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The cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (CP-HC) is a common consequence of cyclophosphamide treatment with complex pathophysiology involving several inflammatory mechanisms and autonomic nervous system dysregulation.To determine effects of prostaglandin PGE1 and PGF2alpha analogues on the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), estimatedindirectly on the basis of heart rate variability (HRV), in an experimental model of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (CP-HC). Moreover we verified if potential changes in autonomic regulation can contribute to uroprotective role of prostaglandins.The study included three groups of rats with experimentally induced CP-HC. The animals from group 2 and 3 were administered PGE1 and PGF2a analogues, respectively, and the rats from group 1 (controls) did not receive any treatment. The HRV of animals from all the groups was analyzed after seven days of the experiment.Administration of both PGF2alpha and PGE1 was associated with an increase in the power of VLF component and total power on frequency-domain analysis. Moreover, a significant increase in the power of non-normalized components, LH and HF, and two parameters of time-domain analysis, SDN-N and rMSSD, was documented in PGF2alpha-administered animals. Both prostaglandin-treated groups did not differ significantly from the controls in terms of the values of normalized parameters, nLF and nHF.The analyzed prostaglandin analogues increased total autonomic activity but did not induced preferential changes in sympathetic or parasympathetic activity. Nevertheless, the VLF changes documented on HRV analysis may reflect a decrease in the level of certain pro-inflammatory mediators, thus pointing to, previously postulated in literature, potential beneficial uroprotective effect of prostaglandins in CP-HC.

Objective: Present studies are aimed to elucidate that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) influences cell death parameters and cellular interactions in coculture model in response to inflammatory stimulus like E.coli endotoxin. Methods: We hypothesized that PEMF exposure will affect cell death rate in the experimental coculture model, composed of the human bladder microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEVEC-Bd) and MonoMac6 (MM6) cells previously activated with LPS, and exposed to PEMF (7Hz, 30mT) for three times with 24h intervals. Following the last electromagnetic exposure, we measured viability of cocultured and cultured cells by annexin V (AnV) - propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry staining procedure to evaluate cell death parameters. The level of proinflammatory cytokine, cell adhesion molecules and vascular endothelial growth factor (IL-8, ICAM-1 and VEGF-A) was estimated by ELISA method in coculture and cell culture collected supernatants. Results: PEMF exposure of HMVEC-Bd and MM6 coculture caused decrease of measured cell death parameters (early and late apoptosis as well as necrosis) and diminished production of some inflammatory agents released in response to LPS activation, comparing to not stimulated with PEMF controls. Conclussion: Obtained results confirmed our hypothesis and showed out that PEMF exposure of HMVEC-Bd & MM6 coculture previously activated with LPS exerted an anti-inflammatory effect.

Signs and symptoms of secondary overactive bladder (OAB) are observed both in course of infravesical obstruction of urine outflow in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and as a result of development of hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) following administration of cyclophosphamide (CP). Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alleviate symptoms of bladder overactivity reducing local synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), but precise effects of those agents on functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in course of OAB remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of piroxicam-induced prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis block on activity of the ANS in two experimental models of secondary OAB: bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and cyclophosphamide-induced HC (CP-HC), by heart rate variability analysis (HRV). The experiment was performed on a group of rats with surgically induced 2-week BOO, and on a group of rats that were administered CP five times, with corresponding control groups. Study animals were given piroxicam (PRX) i.p. in two doses: 2 and 10 mg/kg b.w. In the BOO model, PRX in both doses revealed a trend for reduction of value of all non-normalized components of HRV. The lower PRX dose caused an increased nHF value, and PRX administered in the dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. caused an increase of the nLF value. In the CP-HC model, the lower PRX dose caused a trend for an increase of values of all non-normalized components, and the higher dose ñ for their decrease. Both doses of PRX in that model caused increase of the nLF value. Inhibition of PGs synthesis caused changes of ANS function in both models of OAB. Both in BOO and in CP-HC, PGs seem to be ANS-activating factors, responsible for maintenance of a high parasympathetic activity. In both models, inhibition of PGs synthesis with PRX administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. lead to functional reconstruction of ANS, with marked sympathetic predominance. That may contribute to reduction of the bladder contractile action and improvement of its compliance in the filling period, which was demonstrated by other authors in urodynamic tests for NSAIDs. prostaglandins autonomic nervous system heart rate variability

Introduction: Two main pathophysiological concepts of overactive bladder (OAB) are postulated: the neurogenic and myogenic theories. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction is also involved in OAB pathophysiology. The purpose of our study was to estimate ANS activity by heart rate variability (HRV) assessment in two OAB experimental models evoked by cyclophosphamide administration: acute (AOAB) and chronic (COAB) overactive ones. Material and methods: In the AOAB model, an i.p. dose of cyclophosphamide was administered (200 mg/kg body weight) while the COAB model received 4 times the i.p. administration of cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg body weight). In each subject, after urethane anaesthesia (1.2 g/kg body weight), 20-minute ECG recordings (PowerLab) were performed with subsequent HRV analysis. Results: Most of the differences in time domain analysis parameters were insignificant, except those concerning SDNN and rMSSD (p < 0.05). In frequency analysis, a power decrease of all standard spectral components was revealed in both OAB groups. In AOAB, TP (1.43 ±1.21 vs. 7.92 ±6.22 in control; p < 0.05) and VLF (0.95 ±1.08 vs. 6.97 ±5.99 in control; p < 0.05) showed significant power decrease, whereas the COAB group was mostly characterized by LF (0.09 ±0.15 vs. 0.34 ±0.33 in control; p < 0.05) and HF (0.25 ±0.29 vs. 0.60 ±0.41 in control; p < 0.05) decrease. Conclusions: The ANS disturbances, found as standard spectral parameter abnormalities, were demonstrated in both AOAB and COAB. When this finding is analysed, together with the lack of statistically significant differences in normalized nLF and nHF powers, the VLF changes seem to play an essential role, probably reflecting the progression in bladder inflammatory changes

Two issues related to nephrolithiasis are explored: (1) does the chemical composition and morphology of renal calculi in South Poland overlap with the studies from other countries? and (2) are there possibilities to evaluate in vivo chemical composition of stones using computed tomography? The study was conducted on 108 renal stones. X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical composition. The morphology of the stones was examined using micro computed tomography. The stone chemical composition in South Poland indicate that calcium oxalate monohydrate was overwhelmingly dominant (84%) followed by hydroxyapatite (8%) and struvite (6%). The occurrence of uric acid stones was very low (2%). The relative frequency of various stone types is similar in South Poland to other industrialized countries. The studied renal stones were characterized by a large variability in the concentrations of both major and trace elements. The maximum/minimum concentration ratio exceeds two orders of magnitude. Significant morphological differences have been observed between different types of stones. The stones were composed of oxalate polyhedrons stuck together or had the phosphate core overlaid with layers oxalate and organic mater. The use of CT to identify stone type seems to be limited.