. In the early 1960s, it was thought that no more 2 cm of trachea could be removed. By the late 1960s, this was challenged owing to better knowledge of airway anatomy and blood supply, tension-releasing maneuvers, and improved anesthetic techniques. Currently, about half of the tracheal length can be safely removed and continuity restored by primary anastomosis., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To explore personal biography of Vinko Frančišković (1919-1984), to improve the understanding of the beginnings of Croatian cardiothoracic and transplantation surgery., Methods: Comparative critical analysis of written published materials, archival materials and information collected through oral history interviews., Results: Vinko Serafin Frančišković was born in Praputnjak, a settlement of the eastern surroundings of Rijeka, Croatia. He was raised up in the Italian language and culture by hisaunt, a mother's sister and her husband. He went to the Royal Classical Grammar School Giovanni Prati in Trento. On July 15, 1943, he defended his thesis, titled A contribution to the surgical therapy of fractures of the femoral neck at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Padua., Conclusion: The represented data about Vinko Frančišković's life, especially those concerning his secondary and higher education, explain some of his crucial personal traits and his later professional pathway.

Ancient historical texts describe the presence of aortic pathology conditions, although the surgical treatment of thoracic aortic disease remained insurmountable until the 19th century. Surgical treatment of thoracic aortic disease then progressed along with advances in surgical technique, conduit production, cardiopulmonary bypass, and endovascular technology. Despite radical advances in aortic surgery, principles established by surgical pioneers of the 19th century hold firm to this day., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

One-lung anesthesia presents many practical, anatomical, and physiological challenges to the anesthetist in modern day practice. The techniques and equipment that we use today have developed slowly over the course of the last century. The idea of isolated lung ventilation came from bronchospirometry studies by pioneering physiologists as early as 1871, and some of their original equipment was adapted for clinical use in the 1930s. Anesthetic techniques have generally been developed to facilitate surgical advances, and the development of double-lumen tubes is no exception. The development of the double-lumen tube was sporadic and occurred mainly to allow more complex thoracic procedures, mostly associated with suppurative lung disease. Once the need for independent ventilation of the lungs was identified in clinical practice, pioneers of the technique developed their own methods and often their own equipment. This led to the ability of the anesthetist to be able to control ventilation to each lung, including collapse of the operative lung and protection of the isolated lung against contamination. As these anesthetics became more reliable, the surgical scope for one-lung anesthesia began to broaden, and today one-lung ventilation is used to facilitate thoracic surgery, mainly on the lung, but also esophageal, thoracic wall, and mediastinal surgical procedures., (Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This article describes the history of the creation of the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The history of cardiothoracic surgery at Baylor College of Medicine begins in 1948, when Michael E. DeBakey was recruited as chair of the Department of Surgery. With the addition of Denton A. Cooley, E. Stanley Crawford, and other surgical legends, Baylor College of Medicine quickly rose to the forefront of cardiothoracic surgery. Highlights in its history include treatment of aortic aneurysm and dissection, development of synthetic aortic substitutes, early experience with cardiac replacement valves, the first successful use of coronary artery bypass grafts to revascularize the heart, and the cardiac transplantation and total artificial heart program, which led to the creation of the left ventricular assist device. Baylor's Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery continues to build on its history and legacy to remain a vital contributor to the specialty in the 21st century., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is frequently present in infants and children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Infants with CHD and TBM appear to do worse than those without TBM. The principle of operative intervention for TBM is to improve function of the airway and clinical status. When indicated, conventional surgical options include tracheostomy, aortopexy, tracheoplasty, and anterior tracheal suspension. There is no consensus on the optimal treatment of severe tracheobonchomalacia, which can be associated with a mortality rate as high as 80%. Congenital tracheal stenosis is also frequently associated with CHD (vascular rings, atrioventricular canal defects, and septal defects) and may require concomitant repair. Repair of tracheal stenosis is often associated with distal TBM. This article addresses new techniques that can be performed in corrective surgery for both TBM and congenital tracheal stenosis., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The Mayo Clinic was started in Rochester, MN after a 1883 tornado disaster. The Mayo brothers, William and Charles began thoracic surgical procedures early in their career. Dr. Samuel Robinson is recognized as the first thoracic surgeon at Mayo. He was followed by Drs. Harrington and Claret who became famous surgeons. Many other notable surgeons have help to build the thoracic surgical practice into what is today a world renown center of excellence in thoracic surgery., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The development of the Thoracic Surgery Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center paralleled the emergence of Thoracic Surgery as a specialty, but with the unique focus on oncology and multidisciplinary cancer care characteristic of the institution. From the early post-war years treating lung cancer with new surgical techniques, through early definitive work in malignant mesothelioma, to today's translational research in cancer biology, the Thoracic Surgery Service continues to be an international leader in educating surgeons in thoracic surgical oncology, conducting clinical trials, and developing innovative therapies to treat thoracic cancers., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Since 1931, Duke Thoracic Surgery has been defined by excellence in patient care, research, and the education of leaders in surgery. In this work, the history, contributions, historic figures, and current structure of the program are reviewed. The program has cultivated a commitment to surgical investigation and training that persists to the present day. This commitment is manifest by the program's contributions to the field of cardiothoracic surgery, from the fundamental investigation of the coronary circulation and the development of the heat exchanger for myocardial preservation, to large-scale clinical trials in cardiac and thoracic surgery., (Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Division of Thoracic Surgery at Toronto General Hospital has a history of sustained excellence and commitment to patient care, research and innovation in Thoracic Surgery. Doctors of Thoracic Surgery (DOTSR) continues to be a leading thoracic division training surgeons who practice all over the world--impacting the treatment of patients with thoracic disease. Many leaders in our specialty worldwide have directly or indirectly trained in Toronto. At University Health Network and the University of Toronto, this academic division has continued to contribute and thrive in a highly supportive and productive research and clinical environment., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The history of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery at Stanford spans a century long period, beginning not long after the founding of Stanford University. Pioneering Stanford surgeons have made landmark discoveries and innovations in pulmonary, transplantation, thoracic aortic, mechanical circulatory support, minimally invasive, valvular, and congenital heart surgery. Fundamental research formed the foundation underlying these and many other advances. Educating and training the subsequent leaders of cardiothoracic surgery has throughout this century-long history constituted a mission of the highest merit., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)